Culture Exam Prep Chapter.12

Adolescence, 17e (Santrock)

Chapter 12 Culture

1) The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as

A) elitism.

B) egocentrism.

C) ethnocentrism.

D) realism.

2) Dr. Schindler does cross-cultural research on adolescents. These comparisons of adolescents from different cultures tell us the degree to which adolescent development is either universal or

A) culture-fair.

B) culture-free.

C) culture-specific.

D) None of these choices are correct.

3) Which of the following statements regarding gender and culture is NOT true?

A) In many countries, males have greater access to education than females.

B) In most cultures, the experiences of males and females are becoming more alike.

C) In many countries, males have more career opportunities than females.

D) In many countries, males have fewer restrictions on sexual activity than females.

4) Which of the following countries is best described as collectivistic?

A) Thailand

B) Britain

C) Germany

D) Canada

5) Which of the following countries is NOT group-oriented?

A) India

B) Canada

C) China

D) Japan

6) Which of the following countries is best described as individualistic?

A) Mexico

B) India

C) Japan

D) the Netherlands

7) Researchers have found that ________ is related to culture.

A) self-efficacy

B) self-conception

C) self-determination

D) co-rumination

8) Individualistic cultures have higher rates than collectivistic cultures of

A) suicide.

B) crime.

C) divorce.

D) All of these choices are correct.

9) In individualistic cultures, which of the following is NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy?

A) personal choice

B) extrinsic motivation

C) self-esteem

D) self-maximization

10) Which of the following is one of the three values that reflect parents' beliefs in collectivist cultures?

A) respect and obedience

B) competitiveness

C) personal choice

D) intrinsic motivation

11) Recent research has shown that in many families around the world today, children are likely to be reared

A) in a collectivist manner.

B) in an individualistic manner.

C) basically by themselves, with little parental guidance.

D) in manner that combines individualistic and collectivist ways.

12) Which of the following statements regarding how adolescents around the world use their time is NOT true?

A) U.S. adolescents spend most of their discretionary time in unstructured recreational activities.

B) U.S. adolescents have more discretionary time than adolescents in other countries.

C) U.S. adolescents spend about 40 percent more time on homework than do East Asian adolescents.

D) U.S. adolescents spend more time in voluntary structured activities than do East Asian adolescents.

13) Recent research by Reed Larson and colleagues on adolescents' use of time indicates that

A) U.S. adolescents may have too much unstructured time for optimal development.

B) U.S. adolescents need unstructured time to decrease their consistently high stress levels.

C) volunteer activities have no more relaxation value than unstructured time.

D) None of these choices are correct.

14) Ceremonies or rituals that mark an individual's transition from one status to another are called

A) rites of maturity.

B) rites of passage.

C) initiation rites.

D) adulthood rites.

15) Rites of passage in many parts of the world provide a ________ entry into the adult world.

A) continuous

B) constant

C) discontinuous

D) gradual

16) Polly, age 14, is a Protestant girl, who is preparing for confirmation. Her friend Joel, age 13, is a Jewish boy, preparing for his bar mitzvah. Both adolescents are getting ready for a religious

A) transition to full membership in their faith.

B) event that traditionally requires a large party and gifts.

C) rite of passage.

D) None of these choices are correct.

17) In the United States, an event that comes closest to culture-wide rite of passage is

A) high-school graduation.

B) getting a driver's license.

C) graduation from college.

D) high-school senior prom.

18) Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to a grouping of people who are similar in all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) ethnicity.

B) economic.

C) educational.

D) occupational.

19) Low socioeconomic status has been described as all of the following EXCEPT

A) low income.

B) working class.

C) white collar.

D) blue collar.

20) Which of the following individuals would be classified as being in a low-SES occupation?

A) Joe, who is a janitor at a local high school

B) Andy, who sells tractors at a large farm supply store

C) Lexi, a preschool teacher

D) None of these choices are correct.

21) Debbie and Ron are lower-SES parents. Which of the following is probably TRUE of their parenting?

A) They are concerned with developing their children's delay of gratification.

B) They use more physical punishment when disciplining their children than higher-SES parents do.

C) They use an authoritative manner with their children.

D) They are concerned with developing their children's initiative.

22) Rob and Marion are high-SES parents. Which of the following is probably NOT true of their parenting?

A) They create a home where children are more nearly equal participants.

B) They discuss the rules of the house with the children.

