Early Physical Growth – Ch8 | Test Bank – 9th Ed

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Chapter 8
Physical development in Early Childhood

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1) Which statement about body growth in early childhood is true?

A) Children add “baby fat” and gradually become heavier and more muscular.

B) By age 5, children become more top-heavy, bowlegged, and potbellied.

C) During early childhood, children gain height and weight at a greater rate than during their first two years.

D) The rapid increase in body size during the first two years tapers off into a slower growth pattern.

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 281; screen 8.1

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

2) In early childhood, girls tend to be slightly ________ than boys and to be slightly ________.

A) smaller; less muscular

B) smaller; more muscular

C) larger; less muscular

D) larger; more muscular

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 281; screen 8.1

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

3) Chabo is an Efe child who is smaller than more than 90 percent of his North American agemates. Chabo’s small stature is not a sign of health or developmental problems because ________.

A) both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to developmental problems

B) Chabo’s parents may not view Chabo’s small stature as a cause for concern

C) growth norms for one population are not good standards for children elsewhere in the world

D) children who have developmental problems often go on to lead productive lives

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 281; screen 8.1

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Difficult

4) Which statement about epiphyses is true?

A) They appear only between age 2 and age 6.

B) They begin to appear only after age 6.

C) They convert bone into cartilage in order to support the developing skeleton.

D) They are growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone.

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 283; screen 8.1.1

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

5) X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children’s ________.

A) adult weight

B) loss of baby teeth

C) brain development

D) skeletal age

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 283; screen 8.1.1

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

6) Which U.S. child is most likely to get her or his permanent teeth first, compared to the others?

A) Brooke, an obese girl

B) Malik, an undernourished boy

C) Jack, a well-nourished boy of average weight

D) Sasha, an undernourished girl

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 283; screen 8.1.1

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

7) Between ages 2 and 6, ________.

A) energy consumption of most cortical regions diminishes to near-adult levels

B) synaptic pruning slows or ends in many parts of the cerebral cortex

C) the brain increases from 40 percent of its adult weight to 60 percent

D) the brain increases from 70 percent of its adult weight to 90 percent

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 283; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

8) Compared to adults, 4- and 5-year-olds have ________ synapses in their cerebral cortex and ________ energy metabolism.

A) more; higher

B) more; lower

C) fewer; higher

D) fewer; lower

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 283; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

9) ________ occurs when neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their connective fibers.

A) Lateralization

B) Synaptic pruning

C) Cerebral dominance

D) Cortical overproduction

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 283; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

10) Compared to 4- and 5-year-olds, 8- and 10-year-olds have________.

A) higher energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex

B) more synaptic connections, which limits brain plasticity

C) a wider distribution of functions in the cerebral cortex

D) a more lateralized and efficient neural organization

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 284; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

11) For most children, ________.

A) activity in the left hemisphere increases slowly throughout early and middle childhood

B) activity in the left hemisphere peaks between 1 and 3 years and decreases slowly

C) the left hemisphere is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off

D) activity in the right hemisphere increases dramatically between ages 2 and 6

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 284; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

12) Which of these skills develops at the fastest pace during early childhood?

A) giving directions

B) drawing pictures

C) recognizing geometric shapes

D) using language

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 284; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

13) Language skills ________, whereas spatial skills ________.

A) peak during adolescence; expand rapidly during early childhood

B) are usually located in the right hemisphere; are usually located in the left hemisphere

C) are usually located in the right hemisphere; are typically controlled by the amygdala

D) develop rapidly in early childhood; develop gradually over childhood and adolescence

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 284; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

14) Fibers linking the ________ to the ________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination.

A) cerebellum; cerebral cortex

B) corpus callosum; reticular formation

C) reticular formation; cerebellum

D) cerebral cortex; hippocampus

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 284; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

15) The ________ is a structure in the brain stem that helps an individual to maintain alertness and consciousness.

A) pituitary gland

B) amygdala

C) hippocampus

D) reticular formation

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 284; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

16) The hippocampus plays a vital role in ________.

A) balance and control of body movement

B) memory and spatial understanding.

