Chapter 1: Introduction to Adolescent Development

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which 18th-century philosopher differentiated three stages of maturation throughout the life course?

A. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

B. Sigmund Freud

C. Albert Bandura

D. Lev Vygotsky

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early History of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Which social factor shaped the current conceptions of adolescence as a distinct stage of life in-between childhood and adulthood?

A. World Health Organization

B. Industrial Revolution

C. Darwinian evolution

D. World War II

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Age of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which is the biological transition to reproductive maturity?

A. puberty

B. sexuality

C. intimacy

D. identity

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adolescence as a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Carla has started shoplifting small things from the local mall. She is skipping classes and talking back to her parents. Her behavior has been escalating since she began puberty. According to Hall, Carla’s behavior ______.

A. results from behavioral autonomy

B. corresponds with that of emerging adulthood

C. is a sign of normal development

D. is atypical in Western cultures

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adolescence as a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. In G. Stanley Hall’s view, storm-and-stress behavior in the period of adolescence is ______.

A. due to assent

B. stereotyped

C. dependent on culture

D. inevitable

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adolescence as a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. For most adolescents, risky behaviors are ______.

A. volatile and extreme

B. mild and temporary

C. universal

D. upsetting

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adolescence as a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which behavior is an example of Hall’s view of healthy adolescence?

A. engaging in mild disagreements with parents

B. having a close relationship with parents

C. engaging in extreme delinquent activity

D. getting good grades in school

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescence as a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Cooper has been in serious trouble lately and was just arrested for tagging. At home, he spends most of his time in his room, and when he does come out, he is irritable and disruptive with his parents. Which theorist would deem Cooper’s behavior as a normal part of adolescence?

A. Piaget

B. Bandura

C. Hall

D. Freud

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adolescence as a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Studies of young people in nations throughout the world reveal that adolescent behavior is shaped by ______.

A. culture

B. biology

C. recapitulation

D. emotional turmoil

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stereotypes About Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Blake expects to have disagreements with his parents now that he is a teenager. He remembers a lot of confrontations between his older brother and their parents when he was a teenager. Recently, Blake has begun to experiment with alcohol, which he knows his parents would disapprove of, but he believes that these kinds of risks are part of being a teenager. Blake’s expectations and beliefs are due to his ______.

A. understanding of social learning theory

B. acceptance of stereotypes of adolescence

C. imitation of his older brother

D. physical development in puberty

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stereotypes About Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. A researcher is conducting a study. All of the study participants are in middle adolescence. What can be concluded about the participants in this study?

A. They have not yet entered puberty.

B. They range in age from 14 to 16.

C. They are likely engaged in identity development.

D. They have reached puberty but are unlikely to be involved in romantic relationships.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Early, Middle, and Late Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Both Dani and Veronica are 24 years old. Dani has her own apartment, has a full-time career, and is in a serious committed relationship. Veronica decided to continue with graduate school before getting a job and is currently living with her parents. She is not dating anyone at the moment. Why is Dani considered to have entered adulthood, while Veronica is still considered to be in the emerging adulthood stage?

A. Dani is no longer in the adolescent stage of development, whereas Veronica is.

B. Dani is in a relationship, whereas Veronica is not.

C. Dani is no longer in school, whereas Veronica continues to be a student.

D. Dani has adopted adult roles and lives independently, whereas Veronica is still dependent on her parents.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Carlos believes that young people today have it much easier than he did growing up. He is very confused by the priorities of his son, Brandon, who is the first to attend college in the family. Carlos believes that Brandon, at 21 years old, is behind in life and lacks direction because he does not have a steady job, spouse, or children yet. Carlos’s conflict with his son Brandon is due to a difference in socioeconomic status. Unlike his father, Brandon’s opportunity to go to college resulted in ______, which is an important time for identity development.

A. ontogenetic development

B. late adolescence

C. emerging adulthood

D. reciprocal determinism

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Scientists interested in studying maturation of thought processes would focus on ______ development.

A. physical

B. cognitive

C. socioemotional

D. ontogenetic

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Processes of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. An adolescent answering the question “Who am I?” is in the midst of ______ development.

