Criminal Justice Research 10e Answer Key and Test Bank 10e - Criminal Justice Research 10e Answer Key and Test Bank by Frank E Hagan. DOCX document preview.
TEST BANK
Chapter 1
Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods: Theory and Method
Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following combine rational theoretical explanation with the scientific method?
- Science
- Criminology
- Research
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the role of scientific research in criminal justice.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the repetition of experiments or studies utilizing the same methodology?
- Criminology
- Verification
- Replication
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the role of scientific research in criminal justice.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following describes confirmation of the accuracy of findings?
- Science
- Replication
- Verification
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the role of scientific research in criminal justice.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to fanatical adherence to a preferred method at the expense of substance?
- Objectivity
- Paradigm
- Methodological narcissism
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize who conducts criminal justice research and why it is conducted.
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are suggestions made by Bayley for improving criminal justice research
- Research requires interdisciplinary efforts as well as the tackling of field-oriented, practical problems.
- Researchers should cease giving speeches to practitioners about the value of research and attack their practical concerns with a realistic appraisal of error proneness of any research endeavor.
- It is time to be done with “methodological narcissism,” methods for methods’ sake.
- All of the above
Objective: Outline the emergence of science in the criminal justice field.
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following was NOT a suggested factor by Hirschi and Selvin for either doing or critiquing the research of others?
- Objectivity
- Intolerance for error
- Vigilance
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize who conducts criminal justice research and why it is conducted.
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a plausible explanation of reality?
- Theory
- Paradigm
- Hunch
- None of the above
Objective: Outline the emergence of science in the criminal justice field.
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a model or schema that provides a perspective from which to view reality?
- Theory
- Paradigm
- Hunch
- None of the above
Objective: Outline the emergence of science in the criminal justice field.
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
- Who described how the evolution of new knowledge, rather than being slow and incremental, is often dependent upon new paradigms that may stand previous assumptions on their heads?
- Kuhn
- Smith
- Matthew
- Kraska
Objective: Outline the emergence of science in the criminal justice field.
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the acquisition of knowledge for science’s sake?
- Pure research
- Basic research
- Secondary research
- Both (a.) and (b.)
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to research concerned with solving or addressing immediate policy problems?
- Pure research
- Basic research
- Secondary research
- Applied research
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to operationalization and numerical measurement of variables?
- Basic research
- Quantitative research
- Qualitative research
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to research for the purpose of developing “sensitizing concepts” and verstehen rather than quantitative measurement?
- Basic research
- Quantitative research
- Qualitative research
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- Who offered the notion that the purpose of research it to gain a qualitative understanding of phenomena from the perspective of the subjects; also referred to as verstehen?
- Weber
- Kuhn
- Worrall
- Kraska
Objective: Summarize who conducts criminal justice research and why it is conducted.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is described as a view of all social events as a distinct chronicle of unique happenings?
- Historicism
- Scientism
- Operationalization
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept of social science and how it applies to criminal justice research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is considered on the other “polar extreme” as scientism and where the researcher takes the stance that “if you cannot measure something, then it is not worth studying or commenting on”?
- Scientism
- Operationalization
- Verstehen
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept of social science and how it applies to criminal justice research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a sense of disorientation experienced by a person when suddenly confronted with an unfamiliar style of presentation and research language?
- Researchese
- Concepts
- Operationalization
- Research shock
Objective: Summarize alternatives to research-based knowledge.
Page number: 13
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is described as being the language of research?
- Researchese
- Concepts
- Operationalization
- Research shock
Objective: Summarize alternatives to research-based knowledge.
Page number: 13
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the abstract or symbolic tags placed on reality?
- Concepts
- Operationalization
- Variables
- Dependent variables
Objective: Summarize alternatives to research-based knowledge.
Page number: 13
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the definition of concepts on the basis of how they are measured?
- Research shock
- Operationalization
- Variables
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 13
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to concepts that can vary or take on different numerical values?
- Variables
- Dependent variables
- Independent variables
- None of the above
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 14
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the outcome variable (Y); or the subject of study?
- Variables
- Dependent variables
- Independent variables
- All of the above
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 14
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the predictor variable (X); precedes in time and causes change in the dependent variable?
- Variables
- X variables
- Independent variables
- None of the above
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 14
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an attempt to develop plausible explanation of reality?
- Hypothesis
- Theory
- Guess
- None of the above
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 15
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a specific statement or prediction regarding the relationship between two variables?
- Hypothesis
- Theory
- Variable
- None of the above
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 15
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 1 True-False
- Hirschi and Stark’s ”Hellfire and Delinquency” found a very weak relationship between church attendance and non-delinquency.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize who conducts criminal justice research and why it is conducted.
Page number: 3
Level: Intermediate
- In ‘The Natural History of Nonsense’, Evans outlines numerous examples of commonsense-nonsense issues that have greatly hindered human progress.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize who conducts criminal justice research and why it is conducted.
Page number: 3
Level: Intermediate
- Replication combines rational theoretical explanation with the scientific method.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the emergence of science in the criminal justice field.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- Verification is confirmation of the accuracy of findings.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- Systematic application of the scientific method to research problems provided only nominal breakthroughs in the development of knowledge.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- Criminal justice researchers, unlike physical scientists, find their subject matter a topic of popular discussion in which the layperson’s experience is viewed as just as good a guide to policy as that of the researcher.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- A theory is a model or schema that provides a perspective from which to view reality.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the role of epistemology in crime and justice research.
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
- A paradigm is a plausible explanation of reality (why and how do things occur).
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the role of epistemology in crime and justice research.
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
- Edwin Sutherland’s concept of “white-collar crime” serves as an example of a paradigm revolution in criminology, a radical reorientation in theoretical views of the nature of criminality.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the role of epistemology in crime and justice research.
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
- Methodology involves the collection of hypotheses and/or data regarding the nature of crime and criminal justice.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the role of epistemology in crime and justice research.
Page number: 9
Level: Intermediate
- Pure research is the acquisition of knowledge for science’s sake; acquisition of knowledge that contributes to the scientific development of a discipline.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept of social science and how it applies to criminal justice research.
Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
- Applied research is concerned with solving or addressing immediate policy problems.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept of social science and how it applies to criminal justice research.
Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
- Crime analysis is an example of pure research.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 11
Level: Intermediate
- In quantitative research, concepts are assigned numerical values.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the role of theory in crime and justice research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- In qualitative research, concepts are viewed as sensitizing ideals or terms that enhance our understanding.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the role of theory in crime and justice research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- The ‘independent variable’ is also known as the ‘outcome variable’.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the parts of a theory.
Page number: 14
Level: Intermediate
- The ‘dependent variable’ is also known as the ‘predictor variable’.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the parts of a theory.
Page number: 14
Level: Intermediate
- Problem formulation, one of the general steps in empirical research, is a type of experimental or nonexperimental approach.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the emergence of science in the criminal justice field.
Page number: 16
Level: Intermediate
- Problem formulation is the selection, identification, and specification of the research topic to be investigated.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 17
Level: Intermediate
- A primary problem faced by students is a lack of available online academic journals and periodicals.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 19
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank
- __________ combines rational theoretical explanations with the scientific method.
Objective: Explain the role of scientific research in criminal justice.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the repetition of experiments or studies utilizing the same methodology.
Objective: Explain the role of scientific research in criminal justice.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the confirmation of the accuracy of findings; attainment of greater certitude in conclusions through additional observations.
Objective: Outline the emergence of science in the criminal justice field.
