Dna-Based Tissue Typing Complete Test Bank nan Ch.14

Chapter 14: DNA-Based Tissue Typing

Multiple Choice

1. A set of alleles on the same chromosome is called which of the following?

A. Polymorphism

B. Aneuploid

C. Haplotype

D. Histocompatibility

OBJ: 14.1

2. HLA is an abbreviation for what term?

A. Histocompatibility locus array

1. Human leukocyte antibody
2. Human leukocyte antigen
3. Hepatic lipid antigen

OBJ: 14.1

3. Polymorphisms in the HLA locus arise primarily through which type of genetic event?

A. Translocation

B. Gene conversion

C. Missense mutation

D. Deletion

OBJ: 14.1

1. HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C are in what MHC region?

A. Class I

1. Class II
2. Class III
3. Cytokine gene

OBJ: 14.3

1. Which is in the MHC class II region?

A. HLA-A

B. Complement C2

C. TNF-alpha

D. HLA-D

OBJ: 14.3

1. Which is in the MHC class II region?
2. HLA-A
3. Complement C2
4. TNF-alpha
5. HLA-D

OBJ: 14.3

1. What does the term HLA-DQ designate?
   1. HLA gene region, locus Q, subregion D
   2. The entire MHC gene region, locus D
   3. HLA gene region, locus D, subregion Q
   4. The entire HLA-D locus

OBJ: 14.3

8. In accepted HLA nomenclature for identifying HLA alleles by DNA sequence information, the fourth specific allele of the HLA-A31 family would be noted as which of the following?

A. HLA-A*31:04

B. HLA-A*04:31

C. HLA-A*31-04

D. HLA-A*04:31

OBJ: 14.2

1. In HLA nomenclature, the letter N indicates what type of allele?
2. An allele with a new antigenic phenotype
3. An allele with no reaction to antibody
4. A new antigen sequence
5. Normal antibody binding

OBJ: 14.2

10. Which of the following denotes a null allele in the HLA locus?

A. A*25:02Q

B. DR*10:04N

C. B*44:01:01X

D. B*16:12-B*16:14

OBJ: 14.2

1. Which is the term for recognition of two or more antigens by the same antibody?
2. Synonymous
3. Ambiguity
4. Nonsense
5. Null

OBJ: 14.2

12. HLA specificities were originally defined based on which type of laboratory methodology?

A. Restriction fragment length polymorphism

B. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

C. Amino acid sequencing

D. Serology

OBJ: 14.5

13. What is the relationship between the number of HLA alleles that have been identified by serological methods as compared with DNA analysis methods?

A. Serologically defined alleles < DNA analysis–defined alleles

B. Serologically defined alleles > DNA analysis–defined alleles

C. Serologically defined alleles = DNA analysis–defined alleles

D. Serologically defined alleles > DNA analysis–defined alleles

OBJ: 14.4

1. Which are used in crossmatching for an organ transplant?
   1. Donor serum and recipient lymphocytes
   2. Recipient serum and donor lymphocytes
   3. Donor serum and recipient serum
   4. Donor lymphocytes and recipient lymphocytes

OBJ: 14.5

1. What are private epitopes?
2. Molecules that bind to many different antibodies
3. Molecules only found in one individual
4. Molecules that bind to one specific HLA antibody type
5. Molecules that do not bind to any known HLA antibody

OBJ: 14.5

1. Which is a nucleic acid–based test?
2. CDC
3. Isoelectric focusing
4. Crossmatching
5. SSOPH

OBJ: 14.5

17. In a complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay, lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of antibody of known HLA specificity. Complement was added, and the cells were visualized as having taken up trypan blue. What is the interpretation of this assay?

A. The lymphocytes express antigens specific for the antibodies in the assay.

B. The lymphocytes do not have antigens specific for the antibodies in the assay.

C. This is not a valid method for identifying HLA antigens.

OBJ: 14.5

18. A woman’s husband volunteers to be a donor for his wife’s organ transplant. In pre-transplantation testing, the woman's serum was mixed in vitro with lymphocytes from her husband. After a few hours, complement and Trypan blue were added to the culture well. The cells were observed under the microscope and determined to be viable. What is the interpretation of this assay?

A. The husband has antibodies that recognize his wife's cells.

B. The wife has antibodies that recognize her husband's cells.

C. The husband cannot donate his organ to his wife.

D. The husband can donate his organ to his wife.

OBJ: 14.5

19. In PCR-SSOP methods for HLA typing, the primers used to amplify the region are complementary to sequences present in which exon of the class II genes?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

OBJ: 14.6

20. In PCR-SSOP, the HLA allele is identified based on which of the following?

A. Primers that are specific for a particular allele

B. Probes that are specific for a particular allele

C. Restriction enzyme cutting and band patterns

D. Differences in single-strand conformations

OBJ: 14.6

21. Sequence-specific PCR using allele-specific primers and primers for an amplification control has been performed on DNA isolated from a patient requiring bone marrow transplantation. Analysis of the reaction by gel electrophoresis reveals the presence of two bands in the gel. How is this interpreted?

A. False positive

B. False negative

C. True positive

D. True negative

OBJ: 14.6

21. NGS typing is used for which of the following?

A. Determining serum antibody status

B. Crossmatching donors and recipients

C. Measuring T-cell–mediated cytotoxicity

D. Identifying HLA types

OBJ: 14.6

22. Which of the following molecular-based assays can be used to perform HLA typing?

A. Southern blot

B. Sanger sequencing

C. Single-strand conformation polymorphism

D. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

OBJ: 14.6

23. Five potential kidney donors are to be tested to determine if they are a match for the recipient. Technologists use bead-based oligonucleotide probe hybridization methods to perform HLA typing. Which of the following anticoagulants is preferred when collecting blood for these tests?

A. none

B. Heparin

C. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

D. Sodium polyanethol sulfonate

OBJ: 14.5

24. Which of the following are methods that can be combined to produce both phenotypic and genotypic typing?

A. PCR-SSP + NGS

B. PCR-SSOP + SBT

C. CDC + PCR-SSP

D. SBT + NGS

OBJ: 14.7

25. Which of the following methods used to determine HLA types always gives the highest-resolution results?

A. PCR-SSP

B. PCR-SSOP

C. CDC

D. NGS

OBJ: 14.6

26. The level of detail to which an allele is identified is called which of the following?

A. Resolution

B. Ambiguity

C. Specificity

D. Typing

OBJ: 14.2

27. Bone marrow is going to be transplanted from a man to his sister. Which of the following laboratory procedures should be performed prior to this transplant to determine the HLA haplotypes of the donor and recipient at the highest resolution?

A. SBT

B. CDC

C. PCR-SSP

D. PCR-SSOP

OBJ: 14.6

28. An HLA haplotype is inherited from

A. only the mother.

B. only the father.

C. both the mother and the father.

D. neither the mother nor the father.

OBJ: 14.3

29. Graft rejection from an MHC-identical transplant can be caused by which of the following?

A. The alleles present

B. Minor histocompatibility antigens

C. The haplotype location on chromosome 6

D. The gender of the recipient

OBJ: 14.3

30. Mice with compromised immune systems are still capable of graft rejection due to what proteins?

A. HLA-D

B. mHag

C. KIR

D. HLA-A

OBJ: 14.3