C) sustained, controlled attention

D) fine motor skills

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 284; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

17) The amygdala ________.

A) supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body

B) plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way

C) aids in balance and control of body movement

D) helps ensure that information relevant to survival will be retrieved

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 285; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

18) Which statement identifies the function of the corpus callosum?

A) It plays a central role in processing of novelty and emotional information.

B) It creates a link between the right cerebral hemisphere and the hippocampus.

C) It maintains alertness and consciousness and sends out fibers to other areas of the brain.

D) It supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body.

Topic: A Changing Body and Brain

Content Ref: p. 285; screen 8.1.2

Objective: 8.1 Describe body growth and brain development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Understand

19) A study by the National Institutes of Health investigating the link between childhood poverty and poorer cognitive outcomes found that ________.

A) differences in birth weight fully explain the association between poverty and impaired brain development

B) differences in maternal education fully explain the association between poverty and impaired brain development

C) there were no significant differences in brain development between children who grew up in poorer families and those who grew up in higher-SES families

D) children and adolescents who grew up in the poorest families had gray matter volumes that were below average, even after controlling for other factors

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 286 Box: Biology and Environment: Child Poverty and Brain Development; screen 8.2

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

20) A study by the National Institutes of Health measuring the differences in gray matter volume found that ___.

A) atypical brain development was responsible for the entire score gap between the poorest children and their better-off peers

B) persistent childhood poverty can compromise brain structures crucial for learning, school success, and a satisfying adult life

C) interventions designed to address the effects of extreme poverty are unlikely to have significant effects on cognitive abilities

D) gray matter volumes among children who grew up in poverty were almost always at least 25 percent lower than the national average

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 286 Box: Biology and Environment: Child Poverty and Brain Development; screen 8.2

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

21) The ________, located at the base of the brain, releases two hormones that induce growth.

A) pituitary gland

B) hippocampus

C) reticular formation

D) corpus callosum

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 286; screen 8.2.1

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

22) The pituitary gland releases ________, which stimulates the liver and epiphyses of the skeleton to release ________.

A) growth hormone; insulin-like growth factor 1

B) insulin-like growth factor 1; growth hormone

C) thyroxine; growth hormone

D) thyroxine; insulin-like growth factor 1

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 287; screen 8.2.1

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

23) Without medical intervention, children who suffer from __________ reach an average mature height of only 4 to 4½ feet.

A) growth hormone (GH) deficiency

B) estrogen deficiency

C) inadequate thyroxine

D) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 287; screen 8.2.1

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

24) Treating short, normal-GH children with synthetic GH ________.

A) tends to increase the growth rates and self-esteem of those children

B) tends to decrease the growth rates and self-esteem of those children

C) results in substantial height increases but also causes significant physical development problems

D) does not cause these children to grow substantially taller than their previously predicted mature height

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 287; screen 8.2.1

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

25) Which statement about thyroxine is true?

A) It is released by the pituitary gland and is necessary for brain development.

B) It is necessary for GH to have its full impact on body size.

C) Deficits of thyroxine affect physical growth but not intellectual functions.

D) It causes the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 287; screen 8.2.1

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

26) Which statement about sleep habits is true?

A) Because growth hormone (GH) is released during a child’s sleeping hours, sleep contributes to body growth.

B) The impact of disrupted sleep on cognitive functioning is similar for low-SES and higher-SES children.

C) On average, 2- and 3-year-olds sleep less than 4- to 6-year-olds but more than infants.

D) In early childhood, there is little variability in the daytime sleep patterns of healthy children.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 287; screen 8.2.2

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

27) Which statement about napping in early childhood is true?

A) Replacing nap opportunities with additional learning activities improves cognitive skills.

B) Napping at preschool enhances memories acquired earlier in the day.

C) European-American children are more likely to take naps than African-American children.

D) There is little variability in the napping habits of healthy children.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 287; screen 8.2.2

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

28) Which statement about cultural variations in sleep patterns during early childhood is true?

A) European-American children are more likely to cosleep with their parents than African-American children.