C) They are concerned that their children conform to society's expectations.

D) They are concerned with developing their children's initiative.

23) Reed comes from a low-SES background. He is consistently on the honor roll and has been offered a scholarship to a local college. Which of the following factors is MOST likely to have contributed to his success?

A) parental support and sacrifice

B) community block grants to improve his school

C) a mentor

D) a strong religious faith

24) Teens in upwardly-mobile upper-middle SES families face problems in

A) substance abuse.

B) neuroticism.

C) academic failure.

D) parental disappointment.

25) The federal poverty level is adjusted

A) every two years.

B) for family ethnicity.

C) for geographical location.

D) for inflation.

26) Which of the following adolescents is MOST likely to live in poverty?

A) Allen, a Latino who lives with his biological mother and father

B) Judy, a non-Latino White who lives with her biological mother, father, and grandmother

C) Edgar, a Latino who lives with his single-parent father

D) Tamika, an African American who lives with her single-parent mother

27) Compared to their peers with more economic advantages, poor children and adolescents experience all of the following EXCEPT

A) their homes are more crowded and noisy.

B) they watch more television and have less access to books and computers.

C) their homes are more violent and chaotic.

D) their parents monitor their school activities more closely.

28) Living in poverty is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

A) great physiological reactivity to stress.

B) sexual problems.

C) parental disappointment.

D) school-related problems.

29) A recent study found that 12 to 19 year olds' perceived well-being was ________ when they had lived in poverty from birth to 2 years of age.

A) lowest

B) slightly higher

C) unaffected

D) None of these choices are correct.

30) Karen, age 26, and her 4-year-old daughter, Meghan, are involved in an antipoverty program that provides Karen with job-skills training and provides free preschool for Meghan. This is an example of a

A) parent-child educational initiative.

B) Head Start program.

C) two-generation intervention.

D) New Horizons program.

31) Evaluation of two-generation interventions to alleviate poverty have shown that they

A) have more of an effect on the parent than on the child.

B) have more of an effect on the child than on the parent.

C) show more benefits in cognitive gains than health benefits.

D) None of these choices are correct.

32) The New Hope program is designed to

A) keep at-risk adolescents in school.

B) reduce family poverty.

C) help low-income families find affordable housing.

D) reduce depression in adolescents and emerging adults.

33) The ________ program is directed by a full-time counsellor or social worker to improve children's achievement at the end of elementary school by providing a support plan that might include tutoring, mentoring, after-school programs, or family counselling.

A) Positive Action

B) City Connects

C) New Hope

D) Eisenhower Quantum Opportunities

34) The Positive Action Program addresses the effects of poverty by

A) focusing on self-concept, getting along with others, and self-improvement.

B) working to increase parental employment.

C) providing students living in poverty with a daily mentor.

D) focusing on health, educational achievement, and social growth.

35) The ________ program is designed to provide education, service, developmental activities, and financial incentives to disadvantaged youth from ninth grade through high school graduation.

A) Positive Action

B) City Connects

C) El Puente

D) Eisenhower Quantum Opportunities

36) The El Puente program is designed to improve the lives of ________ adolescents living in poverty.

A) African American

B) Native American

C) Latino

D) Asian American

37) Which of the following is NOT an area of youth concern in the El Puente program?

A) health

B) education

C) social growth

D) increasing public assistance to families

38) Ethnicity is based on all of the following EXCEPT

A) race.

B) language.

C) religion.

D) SES.

39) Jarislaw is a recent immigrant to the United States from Poland. He has a brother who came to the United States two years ago. Which of the following stressors is Jarislaw most likely to experience?

A) language barriers

B) religious persecution

C) homelessness

D) All of these choices are correct.

40) Recent research shows links between acculturation and

A) family values.

B) SES.

C) volunteerism.

D) parent/adolescent conflict.

41) Many of the families that have immigrated to the United States in recent decades come from

A) decaying cultures.

B) collectivist cultures.

C) individualist cultures.

D) Communist cultures.

42) Chinese acculturation to American values were associated with adolescent development in which of the following way(s)?

A) Adolescents with a Chinese oriented father had a faster decline over time in their GPA.

B) A discrepancy between parent-adolescent American orientation was related to lower academic success.

C) Adolescents with a Chinese-oriented mother had lower academic success.

D) None of these choices are correct.

43) Which ethnic group is seen as the "model minority"?