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the fanatical adherence to a preferred method at the expense of substance.
Objective: Outline the emergence of science in the criminal justice field.
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
- __________ involves the collection of accurate facts or data; attempt to address the issue of ‘what is’.
Objective: Outline the emergence of science in the criminal justice field.
Page number: 9
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is practical research concerned with solving or addressing immediate policy problems.
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the acquisition of knowledge for science’s sake; acquisition of knowledge that contributes to the scientific development of a discipline.
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the systematic, analytic process aimed at providing practical information related to crime patterns.
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 11
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is Webster’s notion that the purpose of research is to gain a qualitative “understanding” of phenomena from the perspective of the subjects.
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the view that if one cannot quantitatively measure a phenomenon, it is not worth studying.
Objective: Explain the concept of social science and how it applies to criminal justice research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the operationalization and numerical measurement of variables.
Objective: Explain the concept of social science and how it applies to criminal justice research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is research for the purpose of developing ‘sensitizing concepts” and verstehen rather than quantitative measurement.
Objective: Explain the concept of social science and how it applies to criminal justice research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the language of research.
Objective: Summarize alternatives to research-based knowledge.
Page number: 13
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ variable is also known as the outcome variable.
Objective: Explain the role of epistemology in crime and justice research.
Page number: 14
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ variable is also known as the predictor variable.
Objective: Explain the role of epistemology in crime and justice research.
Page number: 14
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 1 Essay
- Discuss Bayley’s offerings for improving criminal justice research.
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
- Define pure and applied research and discuss the application of each in the study of criminal justice.
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
- Define quantitative and qualitative research and discuss the application of each in the study of criminal justice.
Objective: Summarize the various types of research.
Page number: 12
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss the general steps in empirical research in criminal justice.
Objective: Outline the general steps in the research process.
Page number: 16
Level: Intermediate
- Explore the many online resources available to students and provide the URL for at least 10 of these sites.
Objective: Explain the role of scientific research in criminal justice.
Page number: 19
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 2
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 2 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following is an example of a social science study that has been linked to ethical concerns?
- Obedience to Authority
- Simulated Prison Experiment
- Tearoom Trade
- All of the above
Objective: Provide examples of unethical research.
Page number: 27
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a term coined by Zimbardo to refer to a transformation of human character that causes good people to engage in evil actions?
- Halo effect
- Lucifer effect
- Evil effect
- All of the above
Objective: Describe various types of unethical research behaviors and ethical dilemmas.
Page number: 28
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is considered a fundamental expectation of any piece of scientific research?
- Accuracy
- Honesty
- Properly referenced
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 31
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following occurs when researchers purposely fabricate or misrepresent their findings?
- Lucifer effect
- Halo effect
- Ethical fraud
- Research fraud
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 31
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following infamous research scams made a claim of discovery of the “missing link”?
- Stone age hoax
- Piltdown hoax
- Tasaday hoax
- Missing link hoax
Objective: Provide examples of unethical research.
Page number: 32
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a type of fraud in which a writer presents the ideas or work of someone else as his or her own?
- Plagiarism
- Theft
- Literary fraud
- Academic fraud
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 33
Level: Intermediate
- Scientific misconduct may involve which of the following?
- Negligence
- Deception
- Malicious allegations
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 34
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following requires that one be objective and “value free” in approaching and reporting on the subject matter?
- Ethics commission
- Role of researcher
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- Neither (a.) nor (b.)
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 34
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following addresses the intersection of researcher as scientist, researcher as criminal justice practitioner, and researcher as citizen?
- Commission Report
- National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
- Belmont Report
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 35
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following ’targets’ or subject matter is focused on by criminal justice research?
- The criminal
- The victim
- The general public
- All of the above
Objective: Describe the various roles researchers adopt.
Page number: 35
Level: Intermediate
- Historically, which of the following is considered the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States?
- DHEW
- DHHS
- CRM
- MEM
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 38
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is described as research screening committees set up in colleges and universities to oversee the ethical propriety of research?
- University Ethics Committees
- Institutional Review Boards
- College Advisory Boards
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 39
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is an agreement of subjects to participate in research after they have been briefed?
- Informed consent
- Informed agreement
- Mutual consent
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 39
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following reviewed Health, Education, and Welfare guidelines, altered these guidelines and recommended looser standards for informed consent in field research?
- Commission Report
- National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
- Belmont Report
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 40
Level: Intermediate
- Since the Belmont Report, most decisions regarding protection of human subjects in research are under the purview of which of the following?
- IRBs
- TCBs
- CRMs
- DHSs
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 40
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following protects individuals by forbidding the use of any research from identifying them?
- NIJ’s Regulations on Confidentiality
- NIJ’s Subject Protection ACT
- NIJ’s Regulatory ACT
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 43
- Regulations on the confidentiality of research and statistical data were enacted as part of the 1973 amendment of what?
- US Constitution
- Omnibus Victims ACT
- Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
- NIJ’s Safe Streets Act
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 43
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following protect researchers from being forced to reveal sources in a court of law?
- Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution
- Shield Laws
- S.H.I.E.D.
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 44
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a system of mutual obligation between subjects and researchers?
- Reciprocity
- Mutual Aid agreements
- Subject/researcher ACT
- None of the above
Objective: Describe the various roles researchers adopt.
Page number: 45
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are essential expectations of ethical professional conduct?
- Honesty
- Reliability
- Transparency
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 46
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following was a controversial research project that challenged the standard of confidentiality in research?
- The Brajuha Project
- The Belfast Project
- The McIntyre Project
- None of the above
Objective: Provide examples of unethical research.
Page number: 47
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is also known as the Weinstein Decision?
- The Brajuha Case
- The Hutchinson Case
- The Ofshe Case
- None of the above
Objective: Provide examples of unethical research.
Page number: 49
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are aliases used in research reports to protect the identity of respondents?
- Monikers
- Pseudonyms
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- Neither (a.) nor (b.)
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 49
Level: Intermediate
- According to the text, which of the following is one way of avoiding ethical problems when conducting research?
- Carefully consider alternate means of data gathering
- Forego data gathering
- Use the research others have already gathered
- All of the above
Objective: Describe the various roles researchers adopt.
Page number: 53
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following may enable one to address the same issue without as much of an ethics problem?
- Simulations
- Extrapolations
- Replications
- Duplications
Objective: Describe the various roles researchers adopt.
Page number: 53
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 2 True-False
- Since social and behavioral research rarely puts subjects at risk, ethics is only of nominal concern.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 27
Level: Intermediate
- The Lucifer Effect is a term coined by Zimbardo to refer to a transformation of human character that causes good people to engage in evil actions.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 28
Level: Intermediate
- Research fraud occurs when the subjects being studied are dishonest in their behavior.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 31
Level: Intermediate
- Plagiarism is a type of fraud in which the writer presents his or her own ideas or works without proper research documentation.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 33
Level: Intermediate
- The role of researcher requires that one be objective and “value free” in approaching and reporting on the subject matter.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the various roles researchers adopt.