B) European-American children are less likely than other children to go to a bed with a security object.

C) Compared to European-American parents, African-American parents report that their children have later bedtimes and nap more often during the day.

D) African-American parents are more likely than European-American parents to express concern about regular bedtimes.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 288; screen 8.2.2

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

29) Research on the relationship between daily hours devoted to screen media and sleep disturbances reveals that ________.

A) among young children, low levels of screen exposure produce the same effect as high levels of exposure

B) it takes fewer screen-time hours to disrupt young children’s sleep than to disrupt the sleep of older children and adolescents

C) the most pronounced sleep disturbances occurred when young children devoted 2 to 4 hours per day to screen media

D) among older children and adolescents, devoting more hours to screen media was associated with lower sleep disturbance scores

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 288; screen 8.2.2

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

30) Research on sleep demonstrates that ________.

A) most American parents cosleep with their children into the preschool years

B) sleepwalking in early childhood usually continues into adulthood if it is not treated

C) parent–child cosleeping is associated with children’s sleep disorders during the preschool years

D) sleep terrors can be triggered by stress or extreme fatigue

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 289; screen 8.2.2

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

31) Which statement about appetite in early childhood is true?

A) Preschoolers’ appetites increase because their growth is at an all-time high.

B) Parents should be concerned if their preschooler varies the amount eaten from meal to meal.

C) Preschoolers’ wariness of new foods is adaptive.

D) Preschoolers need a greater variety of foods than adults need.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 289; screen 8.2.3

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

32) Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin’s parents best encourage her to eat a new food?

A) Reward her with dessert if she eats the new food.

B) Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.

C) Add salt or sugar to the new food to increase her willingness to eat it.

D) Make her stay at the table until she takes a few bites of the new food.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 289; screen 8.2.3

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

33) Sophia’s parents will not allow her to eat any sugary foods. This practice will most likely ________.

A) prompt Sophia to eat more healthy foods

B) have no effect on Sophia’s eating behavior

C) focus Sophia’s attention on sugary foods

D) decrease Sophia’s desire to eat sugary foods

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 290; screen 8.2.3

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

34) A Dutch study on the effects of maternal feeding practices found that ________.

A) maternal restriction was associated with obesity, but maternal pressure had no significant effect

B) maternal pressure was associated with being underweight, but maternal restriction had no significant effect

C) both maternal pressure and maternal restriction were associated with children’s unhealthy weight

D) neither maternal pressure nor maternal restriction was associated with children’s unhealthy weight

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 290; screen 8.2.3

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

35) Which statement about food preferences is true?

A) Food preferences established in early childhood remain relatively stable through adolescence and adulthood.

B) Food preferences are easiest to alter in adulthood, when an individual is mature physically and cognitively.

C) The most effective way to alter food preferences is by offering incentives for desired behavior.

D) The most effective way to alter food preferences is by denying access to less-healthy foods.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 290; screen 8.2.3

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

36) Illnesses such as measles and chicken pox ________.

A) typically do not appear until after age 3 throughout the world

B) occur at about the same rate in all countries

C) have been eradicated through mass immunization

D) occur much earlier in developing nations than in industrialized nations

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 291; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

37) Which statement about influences on children’s health is true?

A) Poor diet depresses the body’s immune system, making children far more susceptible to disease.

B) Infectious disease is responsible for the vast majority of annual deaths of children under age 5 worldwide.

C) Of the 5.9 million annual deaths of children under age 5 worldwide, about half occur in developing countries.

D) Even in well-nourished children, ordinary childhood illnesses usually affect physical growth and cognitive development.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 291; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

38) In developing countries, widespread __________, resulting from unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to growth stunting and hundreds of thousands of childhood deaths each year.

A) diarrhea

B) scurvy

C) rubella

D) tuberculosis

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 291; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

39) Most developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which consists of ________.

A) iron supplements

B) antiviral drugs

C) immunization of infants and young children

D) a solution of glucose, salt, and water

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 291; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

40) Low-cost supplements of ________ substantially reduce the incidence of severe and prolonged diarrhea.