A) Cuban Americans

B) Japanese Americans

C) Mexican Americans

D) Filipino Americans

44) Suki is a Japanese American adolescent. Because she belongs to the "model minority," Suki probably

A) still experiences stress associated with her ethnic minority status.

B) faces much less prejudice and bias than other ethnic groups.

C) has fewer resources to buffer bias and prejudice.

D) None of these choices are correct.

45) Many ethnic minority adolescents experience a "double disadvantage" that includes prejudice, discrimination, and bias because of their ethnic minority status and

A) poor health.

B) depression.

C) social isolation in the minority group.

D) the stressful effects of poverty.

46) Anastasia and her sister Olga are political refugees from the former Soviet Union. They have had experiences with the former KGB and they fled their native land with little more than the clothes on their backs. They appear "strange" to their classmates as they often huddle together and scan the room for "spies." This behavior is

A) functional for them.

B) paranoid; they need to be referred for counseling.

C) typical of most new immigrants to the United States.

D) None of these choices are correct.

47) Dawn says of Asian Americans, "They are all so smart." This is an example of

A) recognition of homogeneity.

B) recognition of heterogeneity.

C) a stereotype.

D) accurate appraisal.

48) Among the problems associated with ethnic discrimination during adolescence, the most likely outcome is

A) mental health problems.

B) delinquency.

C) school-related problems.

D) over-reliance on parents and family.

49) Margo sees her new classmate, Fotima, a recent immigrant from Haiti, put all of the extra bread, rolls, butter, and cookies into her backpack at lunchtime. Margo imagines that food may have been scarce for Fotima in Haiti, so she is "stockpiling" it now. Margo is demonstrating

A) sympathy.

B) perspective taking.

C) analytical observation.

D) cultural competence.

50) Immigrants from different ethnicity have different

A) reasons for migrating.

B) socioeconomic backgrounds.

C) social and historical backgrounds.

D) All of these choices are correct.

51) When Keith is asked why he does not participate in the monthly visits to nursing homes with his church's youth group, he says, "I cannot stand old people; they have all wrinkles and other gross stuff!" This is an example of

A) cultural competence.

B) prejudice.

C) gerotranscendence.

D) gerontophilia.

52) A recent study found that night-time ________ and poor sleep behavior increased from 13 to 16 years of age.

A) mobile phone use

B) television viewing

C) reading

D) None of these choices are correct.

53) Mateo, age 15, does his homework while listening to his MP3 player; he also keeps his cell phone on his desk so that he can text his friends at the same time. Mateo is engaged in

A) competing media balancing.

B) media multitasking.

C) media overload.

D) None of these choices are correct.

54) Television viewing and video game playing often peak during

A) middle childhood.

B) early adolescence.

C) middle adolescence.

D) late adolescence.

55) Older adolescents spend more time listening to music and ________ than younger adolescents do.

A) listening to the radio

B) playing video games

C) watching television

D) using computers

56) Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in adolescents' media use is NOT true?

A) Girls spend more time social networking than boys.

B) Boys spend more time social networking than girls.

C) Girls spend more time listening to music than boys.

D) Boys use computers and video games more than girls.

57) Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to spend the most time using media?

A) Bailey, a non-Latino 16-year-old girl

B) Jasmine, a 25-year-old Latina

C) John, a 15-year-old African American boy

D) Crystal, a 20-year-old, non-Latino White emerging adult

58) Watching television can do all of the following EXCEPT

A) make adolescents active learners.

B) distract children and adolescents from homework.

C) teach stereotypes.

D) make adolescents passive learners.

59) Researchers have found a high level of screen media exposure in youth is linked to a greater incidence of

A) depression.

B) Type 1 diabetes.

C) obesity.

D) heart disease.

60) Playing violent video games is related to

A) desensitization to violence.

B) increased aggression for girls only.

C) decreased empathetic concern for boys only.

D) increases in prosocial behavior.

61) Which of the following statements regarding television viewing is NOT true?

A) Research with adolescents supports the discontinuity view of television viewing.

B) Experimental research provides evidence that viewing TV violence can increase aggression.

C) Adolescent girls who were more frequent preschool viewers of violent TV programs had lower grades than infrequent viewers.

D) Viewing educational television as preschoolers is linked to less aggression in boys at adolescence.

62) Watching TV has been negatively linked to all of the following EXCEPT

A) ADHD.