Page number: 34
Level: Intermediate
- The targets or subject matter of research may include the criminal, the victim, the criminal justice system, and practitioners.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 35
Level: Intermediate
- Professional ethics may be regulated by codes of ethics, institutional review boards, the courts, professions, and the government.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 36
Level: Intermediate
- Historically, the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States was the DHHS.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 38
Level: Intermediate
- Since 1980, the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States has been the DHEW.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 38
Level: Intermediate
- IRBs are college/university research committees that oversee and ensure ethical research standards.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 39
Level: Intermediate
- Informed consent is an agreement of subjects to participate in research after they have been briefed.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 39
Level: Intermediate
- The Ofshe Report reviewed Health, Education, and Welfare guidelines, altered these guidelines and recommended looser standards for informed consent in field research.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 40
Level: Intermediate
- NIJ’s Regulation on Confidentiality protects individuals by forbidding the use of any research or statistical information that might identify them.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 43
Level: Intermediate
- Shield laws protect researchers from being forced to reveal sources in a court of law.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 44
Level: Intermediate
- As a general rule, in the name of science, researchers should not conduct studies that may be harmful to subjects, particularly if the potential harm has not been explained to the subjects and their informed consent elicited.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 45
Level: Intermediate
- The protection of human subject guidelines uses reciprocity wherein the potential benefits must outweigh the possible hazards to respondents.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 45
Level: Intermediate
- A system of mutual obligation between subjects and researchers is known as the risk-benefit ratio.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 45
Level: Intermediate
- Honesty, integrity, and objectivity are essential expectations of ethical professional conduct.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 46
Level: Intermediate
- The Belfast Project was a controversial research project that challenged the standard of confidentiality in research.
- True
- False
Objective: Provide examples of unethical research.
Page number: 47
Level: Intermediate
- Much like priests, doctors, and other client-oriented practitioners, the independent criminal justice researcher has a legally recognized privilege of confidentiality.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the various roles researchers adopt.
Page number: 48
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 2 Fill in the Blank
- __________ is a term coined by Zimbardo to refer to a transformation of human character that causes good people to engage in evil actions.
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 28
Level: Intermediate
- __________ occurs when researchers purposely fabricate or misrepresent their findings.
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 31
Level: Intermediate
- The Piltdown Hoax and the __________ Hoax are two well known cases of research fraud in the social sciences.
Objective: Provide examples of unethical research.
Page number: 32
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is a type of fraud in which a writer presents the ideas or work of someone else has his or her own.
Objective: Provide examples of unethical research.
Page number: 33
Level: Intermediate
- The role of __________ requires that one be objective and “value free” in approaching and reporting on the subject matter.
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 34
Level: Intermediate
- Criminologists and criminal justice researchers as social scientists strive for acceptance as __________.
Objective: Describe the various roles researchers adopt.
Page number: 35
Level: Intermediate
- Professional __________ may be regulated by codes of ethics, institutional review boards, the courts, professions, and the government.
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 35
Level: Intermediate
- Historically, the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States was the __________.
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 38
Level: Intermediate
- Since 1980, the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States has been the __________.
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 38
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are research screening committees set up in colleges and universities to oversee the ethical propriety of research.
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 39
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the agreement of subjects to participate in research after they have been briefed.
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 39
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ Report reviewed Health, Education, and Welfare guidelines, altered these guidelines and recommended looser standards for informed consent in field research.
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 40
Level: Intermediate
- NIJ’s __________ protects individuals by forbidding the use of any research from identifying them.
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles.
Page number: 43
Level: Intermediate
- __________ laws protect researchers from being forced to reveal sources in a court of law.
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 44
Level: Intermediate
- The protection of human subject guidelines uses __________ ratio wherein the potential benefits must outweigh the possible hazards to respondents.
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 45
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 2 Essay
- Discuss the three forms of regulation in which ethically acceptable research conduct may take.
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 35
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss the six elements for obtaining informed consent contained in the original 1971 DHEW guidelines. Are these six elements still relevant today?
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 39
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss the three basic principles identified by the Belmont Report and why they are important in the field of research.
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 40
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss the issue of confidentiality and the protection of subjects in criminal justice research.
Objective: Summarize ethical research principles
Page number: 45-48
Level: Intermediate
- How might ethical problems in criminal justice research be avoided?
Objective: Summarize how research is regulated and various codes of ethics.
Page number: 54
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 3
Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations
Chapter 3 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following is the plan or blueprint for a study and includes the who, what, where, when, why, and how of an investigation?
- Research design
- Casualty
- Spurious
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 57
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is described as any variables other than X (the treatment) that may be responsible for the relationship?
- Research design
- Spurious
- Rival causal factors
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 59
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is described as a false relationship that can be explained away by other variables?
- Spurious relationship
- Fictional relationship
- Forged relationship
- Counterfeit relationship
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 59
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to accuracy within the study itself?
- External validity
- Internal validity
- Comprehensive validity
- None of the above
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 60
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to accuracy in the ability to generalize or infer findings from a study to a larger population?
- External validity
- Internal validity
- Comprehensive validity
- None of the above
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 60
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to other specific events that may have taken place during the course of the study and may have produced the results.
- Control group
- Experimental group
- History
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 60
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to accuracy or correctness in research.
- History
- Correctness
- Legitimacy
- Validity
Objective: Summarize how experiments are used in criminal justice and how the feasibility of experiments is assessed.
Page number: 60
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to biological or psychological changes in the respondents during the course of study that are not due to the experimental variable?
- Maturation
- Development
- Evolution
- Progress
Objective: Summarize how experiments are used in criminal justice and how the feasibility of experiments is assessed.
Page number: 61
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the bias and foreknowledge introduced to respondents as a result of having been pretested?
- Analysis
- Testing
- Scrutiny
- Inspection
Objective: Summarize how experiments are used in criminal justice and how the feasibility of experiments is assessed.
Page number: 61
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves changes in the measuring instrument from the beginning or first period of evaluation to the second, later, or final evaluation?
- Testing
- Maturation
- Instrumentation
- Analysis
Objective: Explain why and how random assignment is used in experiments.
Page number: 61
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the tendency of groups that have been selected for study on the basis of extreme high or low scores to regress or move toward the mean or average on second testing?
- Statistical progression
- Statistical maturation
- Statistical regression
- Statistical deterioration
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 62
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following occurs when the researcher chooses nonequivalent groups for comparison?
- Selection inaccuracy
- Selection bias
- Selection prejudice
- Selection preference
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 62
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the loss of subjects over the course of time?
- Experimental mortality
- Control mortality
- Projected mortality
- Predictable mortality
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 62
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a combination of errors introduced by selection bias plus the differential maturation of groups?
- Selection-bias interaction
- Bias-experimental interaction
- Bias-maturation interaction
- Selection-maturation interaction
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 63
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are examples of external factors?
- Testing effects
- Selection bias
- Reactivity or awareness of being studied
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 63
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following points to the tendency of pretests to destroy the naiveté of respondents with respect to the variable(s) being studied and decrease or more predictably increase the subjects’ awareness or sensitivity?
- Beta effects
- Testing effects
- Analysis effects
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 63
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to atypical or artificial behavior produced by respondent’s awareness of being studied.
- Interference
- Intervention
- Abnormality
- Reactivity
Objective: Summarize the types of experiments and quasi-experimental designs.
Page number: 64
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following occurs when more than one treatment or predictor variable is used on the same subjects?
- Multiple-treatment interference
- Selection-treatment interference
- Parallel-treatment interference
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize the types of experiments and quasi-experimental designs.
Page number: 64
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following serves as an example of reactivity resulting in atypical behavior or attitudes on the part of research subjects as a result of their awareness of being studied?
- Hewton effect
- Newton effect
- Branton effect
- Hawthorne effect
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 64
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to observer bias?
- Hawthorne effect
- Halo effect
- Hewton effect
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 64
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a researcher’s hidden biases and expectations may influence his or her perception of events so as to bring about that which was assumed.