A. identity

B. socioemotional

C. sexual

D. physical

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Identity

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Andrea has recently gone through a period where she has been contemplating different moral issues. During this reflection time, she has adopted her own sense of where she stands on many issues. She has internalized what she believes is right and wrong. Andrea is exhibiting ______.

A. school context

B. cognitive development

C. emotional autonomy

D. cognitive autonomy

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Autonomy

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Which factor influences adolescent development by providing trusting relationships in which to experiment and understand their sexuality?

A. autonomy

B. puberty

C. intimacy

D. emerging adulthood

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. A researcher distributed an international survey to mothers about child well-being. A majority of questions on the survey assess child well-being indicators. Once well-being is assessed by the survey instrument, the next group of questions addresses the ______ or the relevant values, ideals, and beliefs about child care.

A. cultural context

B. behaviorism

C. physiological measures

D. reciprocal determinism

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Contexts of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. A scientist interested in socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and family composition would focus on the ______context of adolescence.

A. school

B. home

C. neighborhood

D. cultural

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contexts of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Growing up, Jamal lived through Hurricane Katrina. His father was in the military fighting in the Iraq War for much of his early years. These factors helped to shape the ______ context that Jamal grew up in.

A. neighborhood

B. online

C. sociohistorical

D. cultural

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contexts of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. Which is defined as a way to organize facts or observations to explain how something works comprehensively?

A. intersectionality

B. confidentiality

C. a context

D. a theory

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theories of Adolescent Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. A scientist focusing on unconscious drives relating to different parts of the body would be using which theory to understand development?

A. sociocultural theory

B. psychosocial stages of development

C. psychosexual stages of development

D. bioecological systems theory

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Ling started to date after entering high school. She wants to find a partner that she is attracted to sexually and can be close to emotionally. Freud would say that Ling is in the ______ stage.

A. genital

B. identity

C. emerging adulthood

D. formal operational reasoning

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Which theorist proposed a set of stages throughout the life span focusing on a social crisis to be resolved?

A. Freud

B. Erikson

C. Bandura

D. Piaget

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Kumar is trying to figure out what occupation he wants to pursue. He is also struggling with his political and religious beliefs. These struggles exemplify Erikson’s ______ stage of psychosocial development.

A. operant conditioning

B. formal operational reasoning

C. reciprocal determinism

D. identity versus role confusion

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. Which theory examines only what can be observed?

A. behaviorist theory

B. cognitive theory

C. psychosocial theory

D. information processing theory

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. A researcher is examining whether pleasant consequences for a behavior increase the chance of that behavior being repeated. This researcher is interested in ______.

A. reciprocal determinism

B. operant conditioning

C. the chronosystem

D. identity versus role confusion

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Hunter’s English teacher gives a weekly vocabulary quiz. If the students get 100% on the quiz, then they are able to opt out of an additional assignment using the vocabulary. Hunter makes sure to study hard for the quiz so that he will not have any additional homework. This situation exemplifies ______.

A. operant conditioning

B. information processing

C. the exosystem

D. cognitive autonomy

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. Aliyah was unsure how to get hot water from the office water dispenser. She had tried pressing one of the two red buttons, but nothing happened. Later, she saw a coworker press both red buttons and hot water poured out. The next time Aliyah wanted hot water for her tea, she got it from the dispenser. This is an example of ______.

A. operant conditioning

B. information processing

C. observational learning

D. formal operational reasoning

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. The idea that interactions between an individual and the environment influence that individual’s development is called ______.

A. emotional regulation

B. formal operational reasoning

C. information processing

D. reciprocal determinism

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which refers to the concepts, ideas, and ways that we interact with the world around us?

A. cognitive schemas

B. emotional autonomy

C. identity versus role confusion

D. ontogenetic development

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Rosa is asked to design an experiment for her chemistry class. She needs to be able to create a hypothesis and apply the scientific method. In addition, before she performs the experiment, her teacher wants her to imagine what she believes will be the result of her experiment, based on what they have learned in class. This exemplifies ______.

