Exam Prep Ch4 The Physical Properties Of Water

Investigating Oceanography, 3e (Sverdrup)

Chapter 4 The Physical Properties of Water

1) The ________ of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in the substance.

2) ________ is a measure of the total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance.

3) A water molecule can bond with other water molecules by ________ bonds.

4) Identify all of the temperatures at which water boils at 1 atmosphere of pressure.

A) 100°C

B) 100K

C) 100°F

D) 212°C

E) 212K

F) 212°F

G) 373.15°C

H) 373.15K

J) 373.15°F

5) A water molecule is composed of three different kinds of atoms.

6) When water evaporates at Earth surface temperatures, the water surface loses more heat than when it evaporates at 100°C.

7) The specific heat of water is less than that of copper.

8) The longer wavelengths of solar radiation above the band of visible light commonly penetrate the sea to depths greater than 10 meters.

9) A sound wave traveling at right angles to the ocean's surface will be refracted.

10) Sound travels faster in water than in air.

11) When water is evaporated from a surface exposed to air, the surface is warmed; when condensation of evaporated water occurs, the air is cooled.

12) When water is under great pressure, the density of the water decreases due to a decrease in volume.

13) When seawater absorbs solar radiation, the absorbed energy results in an increase in the specific heat of the water molecules.

14) When using sound to determine changes in average ocean temperature, the greater the distance the sound travels, the greater the accuracy of the measurements.

15) Repeated sound speed measurements over great distances are being used to measure possible changes in ocean water temperature.

16) Water is the only substance that occurs on Earth naturally as a liquid, a solid, and a gas.

17) Seawater is highly compressible.

18) Water transmits sound very well compared to other fluids and gases.

19) The viscosity of a liquid increases with increasing temperature.

20) Calories are a unit of heat measurement.

21) The arrangement of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule causes the water molecule to ________.

A) orient in only one direction

B) have a lattice arrangement in the gaseous state

C) be polar

D) slide past other water molecules

E) lose heat rapidly

22) Covalent bonds link a water molecule's ________.

A) positively charged oxygen atom and negatively charged hydrogen atoms

B) positively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atom

C) positively charged oxygen atom and positively charged hydrogen atoms

D) negatively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atom

E) They do not bond atoms.

23) How many calories must be removed from 5 g of pure water at 10°C to convert the water to ice?

A) 20

B) 80

C) 450

D) 800

E) 1200

24) About how many calories are required to convert 2 g of ice at 0°C to water vapor at 50°C ?

A) 160

B) 670

C) 1340

D) 1180

E) 2768

25) Heat is measured in ________.

A) degrees Celsius

B) degrees Fahrenheit

C) g/cm3

D) calories

E) degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit

26) Viscosity of ocean water increases primarily ________.

A) as the temperature increases

B) as the temperature decreases

C) as the salt content increases

D) as the salt content decreases

E) due to changes in pressure.

27) The pressure increase experienced by equipment lowered to a depth of 1000 m is approximately ________.

A) 10 atmospheres

B) 100 atmospheres

C) 1000 atmospheres

D) 10,000 atmospheres

E) None of these is correct.

28) Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density?

A) Sea ice formation

B) Sea ice melting

C) Surface water evaporation

D) Sea ice formation and surface water evaporation

E) Sea ice melting and surface water evaporation

29) Density of seawater increases as ________.

A) temperature, salinity, and pressure decrease

B) temperature, salinity, and pressure increase

C) temperature increases and salinity and pressure decrease

D) salinity and pressure increase and temperature decreases

E) pressure increases and temperature and salinity decrease

30) Fresh water has its maximum density at ________.

A) 0°C

B) 4°C

C) 32°C

D) 100°C

E) below freezing

31) Water heated from below distributes the added heat by ________, whereas the still surface of water heated from above distributes the added heat by ________.

A) diffusion; diffusion and conduction

B) diffusion; convection

C) convection; diffusion and conduction

D) conduction; convection

E) conduction; diffusion

32) Sea surface color observed by satellite instruments is affected by ________.

A) seawater scattering the light

B) seawater absorbing solar radiation

C) the fluorescence of dissolved compounds

D) All of these are correct.

E) seawater scattering the light and seawater absorbing solar radiation

33) The long red wavelengths of visible light are ________.

A) reflected back from the surface

B) transmitted to great depth

C) responsible for the ocean's color

D) absorbed in the first meter

E) blocked by the atmosphere

34) The ________ wavelengths of light penetrate deepest into the ocean.

A) ultraviolet

B) infrared

C) red

D) blue

E) black

35) The maximum penetration of visible light in clear seawater is about ________ meters.

A) 100

B) 200

C) 300

D) 500

E) 1000

36) A Secchi disk is used to measure the attenuation of ________.

A) light

B) sound

C) density

D) viscosity

E) pressure

37) If a sound pulse is sent vertically downward into the sea and its reflected echo from the seafloor returns 6 seconds later, the depth of the water is ________ meters. (The average speed of sound in seawater is 1500 m/sec.)

A) 3000

B) 4500

C) 6000

D) 9000

E) 12,000

38) Light and sound are ________ by seawater.