- Self-rewarding prophecy
- Auto-fulfilling prophecy
- Bias-expectation prophecy
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 64
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an incorrect assumption that because one variable precedes another in time, it is the cause of the outcome?
- Ad hoc error
- Post hoc error
- Proctor hoc error
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 65
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the tendency of control groups to react to believed treatment in a positive manner?
- Placebo effect
- Control effect
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- Neither (a.) nor (b.)
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 65
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an experiment where neither the subjects nor administrators know which group is receiving the treatment.
- Double-blind experiment
- Hidden-view experiment
- Double-control experiment
- Both (a.) and (c.)
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 65
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a means of controlling for invalidity in research through experimental design?
- Research designs
- Experimental designs
- Validity designs
- None of the above
Objective: Outline the history of experiments in social science research.
Page number: 65
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 3 True-False
- The classical experimental design, which serves as a prototype for our discussion of all other research designs, contains three elements; equivalence, pre-tests and post-tests, and experimental and control groups.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Experimental designs (sometimes called true experimental designs) are characterized by random assignment to treatment and control groups and include the classical, posttest-only control group, and Solomon four-group designs.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Quasi-experimental designs do not use random assignment of groups and instead employ matching or other means of obtaining equivalence of groups. Quasi-experimental designs include time-series and counterbalanced designs.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Pre-experimental designs lack any equivalence of groups and include one- and two-group ex post facto and one-group before–after designs.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Classic experimental design refers to the attempt to select and assign subjects to experimental and control groups in such a manner that they are as similar as possible.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Equivalence serves as a prototype for all other research designs and contains three elements: equivalence, pretests and posttests, and experimental and control groups.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Matching is the random assignment of subjects from a similar population to one or another group.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Randomization deals with assuming equivalence by selecting subjects on the basis of matching certain characteristics such as age, sex, and race.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Experimental group is the group that is exposed to stimuli or experimental arrangements.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Control group is the group that is not exposed to treatment.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- The Solomon four-group design (Solomon, 1949) is viewed by some as the purest of research designs.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 71
Level: Intermediate
- Research designs that lack one or two of the three major elements of experimental designs— equivalence or experimental and control groups—are designated as pre-experimental designs.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 71
Level: Intermediate
- The two-group ex post facto design, is an example of a longitudinal design.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 73
Level: Intermediate
- The one-group before–after design, or one-group pretest–posttest design, eliminates possible pretest reactivity by studying both an experimental and a control group after the experimental group has been exposed to some treatment.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 73
Level: Intermediate
- Dualistic fallacy is the assumption that prisoners (who are assumed to represent all criminals) and the general population (who are assumed to represent all criminals) are mutually exclusive groups.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 73
Level: Intermediate
- Cross-sectional studies are studies of the same group over a period of time and generally are studies of change.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 74
Level: Intermediate
- Longitudinal designs involve studies of one group at one time and usually refer to a representative sample of this group.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 74
Level: Intermediate
- Time-series designs measurement of a single variable at successive points in time.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 74
Level: Intermediate
- Interrupted time-series designs can then be defined as an analysis of a single variable measured at many successive time points, with some measures taken prior to a treatment (interruption) and others taken after the treatment.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 76
Level: Intermediate
- A distinction is also made between multiple interrupted time-series designs, which examine one group or site’s preprogram and post-program outcomes over time, and single interrupted time-series designs, which contrast one group’s performance with that of relevant comparison groups.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 77
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 3 Fill in the Blank
- The problem of __________ has been a subject of continuing philosophical discussion, but scientific investigation is based on the a priori assumption that the fundamental nature of reality can be known—that causation lies at the basis of reality.
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 58
Level: Intermediate
- The three essential steps in resolving the causality problem are demonstrate that a relationship exists between the key variables, specify the time order of the relationship, and __________.
Objective: Summarize how experiments are used in criminal justice and how the feasibility of experiments is assessed.
Page number: 59
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is a false relationship that can be explained away by other variables.
Objective: Summarize how experiments are used in criminal justice and how the feasibility of experiments is assessed.
Page number: 59
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are any variables other than X (the treatment) that may be responsible for the relationship.
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 60
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to accuracy or correctness in research. Internal factors question the internal validity of research, whereas external factors impugn the external validity of findings.
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 60
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to other specific events that may have taken place during the course of the study and may have produced the results.
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 60
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to biological or psychological changes in the respondents during the course of study that are not due to the experimental variable.
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 61
Level: Intermediate
- __________ (pretest bias) refers to the bias and foreknowledge introduced to respondents as a result of having been pretested.
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 61
Level: Intermediate
- __________ involves changes in the measuring instrument from the beginning or first period of evaluation to the second, later, or final evaluation.
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 61
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the tendency of groups that have been selected for study on the basis of extreme high or low scores to regress or move toward the mean or average on second testing.
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of experiments.
Page number: 62
Level: Intermediate
- __________ occurs when the researcher chooses nonequivalent groups for comparison.
Objective: Explain why and how random assignment is used in experiments.
Page number: 62
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the loss of subjects over the course of time.
Objective: Explain why and how random assignment is used in experiments.
Page number: 62
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is a combination of errors introduced by selection bias plus the differential maturation of groups.
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 63
Level: Intermediate
- __________ point to the tendency of pretests to destroy the naiveté of respondents with respect to the variable(s) being studied and decrease or more predictably increase the subjects’ awareness or sensitivity, thus complicating the ability to generalize their responses to a larger population that has not been pretested.
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 63
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are intended to manage or control the problem of multiple-treatment
inference, in which X1 refers to one treatment, X2 a second, X3 a third, and X4 a fourth.
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 78
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 3 Essay
- Discuss the three essential steps in resolving the causality problem.
Objective: Explain causality and the internal and external factors that lead to errors in causality.
Page number: 59
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss the three general types of experimental designs.
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 66
Level: Intermediate
- Compare and contrast the one-group before-after design and the two-group ex post facto design.
Objective: Summarize how experiments are conducted.
Page number: 73
Level: Intermediate
- What advantage does a time-series design have over a simple before-after design? Give an illustration and explain.
Objective: Summarize the types of experiments and quasi-experimental designs.
Page number: 74-77
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss the Provo and Silverlake experiments.
Objective: Summarize examples of experiments and quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice.
Page number: 78-79
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 4
The Uniform Crime Reports and Sampling
Chapter 4 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Alternatives to the experiment as data-gathering strategies include which of the following:
- Social surveys
- Participant observations
- Case studies
- All of the above
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 86
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is the annual FBI publication of official statistics of crimes recorded by police.
- UCR
- ICR
- NIBRS
- NCVS
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 86
Level: Intermediate
- The violent crime index consists of which of the following?
- Burglary
- Larceny-theft
- Motor vehicle theft
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- The property crime index consists of which of the following?
- Murder
- Forcible rape
- Robbery
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following consists of two parts; the violent crime index and the property crime index.
- Catalog crimes
- Index crimes
- Key Crimes
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the number of crimes divided by population, per 100,000 population?
- Recidivism rate
- Crime rate
- Victim rate
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is considered a shortcoming of the UCR?
- Represents only a portion of the crime rate
- Is affected by better communications, policing and recording
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the decline in recorded crime in the 1980s believed to be caused primarily by demographic change?
- Crime drop
- Crime dip
- Crime slope
- Crime depression
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 91
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to high-crime areas where police can concentrate their efforts?
- Violent areas
- Crime spots
- Vice spots
- Hot spots
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 91
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to changes that have been recommended in the UCR in order to take advantage of new computer technology?