A. ontogenetic development

B. formal operational reasoning

C. positive reinforcement

D. reciprocal determinism

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

33. The ______ theory examines the social interaction from one generation to the next.

A. psychosocial

B. social learning

C. sociocultural

D. psychosexual

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Jason has been chosen to participate in an internship related to the course of study he intends to major in when he gets to college. He will be shadowing as well as aiding and learning from a specific mentor in this field. Jason’s internship opportunity aligns with which theory?

A. psychosocial theory of development

B. psychosexual theory

C. cognitive-developmental theory

D. sociocultural theory

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. A scientist interested in how memory and cognition change throughout the life span would focus on ______.

A. information processing theory

B. operant conditioning

C. psychosocial theory

D. bioecological systems model

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Information Processing Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which theory emphasizes the interaction between the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development throughout the life span?

A. psychosocial theory

B. bioecological systems theory

C. cognitive-developmental theory

D. social learning theory

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. The changes that take place within an individual, at the center of the bioecological model, is referred to as ______.

A. cognitive autonomy

B. physical development

C. ontogenetic development

D. reciprocal determinism

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. A researcher interested in the connections between contexts, such as the home and school, would focus on the ______.

A. exosystem

B. macrosystem

C. chronosystem

D. mesosystem

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Priya’s culture holds a strong belief in education and success. These values have propelled her to attend college. She believes that to be successful and independent in her culture, she must have a higher education. These values represent the ______ in Priya’s experience.

A. macrosystem

B. microsystem

C. chronosystem

D. exosystem

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

40. As Lionel’s brain matures, he is better able to control how he responds to his parents and his friends. Furthermore, he is able to become more successful at school. He has even been considering what career he would like to pursue after he graduates from college. This is an example of ______.

A. intimacy

B. ontogenetic development

C. cognitive schemas

D. observational learning

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Dr. Paloma wants to study the effects of rewards on the behavior of children in their classrooms. Which research design would be recommended for this type of study?

A. case study

B. structured observation

C. naturalistic observation

D. correlational design

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Observational Measures

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. Dalia is participating in a research study with her school. She has agreed to answer a set of multiple-choice questions at her school’s library. She will hand the completed answers to the researcher who is running the study. What data collection method is being used in this example?

A. open-ended interview

B. electroencephalography

C. bioecological systems

D. questionnaire

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. A researcher looking for similarities and differences among adolescents’ attitudes toward physical activity would benefit most from using ______ to gather data.

A. a structured interview

B. an open-ended interview

C. participant reactivity

D. naturalistic observation

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. Which feature of survey questionnaires is meant to protect research participants from judgment and harm?

A. emotional autonomy

B. anonymity

C. intimacy

D. use of schemas

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Which type of inquiry allows researchers to gather data on abstract emotions like anger or stress without the inherent flaws of self-report methods?

A. questionnaires

B. structured surveys

C. physiological measures

D. case studies

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physiological Measures

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Which measures brain activity using radio waves and thereby allowing researchers to see which parts of the brain are activated during cognitive tasks?

A. diffusion tensor imaging

B. electroencephalography

C. computerized tomography

D. functional magnetic resonance imaging

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physiological Measures

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Dr. Ramirez is doing a study on phobias. He measures his participants’ heart rates, perspiration, and pupil dilation while they are in contact with the item that they fear. Dr. Ramirez is using ______.

A. physiological measures

B. self-report measures

C. diffusion tensor imaging

D. positron emission tomography

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Physiological Measures

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. Which research design is defined as an in-depth view of a single individual?

A. correlation

B. case study

C. survey

D. structured interview

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Case Study

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Maria is participating in a study that is focusing on her journey as a LGBTQ+ adolescent in her particular community. As part of the study, she has many in-depth conversations with the researcher. She also shares her journals and her artwork with the researcher. This is an example of a(n) ______.

A. experimental design

B. correlational design

C. case study

D. survey method

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Case Study

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Which factor is a benefit of correlational research?

A. to eliminate the possibility of confounds

B. to study changes in groups or individuals over time

C. to avoid the burden of adhering to ethical research design

D. to gather preliminary data about a topic

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Correlational Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. Which type of research is defined as research with the goal of understanding the relationship between two variables?