A) zinc

B) iron

C) folic acid

D) vitamin D

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 291; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

41) Which statement about childhood immunizations in the United States is true?

A) Routine immunizations prevent millions of illnesses each year.

B) Offering free immunizations has had little effect on immunization rates.

C) Immunizations are not required for school entry.

D) The Affordable Care Act guarantees that every low-income child has health insurance.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 292; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

42) What is one reason the United States lags behind many other Western nations in compliance with childhood immunizations?

A) Uninsured United States children do not receive free immunizations.

B) Childhood diseases have been virtually eradicated in the United States, making immunization unnecessary.

C) Children in many low-income United States families do not have adequate health insurance coverage.

D) Research conducted in the United States has established a link between common immunizations and autism.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 292; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

43) Which statement about immunizations and autism is true?

A) Because concerns about a link between immunizations and autism are relatively new, no studies of the issue have been completed.

B) Research has confirmed a moderate causal link between common immunizations and a rise in the number of children diagnosed with autism.

C) Numerous large-scale studies show no association between the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism.

D) In areas where many parents refuse to immunize their children, disease outbreaks are no more common than in other areas.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 292; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

44) ________ are the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations.

A) Carcinogens

B) Unintentional injuries

C) Birth defects

D) Infectious diseases

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 292; screen 8.2.5

Objective: 8.2b Cite factors that increase the risk of unintentional injuries, and explain how childhood injuries can be prevented.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

45) Otitis media is a common illness that affects ________ and has been shown to disrupt ________.

A) the middle ear; language and academic progress

B) the central nervous system; sleeping habits

C) joints and connective tissue; gross motor skills, such as running and climbing

D) the circulatory system; fine motor skills, such as tying shoes

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 293 Box: Social Issues: Health: Otitis Media and Development; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

46) Which statement about otitis media is true?

A) Plastic tubes that drain the Eustachian tubes are often used to treat chronic otitis media in children.

B) Otitis media occurs less often among children who attend child-care centers than among other children.

C) Only about 20 percent of U.S. children have experienced three or more bouts of otitis media in their lives.

D) The incidence of otitis media is greatest between 3 and 5 years.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 293 Box: Social Issues: Health: Otitis Media and Development; screen 8.2.4

Objective: 8.2a Describe the effects of heredity, restful sleep, nutrition, and infectious disease on physical growth and health in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

47) In the United States, __________ are the most frequent source of childhood injury.

A) burns

B) falls

C) acts of maltreatment

D) motor vehicle collisions

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 293; screen 8.2.5

Objective: 8.2b Cite factors that increase the risk of unintentional injuries, and explain how childhood injuries can be prevented.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

48) Childhood injuries ________.

A) are as common among girls as among boys

B) occur within a complex ecological system and can often be prevented

C) rank second only to cancer as a cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations

D) are less common in the United States than in other industrialized nations

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 293; screen 8.2.5

Objective: 8.2b Cite factors that increase the risk of unintentional injuries, and explain how childhood injuries can be prevented.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

49) In early childhood, boys are ________ likely than girls to be injured, and injuries to boys tend to be _______ severe than injuries to girls.

A) less; less

B) less; more

C) more; less

D) more; more

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 293; screen 8.2.5

Objective: 8.2b Cite factors that increase the risk of unintentional injuries, and explain how childhood injuries can be prevented.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

50) ________ are strongly associated with childhood injury.

A) Authoritative child rearing and having a greater number of daily chores

B) Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education

C) Large family size, rural living, and wealth

D) Having a passive temperament and insecure parental attachment

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 294; screen 8.2.5

Objective: 8.2b Cite factors that increase the risk of unintentional injuries, and explain how childhood injuries can be prevented.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

51) Which statement is supported by research on childhood injury rates in the United States?

A) Children from economically advantaged U.S. families are at greater risk for injury than children in other Western nations.

B) The rate of childhood death from injury in the United States is higher than the rates in developing countries.

C) Car seats are readily available and affordable in the United States and are usually used properly.

D) Parents believe that it is easier to succeed in preventing injuries in sons than in daughters.