- UCR reform
- UCR restructure
- UCR redesign
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 93
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the unit-record reporting system used in the redesigned URC in which each local law enforcement agency reports on each individual arrest?
- UCR redesign
- NIBRS
- NCVS
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 93
Level: Intermediate
- If multiple crimes take place in a single incident, which of the following designates that only the most serious crime is recorded?
- Severity rule
- Hierarchy rule
- COPS
- Aggregate rule
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 94
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a new program consisting of nationally representative incident-based crime data that can generate detailed national estimates of the volume and characteristics of crime known to law enforcement.
- XCS
- NCS-X
- QBS-X
- CRM
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 98
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a procedure in which a select subunit of the population is studied in order to analyze the entire population?
- Sampling
- Sampling frame
- Standard cluster
- Composite cluster
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 98
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a complete list of the universe or population under investigation?
- Sampling
- Sampling frame
- Standard cluster
- Composite cluster
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 98
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to samples that permit estimation of the likelihood of each element of the population being selected in the sample?
- Possibility samples
- Possibility clusters
- Probability samples
- Probability clusters
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 99
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are samples in which each element of the population (or universe) has an equal probability of being selected?
- Simple cluster
- Simple random sample
- Complex cluster
- Complex random sample
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 99
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following does ‘EPSEM’ stand for?
- Early Probability of Sample Method
- Easy Probability of Selection Maturation
- Equal Probability of Selection Method
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 99
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves a means of selection in which each element has an equal probability of selection method?
- EPSEM
- SRS
- ASPEN
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 99
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following relies on knowledge of the distribution or proportion of the population characteristics to choose a sample that assures representativeness of these characteristics?
- EPSEM
- Complex cluster
- Stratified random sample
- Both (b.) and (c.)
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 100
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following subjects are chosen in roughly the same ratio as exists in the population?
- Uniform stratified sample
- Homogenous stratified sample
- Proportionate stratified sample
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 101
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves oversampling— taking a larger than proportionate number of certain groups to assure the appearance of small groups.
- Uneven stratified sample
- Dissimilar stratified sample
- Disproportionate stratified sample
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 101
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a sampling of areas or sections in face-to-face interviews?
- Direct sample
- Systematic sample
- Cluster sample
- Both (a.) and (b.)
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 102
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves selecting every nth item in a list to be included in the sample?
- Direct sample
- Systematic sample
- Cluster sample
- Both (a.) and (b.)
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 102
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the nonprobability stratified sample in which the researcher attempts to ensure that sample proportions, for example age, sex, and race, resemble those in the population?
- Quota sample
- Systematic sample
- Cluster sample
- Direct sample
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 103
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 4 True-False
- The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) has traditionally been the most widely cited on crime in the United States.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 86
Level: Intermediate
- The UCR is divided into Part 1 and Part 2 crimes.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- The property crime index includes robbery.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- The violent crime index includes arson.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- The crime rate is expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population, in this case per 100,000.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- The major change in the new UCR program was its conversion to a NIBRS, which involves a unit-record reporting system in which each local law enforcement agency reports on each individual crime incident and on each individual arrest.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 93
Level: Intermediate
- Sampling is a procedure used in research by which a select subunit of a population is studied in order to analyze the entire population.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 98
Level: Intermediate
- Probability samples refer to samples that permit estimation of the likelihood of each element of the population being selected in the sample.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 99
Level: Intermediate
- Simple random samples (SRSs) are samples in which each element of the population (or universe) has an equal probability of being selected.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 99
Level: Intermediate
- EPSEM, a means of sample selection, is an acronym that stands for Equal Probability of Selection Method.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 99
Level: Intermediate
- Standard random clusters (SRCs) rely on knowledge of the distribution or proportion of population characteristics to choose a sample that assures representativeness of these characteristics.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 100
Level: Intermediate
- Proportionate stratified sampling involves oversampling—taking a larger-than-proportionate number of certain groups to assure the appearance of a sufficient number of cases for comparative purposes of a group that is small in the population.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 101
Level: Intermediate
- Disproportionate stratified samples have subjects which are chosen in roughly the same ratio as exists in the population.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 101
Level: Intermediate
- Cluster sampling is generally used in surveys that involve field interviews and is most useful in studies that involve widely dispersed subjects.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 102
Level: Intermediate
- Multistage sampling involves combinations of stratified, cluster, simple random samples, and/or other sampling procedures.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 102
Level: Intermediate
- Quota samples are nonprobability stratified samples.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Page number: 103
Level: Intermediate
- Purposive samples are the favorite person on the street interviews where the “researcher” makes little attempt to ensure representativeness of the sample.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 103
Level: Intermediate
- Accidental samples represent the selection of an appropriate sample based on the researcher’s skill, judgment, and needs.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 103
Level: Intermediate
- Focus groups involve bringing together a group of purposely selected volunteers in order to measure reactions to or attitudes concerning products, candidates, defendants, and the like.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 104
Level: Intermediate
- Moot trials are simulated trials which attempt to reenact all of the features of an actual trial.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 104
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 4 Fill in the Blank
- __________ consists of murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- __________ consists of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ is the number of crimes divided by population, per 100,000 population.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 88
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ represents only a portion of the crime in a community. It is also affected by better policing and better recording of crime and better reporting of crime.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 90
Level: Intermediate
- The decline in recorded crime in the 1980s known as ‘crime dip’ is believed to have been caused primarily by __________ change.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 90
Level: Intermediate
- The major change in the new UCR program was its conversion to a __________, which involves a unit-record reporting system in which each local law enforcement agency reports on each individual crime incident and on each individual arrest.
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 93
Level: Intermediate
- The initial step in selecting a sample is to develop a __________ frame, a complete list of the population (or universe) that one is interested in studying.
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 98
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are samples in which each element of the population (or universe) has an equal probability of being selected.
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 99
Level: Intermediate
- EPSEM, a means of sample selection, is an acronym that stands for __________.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 99
Level: Intermediate
- __________ rely on knowledge of the distribution or proportion of population characteristics to choose a sample that assures representativeness of these characteristics.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 100
Level: Intermediate
- __________ involves oversampling—taking a larger-than-proportionate number of certain groups to assure the appearance of a sufficient number of cases for comparative purposes of a group that is small in the population.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 101
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are purposively selected groups brought together in order to measure their reaction to some stimuli.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 104
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are simulated trials which attempt to reenact all of the features of an actual trial.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 104
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to attempts to construct typical characteristics of certain types of criminals.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 105
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is a type of strategy employed particularly in exploratory studies of little-known or hard-to-obtain subjects
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 107
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 4 Essay
- Discuss the Uniform Crime Report as a measure of crime in the United States.
Objective: Describe how sampling is used in research.
Page number: 88-89
Level: Intermediate
- Define sampling and discuss the various probability samples.
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 98-102
Level: Intermediate
- Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling.
Objective: Explain the concept and types of nonprobability sampling
Page number: 103–107
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss sample size and how a sample size is determined.
Objective: Explain how to determine the size of a sample.
Page number: 107-108
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss the key differences between the UCR and the NIBRS.
Objective: Explain the types of probability sampling as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 111–116
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 5
Survey Research: Questionnaires
Chapter 5 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following is considered an excellent tool for gathering data?
- Survey research
- Scientific research
- Historical research
- None of the above
Objective: Describe the history of survey research and how surveys are used in research.
Page number: 111
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following may use statistical probability theory to assess sampling error?