A. correlational research

B. experimental research

C. case study

D. longitudinal research

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Correlational Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Dr. Patel is putting together a research study. She is interested in understanding if there is a relationship between certain sports and grade point averages of high school students. While Dr. Patel understands that this is not a causal relationship, she believes it is important to first see if there is any relationship at all between these two variables. Dr. Patel is employing ______.

A. experimental research

B. correlational research

C. a case study

D. sequential research

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Correlational Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

53. In a study, the behavior being measured that is affected by something else that has been manipulated is called the ______.

A. exosystem

B. mesosystem

C. dependent variable

D. independent variable

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Experimental Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. Dr. Clarke is conducting research to determine if classical music has a cause-and-effect relationship with relaxation. The research team proceeds to design a(n) ______.

A. cross-sectional study

B. case study

C. correlational study

D. experiment

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Experimental Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

55. Which research design uses participants of different ages at one point in time?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. correlational

D. case study

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Research Design

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. Dr. Flath is conducting a research study about the amount of time spent playing video games during adolescence. She has decided to use four groups. They will be separated into 13-year-olds, 14-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 16-year-olds. She will meet with them only one time to ascertain the average amount of time they spend playing video games. Dr. Flath is using which research design?

A. longitudinal

B. cross-sectional

C. sequential

D. physiological

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Research Design

Difficulty Level: Hard

57. Which research design uses the same group of participants over several points in time?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. case study

D. physiological

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Longitudinal Research Design

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. Dr. Cooper is interested in the amount of time adolescents spend in after-school activities. She decides to start with a group of 13-year-olds and follow them until they are 18 years old. She intends to meet with them at three different intervals over the next 6 years. Which research design is Dr. Cooper using?

A. cross-sectional

B. correlational

C. physiological

D. longitudinal

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Longitudinal Research Design

Difficulty Level: Hard

59. The difference between a longitudinal study and a sequential study is that a sequential study ______.

A. assesses only one cohort over time

B. assesses only one cohort at a single point in time

C. assesses multiple cohorts over time

D. assesses multiple cohorts at a single point in time

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sequential Research Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. Darius and his parents have agreed to be part of a study on musical abilities and grade point average in school. Darius is just 12 years old. The study requires that he be assessed 3 times, every 2 years, for a total of 10 years. Darius is involved with a ______ research study.

A. longitudinal

B. physiological

C. cross-sectional

D. sequential

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sequential Research Designs

Difficulty Level: Hard

61. Which refers to the interaction of demographic factors to influence an individual’s experiences and behaviors?

A. intersectionality

B. reciprocal determinism

C. cognitive schemas

D. cohort

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. A scientist is researching the experience of African American adolescent boys in underserved neighborhoods. This scientist is focused on the ______.

A. reciprocal determinism of behavior

B. intersectionality of demographic factors

C. cognitive schema of thought processes

D. beneficence and nonmaleficence

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. Haru is a 15-year-old heterosexual Asian American male from a middle-class family, with parents that are still married. These factors influence both his experiences and his behaviors. This is known as ______.

A. assent

B. information processing

C. reciprocal determinism

D. intersectionality

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

64. Which ethical principle also includes informed consent?

A. beneficence and nonmaleficence

B. responsibility

C. respect for autonomy

D. integrity

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Ethics and Applied Developmental Science

Difficulty Level: Easy

65. How are the beneficial consequences of research related to the ethical principle of justice?

A. The ethical principle of justice states that every participant should have access to the benefits of the research, not only those participants in that experimental group.

B. The ethical principle of justice states that the researcher must be honest with each participant and therefore tell them whether or not the consequence of the research will be beneficial to them.

C. The ethical principle of justice states that the researcher must do no harm, so every study that goes forward must have beneficial outcomes for all participants.

D. The ethical principle of justice states that the researcher must allow for the participants to have full autonomy of which group they are placed.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Research Ethics and Applied Developmental Science

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. Which principle of ethics states that researchers need to make every effort to keep any promises made to their participants?

A. responsibility

B. integrity

C. respect for autonomy

D. beneficence and nonmaleficence

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Ethics and Applied Developmental Science

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Dr. Hernandez is conducting a research study using adolescents as her population. In order to adhere to the professional code of conduct, she must disclose her role in the study to clarify that she is only gathering data in her interactions with participants. This exemplifies which principle of ethics?