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 294; screen 8.2.5

Objective: 8.2b Cite factors that increase the risk of unintentional injuries, and explain how childhood injuries can be prevented.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

52) When it comes to injury prevention, American parents ________.

A) more often teach safety rules to their preschoolers in advance, as a preventive measure, rather than as a response to unsafe behaviors

B) seem willing to ignore familiar safety practices, perhaps because of the high value they place on personal freedom

C) take more safety precautions than parents in other industrialized nations

D) believe safety instruction is the responsibility of schools and governmental programs

Topic: Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Content Ref: p. 294; screen 8.2.5

Objective: 8.2b Cite factors that increase the risk of unintentional injuries, and explain how childhood injuries can be prevented.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

53) As children’s bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy, ________.

A) balance improves greatly

B) their center of gravity shifts upward

C) gross-motor development is temporarily disrupted

D) fine-motor development slows

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 296; screen 8.3.1

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

54) Between the ages of 2 and 3 years, most children learn how to ________.

A) push a riding toy with their feet

B) use a knife to cut soft foods

C) tie their shoes correctly

D) use scissors effectively

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 297; screen 8.3.1

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

55) Two-year-old Norton can probably ________.

A) use a spoon effectively

B) use a fork effectively

C) pedal and steer a tricycle

D) tie his shoes

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 297; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

56) Ileana, age 3, can probably ________

A) gallop, and skip with one foot

B) copy some numbers and simple words

C) zip and unzip large zippers

D) ride a tricycle rapidly and steer smoothly

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 297; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

57) Caitlyn, age 4, can probably ________

A) tie her shoes

B) ride a bicycle with training wheels

C) draw a person with six identifiable parts

D) use a fork effectively

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 297; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

58) Which of these gross-motor skills typically develops first?

A) walking down stairs while alternating feet

B) throwing a ball with body rotation and transfer of weight

C) riding a tricycle smoothly while steering smoothly

D) jumping and hopping while flexing the upper body

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 297; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

59) Which of these gross-motor skills typically develops last?

A) riding a bicycle with training wheels

B) walking down stairs, alternating feet

C) throwing a ball with body rotation and transfer of weight

D) galloping, and skipping with one foot

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 297; screen 8.3.1

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

60) Which of these fine-motor skills typically develops first?

A) serving food to oneself without assistance

B) putting on and removing simple items of clothing

C) copying numbers and simple words

D) using scissors

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 297; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

61) Which of these fine-motor skills typically develops last?

A) using a fork effectively

B) using scissors

C) tying shoes

D) drawing a picture of a person

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 297; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

62) Two-year old Salomé quickly moved her crayon across a piece of paper from left to right, explaining, “Car zooms!” Which statement best describes Salomé’s drawing progress?

A) Her gestures, rather than the resulting marks on the page, contain the intended representation.

B) She drew a recognizable shape and then described it.

C) She used lines to represent the boundaries of objects.

D) Her drawing was complex and realistic.

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 298; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

63) When adults draw with children and point out resemblances between drawings and objects, ________.

A) they stifle children’s self-expression

B) preschoolers’ pictures become simpler so the adult can recognize items

C) preschoolers’ pictures become more comprehensible and detailed

D) they interfere with the natural progression of childhood drawing

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 298; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

64) A major milestone in drawing that usually occurs in the third or fourth year is the ability to ________.

A) use lines to represent the boundaries of objects

B) use depth cues

C) make gestures that leave marks

D) create a drawing representing an integrated whole

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 299; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

65) Anya, age 4, is asked to draw a picture of a person. She will probably ________.

A) draw a circular shape with lines attached, and add features such as eyes, nose, mouth, and hair

B) make a realistically detailed image representing an integrated whole

C) draw a large head with facial features but no body

D) use depth cues, such as overlapping objects, in the background

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 299; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Difficult

66) When drawing, 5- and 6-year-olds ________.

A) typically make scribbles on paper to represent their thoughts

B) create conventional figures, with the head and body differentiated

C) do not yet add features, such as eyes, nose, mouth, and hair

D) do not yet use lines to represent the boundaries of objects

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 299; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

67) Jesi, age 3, is asked to draw a cylinder. Based on her age, she will probably draw ________.