- Analytic survey research
- Basic survey research
- Advanced survey research
- Descriptive survey research
Objective: Describe the history of survey research and how surveys are used in research.
Page number: 112
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following attempts to explore questions of cause and effect similar to traditional experimental research?
- Analytic survey research
- Basic survey research
- Advanced survey research
- Descriptive survey research
Objective: Describe the history of survey research and how surveys are used in research.
Page number: 112
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following may be employed by survey research as a means of data-gathering?
- Telephone interviews
- Mail questionnaires
- Field interviews
- All of the above
Objective: Describe the history of survey research and how surveys are used in research.
Page number: 112
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is constructed after the initial rough draft of the questionnaire?
- Variables list
- Dummy tables
- Questionnaire wording
- None of the above
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 113
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to blank tables constructed prior to data gathering that suggest the type of data needed, as well as the type of data analysis?
- Cluster table
- Dummy table
- Variable table
- Sample table
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 113
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following have been suggested in regards to questionnaire wording?
- Avoid biased or leading questions
- Avoid double-barreled questions
- Avoid vague wording
- All of the above
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 114
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an exploratory test of an instrument on subjects who are similar to the group to be studied?
- Forward test
- Data test
- Pretest
- Survey test
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 117
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a popular means of conducting surveys that offers wide coverage at a minimum of cost?
- Indirect survey
- Mail survey
- Street survey
- Direct survey
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 117
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are ways of increasing responses in mail surveys?
- Offering remuneration
- Good timing
- Sponsorship
- All of the above
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 120
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to surveys in which subjects are asked to admit to the commission of various delinquent and/or criminal acts.
- Honesty surveys
- Incriminating surveys
- Self-report surveys
- Morality surveys
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 123
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are considered major problems with self-reporting surveys?
- Inaccurate reporting
- Expensive
- Intrusive
- All of the above
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 124
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are considered strengths of self-reporting surveys?
- Reliability
- Validity
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 125
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves validation of reported behavior by studying groups whose behavior is already known?
- Data matrix validation
- Records validation
- ISB validation
- Known-matrix validation
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 126
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a series of questions that measure truthfulness of respondents in answering a survey?
- Lie scales
- Polygraph scales
- Honesty scales
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 126
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is related to the use of lie scales and involves measuring the internal consistency of an individual’s response by using interlocking items?
- Lie consistency matrix
- Internal consistency
- Internal matrix
- Internal table
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 127
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are considered advantages of internet surveys?
- 100% access is possible
- Faster and cheaper than telephone surveys
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 128
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are considered disadvantages of internet surveys?
- E-mail has generally failed to produce comparable results to mail techniques
- Sampling problems are limited to those with email
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 128
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are ways identified by the text of increasing response rates on web surveys?
- Banner ads
- Remuneration
- Paid celebrities
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 129
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to inputting coded material via the keyboard?
- Keyboard entry
- Data entry
- Coding
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to double-checking the work of coders for accuracy?
- Keyboard accuracy
- Coder monitoring
- Keyboard monitoring
- Codesheet monitoring
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a transfer sheet in which each box or cell is provided for coded material?
- Coder monitoring
- Coding
- Codesheet
- codebook
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an assignment of numbers to responses?
- Coding
- Codebook
- Coder monitoring
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a guidebook for numerically classifying each question to be coded?
- Coding
- Codebook
- Code monitoring
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is important to remember in regards to surveys?
- Surveys are generally inaccurate
- Measures respondent behavior
- Measures respondent attitude
- None of the above
Objective: Describe the history of survey research and how surveys are used in research.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 5 True-False
- Surveys have often been misunderstood by some researchers who have been socialized in the experimental tradition.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the history of survey research and how surveys are used in research.
Page number: 112
Level: Intermediate
- Analytic survey research may use statistical probability theory to assess sampling error.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the history of survey research and how surveys are used in research.
Page number: 112
Level: Intermediate
- Descriptive survey research attempts to explore questions of cause and effect similar to traditional experimental research.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the history of survey research and how surveys are used in research.
Page number: 112
Level: Intermediate
- A basic quality of survey research that is at times forgotten and is responsible for much potential error in interpretation of findings is that in most instances surveys record either expressed attitude or claimed behavior and seldom the behavior itself.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the history of survey research and how surveys are used in research.
Page number: 112
Level: Intermediate
- A dummy list is constructed after the initial rough draft of the questionnaire.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 113
Level: Intermediate
- Variable tables are preliminary blank tables constructed prior to data gathering that suggest the type of data needed, as well as the type of data analysis.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 113
Level: Intermediate
- A pretest is a reconnaissance operation or exploratory testing of the instrument using subjects who are similar to the group to be studied.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 117
Level: Intermediate
- The order of questions has no impact on a subject’s willingness to respond to the survey.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 117
Level: Intermediate
- The mail survey is a popular instrument for research because it promises, at a minimum of time and expense, to deliver fairly wide coverage for a study.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 117
Level: Intermediate
- In general, the greater the public visibility and reputation of the organization sponsoring or conducting the survey, the greater the potential response.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 121
Level: Intermediate
- Shortened formats for survey mailing includes avoiding competitive seasons or other historical events that may impede response.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 122
Level: Intermediate
- Self-report surveys are data-gathering methods, which involve asking respondents to admit to various behavior.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 123
Level: Intermediate
- Major problems with self-report surveys include inaccurate reporting, poor or inconsistent instruments, and deficient research designs.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 124
Level: Intermediate
- A significant lacking in reliability and validity demonstrate the weaknesses inherent to self-report surveys.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 125
Level: Intermediate
- Self-report data can sometimes be checked against official police records, school records, and other sources or criteria.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 125
Level: Intermediate
- In known-group validation groups whose official transgressions are already a matter of record are studied and their self-admissions are compared to this same behavior.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 126
Level: Intermediate
- Telephone surveys can be done faster and cheaper than internet surveys.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 128
Level: Intermediate
- The disadvantages of Internet surveys include that electronic mail has generally failed to produce comparable results to mail techniques.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 128
Level: Intermediate
- Keyboard entry involves the inputting of coded material via a keyboard.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
- Coding involves double-checking the work of coders for accuracy.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 5 Fill in the Blank
- A __________ is constructed after the initial rough draft of the questionnaire.
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 113
Level: Intermediate
- __________are preliminary blank tables constructed prior to data gathering that suggest the type of data needed, as well as the type of data analysis.
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 113
Level: Intermediate
- A __________ is a reconnaissance operation or exploratory testing of the instrument using subjects who are similar to the group to be studied.
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 117
Level: Intermediate
- A __________ is a popular means of conducting surveys that offers wide coverage at a minimum of cost.
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 117
Level: Intermediate
- Offering __________ involves offering rewards or incentives to survey participants.
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 121
Level: Intermediate
- __________ of survey instruments is the attempt to make less impersonal the appearance of the survey package or follow-up probes.
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 121
Level: Intermediate
- __________ for survey mailing includes avoiding competitive seasons or other historical events that may impede response.
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 122
Level: Intermediate
- __________ surveys are data-gathering methods, which involve asking respondents to admit to various behavior.
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 123
Level: Intermediate
- In __________ groups whose official transgressions are already a matter of record are studied and their self-admissions are compared to this same behavior.
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 126
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is a series of questions that measure truthfulness of respondents in answering a survey.
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 126
Level: Intermediate
- __________ can be done faster and cheaper than telephone surveys.
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 128
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the inputting of coded material via the keyboard.
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the double checking the work of coders for accuracy.
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the assignment of numbers to responses.