B) lower school achievement.

C) unrealistic views of the world.

D) creativity.

63) Researchers suggested three possible reasons that why watching TV is negatively linked to children's achievement. This includes interference, displacement and

A) self-defeating tastes/preferences.

B) cognitive dissonance.

C) encouragement of passive learning.

D) slot movement.

64) Researchers have found a negative association between the amount of time children watch TV and their

A) prosocial behaviors.

B) math ability.

C) empathy level.

D) reading ability.

65) Adolescents' exposure to video games with sexual themes is linked to

A) an increased likelihood of ever having had sex.

B) sexual assault.

C) attempting or completing rape from 14 to 21 years of age.

D) All of these choices are correct.

66) All but which of the following statements regarding the media and music is not TRUE?

A) Adolescents spend huge amounts of time listening to music.

B) Higher use of music media was related to viewing the self as less physically attractive.

C) Listening to music with sexually degrading content is related to higher likelihood of engaging in sexual activity.

D) There is a cause-and-effect relationship between music and music videos and drug use.

67) Rainey spends a great deal of time listening to music that has denigrating sexual lyrics and messages about women. Research has shown that Rainey is at risk for

A) becoming a violent domestic partner.

B) becoming a rapist.

C) engaging in sexual intercourse at an earlier age than his peers who spend less time listening to such music.

D) perpetrating sexual harassment on classmates or colleagues.

68) Amy Jordan, a leading expert on social policy and the media, believes it is a difficult challenge to provide parents with adequate ways to protect their children from unwanted content in their homes while still respecting

A) their interdependence.

B) their autonomy.

C) the First Amendment right of free speech.

D) the right of eminent domain.

69) Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations of the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development on social policy initiatives?

A) Mandate media-literacy programs in all high-school curricula by 2023.

B) Encourage socially-responsible media programming.

C) Increase media presentations of health promotion.

D) Expand opportunities for adolescents' views to appear in the media.

70) After posting pictures of herself on Facebook drinking beer and smoking, Jocylyn, age 19, applies for a job in an upscale boutique. The manager does not hire Jocylyn, saying that her posting on Facebook indicated that she did not have the maturity that the shop manager considered necessary. Jocylyn should know that

A) it is illegal to discriminate against her on the basis on any pictures that she placed on Facebook.

B) more employers are checking online sites like Facebook as part of a screening process for applicants.

C) colleges cannot use any information that they find on online sites such as Facebook to see if underage students are drinking or violating any college policies.

D) None of these choices are correct.

71) Sheila, age 14, tells you that she has almost 200 friends in her online network. She is most likely a member of

A) Twitter.

B) eHarmony.

C) Facebook.

D) Instagram.

72) Despite the advances in technology, adolescents still need to develop non technological skills, including

A) good communication skills.

B) the ability to solve problems.

C) the ability to think creatively.

D) All of these choices are correct.

73) Evan, age 17, and his friend had in their shared school locker an explicit plan for making a bomb. They said they got it from the Internet. How likely is it that this explanation is TRUE?

A) Not very likely; you have to have clearance from Homeland Security to access these sites.

B) Not very likely; these sites are only available to adults who have gone through background checks.

C) Quite likely; the information is available if adolescents have the skills to navigate through complex information.

D) Not likely at all; this information is not available on the Internet.

74) Excessive Internet use has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT

A) elevated blood pressure.

B) decreased number of hours of sleep.

C) cyberbullying.

D) poor relationships with family.

75) Which of the following is NOT a psychological process that social media likely activates in adolescents and emerging adults?

A) social comparison

B) self-disclosure

C) sleep depravity

D) impression management

76) Compare and contrast individualism and collectivism as they relate to culture.

77) Describe what is meant by the term "rites of passage," and explain how these are different in societies around the world and provide examples.

78) List and describe the four criteria that are used to determine socioeconomic status.

79) Explain the psychological effects and negative consequences that living in poverty has on adolescents and emerging adults.

80) Describe the target population and the major areas of intervention in the El Puente program.

81) Explain why adolescence and emerging adulthood is a special juncture for ethnic minority individuals.

82) Define prejudice, and explain current trends in prejudice, discrimination, and bias.

83) Describe the major trends, as well as age and individual differences in the use of media by adolescents.

84) Compare and contrast violent video game playing and violence in television viewing for adolescents.

85) Describe how adolescents typically use the Internet.