A) refracted

B) scattered

C) absorbed

D) attenuated

E) All of these are correct.

39) Changes in water density in the oceans create ________.

A) sound shadows

B) light refraction

C) the sofar channel

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these is correct.

40) Extreme variation in the ocean's temperature is prevented by seawater's ________.

A) density

B) transparency

C) viscosity

D) specific heat

E) compressibility

41) The addition of salt to fresh water to form salt water ________.

A) increases the density of the water

B) depresses the boiling point and elevates the freezing point

C) makes the temperature of maximum density increase

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these is correct.

42) Which method best transmits heat through water?

A) Conduction

B) Radiation

C) Convection

D) All of these conduct heat equally well in water.

E) None of these conducts heat in water.

43) Seawater with a salt content of 35 g/kg has a freezing point ________.

A) above its temperature of maximum density

B) at its temperature of maximum density

C) below its temperature of maximum density

D) at 0°C

E) None of these is correct; this water does not freeze.

44) If ocean water were incompressible, the sea level would be ________ its present level.

A) lower than

B) higher than

C) equal to

45) The sofar channel is centered where sound ________.

A) increases with depth

B) decreases with depth

C) is at its minimum

D) is at its maximum

E) None of these is correct.

46) Which phase change reaction requires the most energy?

A) Melting

B) Freezing

C) Vaporization

D) Cooling

E) Each requires the same amount of energy.

47) The process of changing ice directly to water vapor is known as ________.

A) sublimation

B) evaporation

C) condensation

D) vaporization

E) melting

48) Which of the following materials has the highest specific heat?

A) Water

B) Air

C) Continental crust

D) Oceanic crust

E) None of these is correct.

49) Which substance has the greatest density?

A) Warm fresh water

B) Cold fresh water

C) Ice

D) Warm salt water

E) Cold salt water

50) Which of the following does NOT happen to water when salt is added?

A) Density decreases

B) Boiling point increases

C) Freezing point decreases

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these is correct.

51) The polarity of water molecules is responsible for all of the following, except ________.

A) cohesion

B) dissolving ability of water

C) surface tension

D) hydrogen bonding

E) covalent bonding

52) The surface tension of pure water will increase ________.

A) when salt is added

B) if the temperature decreases

C) if pressure is increased

D) when salt is added and if the temperature decreases

E) All of these choices are correct.

53) Above a salt content of 24.7 g/kg, as the temperature decreases, the ________.

A) water density increases to the freezing point

B) water density decreases to the freezing point

C) freezing temperature decreases as salt content increases

D) water density increases to the freezing point and the freezing temperature decreases as the salt content increases

E) water density decreases to the freezing point and the freezing temperature decreases as the salt content increases

54) Above a salt content of 24.7 g/kg, as as the temperature decreases, ________.

A) the attenuation factor of light increases

B) the attenuation factor of light decreases

C) the depth of light penetration decreases

D) the depth of light penetration remains constant

E) the scattering of light in the water increases

55) The latent heat of vaporization is much greater than the latent heat of fusion.

56) The transformation of ice directly to water vapor is known as sublimation.

57) Pressure increases by about 1 atm for every 10 m of depth in the ocean.

58) The water molecule is a polar molecule which means that ________.

A) it is spherical

B) it has a slightly negative and a slightly positive side

C) it forms a crystal lattice while still a liquid

D) it has extremely high viscosity

E) it has low heat capacity

59) As a polar-molecule liquid, water has special physical properties, including ________.

A) high surface tension

B) high dissolution properties

C) high cohesion

D) high heat capacity and latent heat

E) All of these are correct.

60) How many calories must be added to 3 g of ice at 0°C to convert it to water vapor at 100°C?

A) 180 calories

B) 540 calories

C) 720 calories

D) 1440 calories

E) 2160 calories

61) How many calories must be added to 2.5 g of water at 10°C to heat it to 85.5°C?

A) 75.5 calories

B) 188.75 calories

C) 264.25 calories

D) 325 calories

E) None of these is correct; it is impossible.

62) How many calories must be removed from 4 g of water at 10°C to convert it into ice at 0°C?

A) 90 calories

B) 180 calories

C) 270 calories

D) 360 calories

E) 450 calories

63) Water at hydrothermal vents is in the liquid state despite being at 300°C because of ________.

A) high pressure

B) high cohesion

C) high viscosity

D) high heat capacity

E) high salinity

64) The following change would result in a density increase.

A) Increase in temperature

B) Increase in salinity

C) Decrease in pressure

D) Decrease in impurities

E) None of these is correct.

65) The first color of the visible spectrum to disappear as one dives from the surface to the deep is ________.

A) violet

B) indigo

C) green

D) yellow

E) red

66) The speed of sound in the ocean is about ________.

A) 100 m/s

B) 1000 m/s

C) 1500 m/s

D) 3000 m/s

E) None of these is correct

67) Sound travels a long way in the sofar channel because ________.

A) the speed of sound is highest in this layer

B) the speed of sound is lowest in this layer

C) whales communicate in this layer

D) it is the depth of the 1% light level

E) None of these is correct