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
- A __________ is a guidebook for numerically classifying each question to be coded.
Objective: Describe how Internet surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 130
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 5 Essay
- Identify the preferred methods of questionnaire wording and construction as identified in the text.
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 114
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to mail surveys.
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 118-119
Level: Intermediate
- How might researchers increase responses in mail surveys?
Objective: Explain how surveys are worded, organized, designed, and formatted.
Page number: 120
Level: Intermediate
- What problems might criminal justice researchers encounter with self-report surveys?
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 124
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss ways of checking the validity of self-report surveys.
Objective: Describe how self-report surveys are conducted as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Page number: 125
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 6
Interviews and Telephone Surveys
Chapter 6 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following is a type of interview?
- Structured
- Unstructured
- Depth
- All of the above
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 133
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following consists of check-off responses to questions that are factual and easily fit an expected pattern?
- Structured interview
- Unstructured interview
- Depth interview
- All of the above
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 133
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following provides open-ended response to questions?
- Structured interview
- Unstructured interview
- Depth interview
- All of the above
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 134
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are more intensive or detailed interviews that are particularly useful in life histories or case studies?
- Structured interview
- Unstructured interview
- Depth interview
- All of the above
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 134
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to biases introduced by the interviewer?
- Interviewer result
- Interviewer effect
- Interviewer influence
- Interviewer sway
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 135
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following relieves interviewers from the task of taking on-the-spot notes and enables them to concentrate on conducting the interview?
- SAT
- Recording of interviews
- Advanced training
- All of the above
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 136
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a means of coping with resistance to sensitive questions by using indeterminate questions, ones in which the actual question answered is known only to the respondent?
- RRT
- SAT
- CRM
- DDC
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 136
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to follow-up question(s) that focuses, expands, or clarifies the response given?
- Thorough questioning
- Complete questioning
- FU questioning
- Probing
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 138
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to process by which the research staff checks the questionnaire for accuracy of response.
- Close-out
- Editing
- Finalizing
- Completing
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 140
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to short stories about hypothetical characteristics in specified circumstances, to whose situation the interviewee is invited to respond.
- Scenarios
- Vignettes
- Parables
- Articles
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 140
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to short descriptions of future possibilities?
- Scenarios
- Vignettes
- Parables
- Articles
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 140
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following was offered by Decker on conducting offender interviews?
- Choose offenders to interview
- Sort out the truth
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 141
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to preliminary questions employed to determine appropriate respondents for the main portion of a survey?
- Opening questions
- Initial questions
- Preliminary questions
- Screening questions
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 142
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to technology in which portable laptop computers are used in field interviews?
- CART
- CAPI
- CATI
- None of the above
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 143
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to technology in which respondents register their reaction to various stimuli on a continuous basis using a handheld keypad.
- CART
- CAPT
- CATI
- None of the above
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 143
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to computer-assisted telephone interviewing?
- CART
- CAPT
- CATI
- None of the above
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 143
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following has software for analyzing open-ended survey responses?
- CATI
- CART
- CATI
- SPSS
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 144
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a sampling procedure employed in telephone surveys in which random numbers are used to obtain unlisted numbers.
- Random digit dialing
- Blind dialing
- Arbitrary dialing
- Indiscriminate dialing
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 144
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an interview technique used to narrow down sensitive responses such as income into less threatening categories or ranges.
- Narrowing procedure
- Subtle procedure
- Reduction procedure
- Branching procedure
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 145
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to crime that is unmeasured by official statistics or that has not come to the notice of police?
- Blind crime
- Index crime
- Dark figure of crime
- Non-index crime
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 146
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to surveys in which subjects are asked to report alleged victimizations.
- Victim surveys
- Target surveys
- Casualty surveys
- None of the above
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 146
Level: Intermediate
- What does NCVS stand for?
- National Corruption Value Survey
- National Crime Victimization Survey
- National Corroborative Value Survey
- None of the above
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 146
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following consists of repeated interviews every six months to bound or provides a benchmark for reports?
- Victim’s panel
- Crime panel
- Survey panel
- Benchmark panel
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 147
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the initial interview in a panel that serves as a boundary of means of establishing exactly when events have taken place.
- Walling
- Barrier setting
- Bounding
- Setting
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 148
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following have been identified as being problems in victim surveys?
- Costs
- False reporting
- Sampling bias
- All of the above
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 149
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 6 True-False
- The three basic forms of interviews are structured, unstructured and depth.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 133
Level: Intermediate
- Structured interviews provide open-ended response to questions.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 133
Level: Intermediate
- Unstructured interviews consists of check-off responses to questions that are factual and easily fit an expected pattern.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 134
Level: Intermediate
- Depth interviews are more intensive or detailed interviews that are particularly useful in life histories or case studies.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 134
Level: Intermediate
- Interviewer effect refers to biases introduced by the interviewer.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 135
Level: Intermediate
- In unstructured interviews, it is important for interviewers to become familiar with the flow of the questionnaire.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 138
Level: Intermediate
- Examining involves asking follow-up questions to focus, expand, clarify, or further explain the response given.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 138
Level: Intermediate
- Editing refers to the reviewing of the questionnaire for accuracy by the research staff.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 140
Level: Intermediate
- The advantages of mail surveys include not only the elimination of a field staff, but simpler monitoring of interviewer bias, because the supervisor can be present at the time the mailings are developed.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 141
Level: Intermediate
- Scanning questions refer to preliminary questions employed to determine appropriate respondents for the main portion of a survey.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 142
Level: Intermediate
- Unrecorded crime, or the dark figure of crime, as it was referred to by early European criminologists, has always escaped such official statistics.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 146
Level: Intermediate
- Target surveys involve questioning a representative sample of the population to obtain an estimate of victimization, a portion of which is not reported to the police.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 146
Level: Intermediate
- Crime panel consists of repeated interviews every six months to bound or provides a benchmark for reports.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 147
Level: Intermediate
- Bounding is the initial interview in a panel and serves as a boundary or means of establishing exactly when events have taken place.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 147
Level: Intermediate
- Because of careful planning and execution, victim surveys never experience problems relating to false reporting or sampling bias.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 149
Level: Intermediate
- Demand characteristics refers to the tendency of respondents to move forward and report as having occurred events that actually occurred before the reference period.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 150
Level: Intermediate
- Telescoping refers to the overagreeableness on the part of those surveyed; respondents give the researcher the response they believe is demanded or expected.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 150
Level: Intermediate
- Overreporting in victimization surveys may be accounted for by the fact that when asked, respondents will report to interviewers acts that they ordinarily would regard as too trivial or unimportant to warrant police attention.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 150
Level: Intermediate
- Any survey involving interviewers contains the potential for interviewer bias.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 150
Level: Intermediate
- Reverse record checks involve validation of reported behavior on the basis of studying a group whose behavior is already known.
- True
- False
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 152
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 6 Fill in the Blank
- __________ consists of check-off responses to questions that are factual and easily fit an expected pattern.
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 133
Level: Intermediate
- __________ provides open-ended response to questions.
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 134
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are more intensive or detailed interviews that are particularly useful in life histories or case studies.
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 134
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to the biases introduced by the interviewer.
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 135
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to a means of coping with resistance to sensitive questions by using indeterminate questions, ones in which the actual question answered is known only to the respondent.
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 136
Level: Intermediate
- In __________ it is important for interviewers to become familiar with the flow of the questionnaire.
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 138
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to the follow-up questions that focuses, expands, or clarifies the response given.
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 138
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to the use of short stories as a data-gathering device.