A. respect for autonomy

B. integrity

C. responsibility

D. beneficence and nonmaleficence

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Research Ethics and Applied Developmental Science

Difficulty Level: Hard

68. Which refers to notifying parents of participation of their adolescent in a study while only requiring them to respond if they do not wish for their adolescent to participate?

A. responsibility

B. informed consent

C. assent

D. passive consent

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Studying Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Easy

69. Which behavior by a researcher is associated with the ethical principle of confidentiality?

A. ensuring study participants have enough information about the study to consent to participation

B. ensuring study participant’s responses are not shared with anyone outside of the research team

C. ensuring all statements to study participants are accurate, honest, and truthful

D. ensuring study participants that the results of the study will not be published without consent

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Studying Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Dr. Potter is conducting a study with adolescents using open-ended interview data collection methods. During one of these interviews, one of the adolescents discloses some very dangerous information. Dr. Potter becomes worried about the safety of his participant. He is held by the ethical principles of research, but in this case he feels that he should ______.

A. break confidentiality

B. keep integrity

C. break responsibility

D. keep autonomy

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Studying Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. All states passed laws making primary and secondary schooling a requirement by 1920.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Age of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Adolescence defined as a period of “storm and stress” is evidenced by today’s research findings.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescence as a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Culture plays an influential role in the conception of adolescence.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stereotypes About Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Emerging adulthood is the last stage of adolescence.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Emotional regulation is stable from the beginning of adolescence.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Processes of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Both emotional autonomy and identity are linked with intimacy in adolescence.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intimacy

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Freud’s psychosexual stages theory has been rigorously tested and therefore is supported by the research.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Operant conditioning states that behavior increases or decreases depending upon reinforcement or punishment as a consequence.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Adolescents are unable to devise a hypothesis about an imagined scenario.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Researchers who pose the same questions to every participant in a study are using a structured interview.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Computerized tomography involves injecting a small amount of radioactive material into the bloodstream in order to monitor the flow of blood.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Physiological Measures

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. A case study examines an individual through many different sources of data.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Case Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Applied developmental science looks at individuals’ contexts and tries to apply the research findings to improve their lives.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Promise and Challenge of Applied Developmental Science

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Each demographic category that an individual belongs to is independent of their other demographic categories.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. A scientist only needs the parent’s consent, not the adolescent’s assent, in order for an adolescent to become a research participant.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Ethics and Applied Developmental Science

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. What is the main idea of G. Stanley Hall’s theory of adolescence?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adolescence as a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Why does the storm-and-stress view of adolescence continue to persist in popular culture?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Stereotypes About Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What factors influence how long or short an individual may stay in the time period known as emerging adulthood?

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What is the relationship between identity and sexuality?

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Developmental Tasks of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. How do the three factors in Bandura’s reciprocal determinism impact one another?

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. How does the exosystem interact with and relate to the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model?

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. How is participant reactivity related to naturalistic observation, and how can it be reduced to produce better results?

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Observational Measures

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What are the differences between an open-ended interview and a structured interview? Why would you use one over the other?

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. What inference can be made in understanding marginalization through intersectionality?

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Briefly explain the five basic ethical principles of conducting research.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Research Ethics and Applied Developmental Science

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Compare and contrast G. Stanley Hall’s theory of adolescence with the modern understanding of adolescence.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Discuss the historical origins of adolescence and evidence for popular stereotypes about adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adolescence as a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Provide an example of how different contexts interact with one another, contexts influence the individual, and the individual influences a context.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze the developmental processes, contexts, and timing of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contexts of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Compare and contrast two of the cognitive theories: Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, and information processing theory.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize theoretical approaches to studying adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cognitive Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Provide an example of an experiment. This example must include at least two groups of participants. You must also identify the dependent and independent variables. Be thorough in discussing your experimental research example.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe methods and designs used to study adolescent development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Experimental Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. How is passive consent related to confidentiality when dealing with adolescents in research studies? Give an example of when passive consent should be used.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Explain the scope of applied developmental science and some of the challenges that arise in this field.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Studying Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Medium