A) nothing

B) nonrepresentational scribbles

C) a circle, an oval, or a rectangle

D) two circles and some lines

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 299; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

68) Which statement about artistic development in China is true?

A) China’s artistic styles and conventions are enormously diverse compared to the United States.

B) Chinese art teachers typically assume that copying others’ drawings stifles creativity.

C) When taught to paint, Chinese children follow prescribed brush strokes, at first copying their teacher’s model.

D) Rather than promoting correct ways to draw, Chinese teachers emphasize imagination and self-expression.

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 300 Box: Cultural Influences: Why Are Children from Asian Cultures Advanced in Drawing Skills?; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

69) In research comparing artistic maturity and originality, Chinese-American children’s drawings were ________ than European-American children’s drawings.

A) more advanced but less creative

B) more advanced and more creative

C) less advanced and less creative

D) less advanced but more creative

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 300 Box: Cultural Influences: Why Are Children from Asian Cultures Advanced in Drawing Skills?; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

70) In cultures with little interest in art, ________.

A) children nonetheless create elaborate drawings

B) children do not draw a tadpole or stick image to represent a person

C) solutions to figure drawing do not follow the sequence typical in cultures that emphasize art

D) older children and adolescents produce only simple forms

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 300; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

71) As they develop drawing and writing skills, three-year-olds ________.

A) use an adult grip pattern to hold a pencil

B) vary their pencil grip, depending on the location of marks they want to make

C) use a constant pencil angle across a range of drawing and writing

D) grip pencils indiscriminately in either their left or right hand

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 301; screen 8.3.2

Objective: 8.3a Cite major milestones of gross- and fine-motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

72) Which statement about individual differences in motor skills during early childhood is true?

A) Girls can run slightly faster than boys.

B) Girls can broad-jump slightly farther than boys.

C) Girls have an edge over boys in fine-motor skills.

D) Girls are ahead of boys in skills that emphasize force.

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 302; screen 8.3.3

Objective: 8.3b Describe individual differences in preschoolers’ motor skills and ways to enhance motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

73) By age 5, boys ________ than girls.

A) have better balance

B) can broad-jump slightly farther

C) can hop and skip better

D) have better precision of movement

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 302; screen 8.3.3

Objective: 8.3b Describe individual differences in preschoolers’ motor skills and ways to enhance motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

74) Which statement is supported by research on sex differences in motor skills?

A) Sex differences in motor skills increase with age, but they remain small throughout childhood.

B) Sex differences in motor skills are largely due to genetically based differences.

C) Boys’ greater overall physical maturity may be partly responsible for their better balance and precision of movement.

D) From an early age, boys and girls are usually encouraged to pursue similar physical activities.

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: p. 302; screen 8.3.3

Objective: 8.3b Describe individual differences in preschoolers’ motor skills and ways to enhance motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

75) Raina and Enrico want to provide their 3-year-old daughter with experiences that promote her motor development. They can best do so by ________.

A) making sure she follows a daily home exercise routine that includes running, jumping, hopping, and catching

B) enrolling her in gymnastics, tumbling, and other formal lessons

C) encouraging everyday active play and providing access to play spaces with appropriate equipment

D) having her watch videos that show preschoolers demonstrating how to perform challenging motor skills

Topic: Motor Development

Content Ref: pp. 302–3; screen 8.3.4

Objective: 8.3b Describe individual differences in preschoolers’ motor skills and ways to enhance motor development in early childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

ESSAY

76) How do changes in the cerebral cortex contribute to development during early childhood?

77) Explain how different parts of the brain other than the cerebral cortex make important advances during early childhood.

78) Discuss how sleep habits contribute to body growth in children, and explain how disrupted sleep affects cognitive functioning.

79) Explain why many children are picky eaters and describe strategies can caregivers can use to encourage children to try new foods.

80) Describe the typical sequence of development of drawing skills during early childhood.

81) Discuss the impact of genetic and environmental factors on sex differences in motor skills in early childhood.