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 140
Level: Intermediate
- __________ ensure a high response rate and possess many distinct advantages, but the cost, size of staff, and time required often make it prohibitive for many surveys.
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 141
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to the preliminary questions employed to determine appropriate respondents for the main portion of a survey.
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 142
Level: Intermediate
- In __________ the researcher uses a laptop computer instead of a clipboard.
Objective: What are some procedures used in telephone interviews?
Page number: 143
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to crime that is unmeasured by official statistics or that has not come to the notice of police.
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 146
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are surveys in which subjects are asked to report alleged victimizations.
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 146
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to the tendency of respondents to move forward and report as having occurred events that actually occurred before the reference period.
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 150
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to the overagreeableness on the part of those surveyed; respondents give the researcher the response they believe is demanded or expected.
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 150
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 6 Essay
- Define and discuss the three basic forms of interviews.
Objective: What are some types of interviews?
Page number: 133-134
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of interviews.
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 134-135
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the specific procedures identified in the test for conducting offender interviews.
Objective: What are some general procedures in interviews?
Page number: 141
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the problems associated with victim surveys.
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 149
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the benefits of victim surveys.
Objective: What are some problems and benefits of victim surveys?
Page number: 151
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 7
Participant Observation and Case Studies
Chapter 7 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following do critics of quantitative research argue that there is little relationship between?
- Attitude and behavior
- Approach and outlook
- Research and data
- Social science and criminal justice
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 160
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following, in either instrument or the analysis, can produce inaccurate results?
- Faulty data
- Bias
- Design imperfections
- All of the above
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 161
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a variety of strategies in which the researcher studies a group in its natural setting by observing its activities and, to varying degrees, participating in its activities?
- Researcher observation
- Victim observation
- Staff observation
- Participant observation
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are considered target populations of criminal justice research and have been subject to a variety of methodological analyses?
- The public
- Victims
- Criminals
- All of the above
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to Weber’s notion that researchers understand a group by immersing themselves in the world of the group?
- Weber Approach
- Verstehen Approach
- Verstehen Maneuver
- Weber Maneuver
Objective: Outline the steps involved in a field research project.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are types of participant observation?
- Complete participation
- Participant as observer
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following takes place when the researcher not only joins in, but actually begins to manipulate the direction of, group activity?
- Complete participation
- Researcher participation
- Researcher dominance
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 163
Level: Intermediate
- What are the two most distinctive qualities of participant observation?
- Demands on time and personal cost
- High turnover rate for researchers and research staff
- High monetary costs and budget shortfalls
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 164
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the basic canon of research; approach to subject matter from an unbiased, ethically neutral, or value-free perspective?
- Objectivity
- Impartiality
- Fairness
- Unbiased
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 164
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the tendency of observers to over-identify with groups?
- Going native
- Merging
- Assimilation
- Integration
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 165
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the keeping of a detailed and extensive diary during field research?
- Research documentation
- Field notes
- Scientific diary
- Memoires
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 166
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to simple memorizing devices that are particularly useful in field studies?
- Mnemonics
- Prompts
- Cues
- Stimulates
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 166
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the use of photographs in field studies?
- Photo criminology
- Visual criminology
- Photo mnemonics
- Visual mnemonics
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 167
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a form of photo interviewing in which taking photos gives people a photo voice by later discussion of particular needs or problems illustrated by these photos?
- Photo novella
- Photo journal
- Photo voice
- Photo illustrations
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 167
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves a system of mutual obligations?
- Reciprocity
- Research trade
- Research interchange
- Research symbiosis
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 171
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following as identified in the text, is of great importance in participant observation, particularly of criminals in the field?
- protection of the identity of informants
- many research assistants to help develop their research abilities
- adequate funding
- none of the above
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 171
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is considered an advantage of participant observation?
- Less prejudgments
- Less disturbing to respondents
- More flexible
- All of the above
Objective: Describe field research interviews and the type of questions used.
Page number: 175
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of participant observation?
- Very time consuming
- Over-identification
- Personally demanding technique
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 175
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to in-depth, qualitative studies of one or a few illustrative cases?
- Depth interviews
- Depth cases
- Case study methods
- Qualitative research
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 176
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a methodology used in case studies?
- Life history
- Oral history
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 176
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to quantitative case studies that involve longitudinal measurement of a dependent variable on a single subject or case?
- Single-subject designs
- Mono-subject designs
- Quasi-subject designs
- Solo-subject studies (SSS)
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 178
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is often inapplicable to traditional social science research utilizing group designs (X’s and O’s)?
- Case studies
- Practitioner needs
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 178
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following topics have been offered as suggestions for conducting field studies of criminals?
- Gaining access
- Acceptance
- Gatekeepers
- All of the above
Objective: Outline the steps involved in a field research project.
Page number: 180
Level: Intermediate
- Major advantages to participant observation include which of the following?
- More natural settings
- The sensitizing, qualitative nature of this type of study
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 180
Level: Intermediate
- Major disadvantages to participant observation include which of the following?
- Gaining acceptance
- Maintaining objectivity
- Facing ethical dilemmas
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 180
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 7 True-False
- Some researchers feel that social science and criminal justice research have been over-dependent on the artificial elements of questionnaires, interviews, and experimental settings.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 160
Level: Intermediate
- Critics of quantitative research suggest that little relationship exists between attitude and behavior and that more “sensitizing” strategies involving field studies contain greater accuracy.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 160
Level: Intermediate
- Design imperfections, in either the instrument or the analysis, can produce inaccurate results.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 161
Level: Intermediate
- Participant observation refers to a variety of strategies in which the researcher studies a group in its natural setting by observing its activities and, to varying degrees, participating in its activities.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- The Weber Approach was Weber’s notion that researchers understand a group by immersing themselves in the world of the group.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- The types of researcher observation include complete participation, participant as observer, observer as participant, and complete observation.
- True
- false
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- Complete participation takes place when the researcher not only joins in, but actually begins to manipulate the direction of, group activity.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 163
Level: Intermediate
- Mnemonics is a basic cannon of research.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 164
Level: Intermediate
- Going native is the tendency of observers to under-identify with groups.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 165
Level: Intermediate
- A practice that has been deemed of only nominal importance by most researchers is that of keeping of extensive and detailed field notes or diaries.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 166
Level: Intermediate
- Memory stimulation refers to simple memorizing devices that are particularly useful in field studies.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize issues of validity and reliability in field research.
Page number: 166
Level: Intermediate
- Photo criminology refers to the use of photographs in field studies.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 167
Level: Intermediate
- Photo novella is another form of photo interviewing in which taking photos gives people a photo voice by later discussion of particular needs or problems illustrated by these photos.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 167
Level: Intermediate
- Reflexive photography involves giving respondents cameras and asking them to take pictures that are then explored in subsequent interviews.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 167
Level: Intermediate
- According to most criminal justice researchers, an introduction to a gatekeeper, leader, or person who is willing to accept the purpose of the study and vouch for the researcher’s presence is of only nominal importance.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 170
Level: Intermediate
- Reciprocity involves a system of mutual obligations.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 171
Level: Intermediate
- A principal advantage of participant observation is its very time-consuming nature.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe field research interviews and the type of questions used.
Page number: 175
Level: Intermediate
- Case study methods are in-depth, qualitative studies of one or a few illustrative cases.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe field research interviews and the type of questions used.
Page number: 176
Level: Intermediate
- Life histories and oral histories are some methodologies employed in case studies.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe field research interviews and the type of questions used.
Page number: 176
Level: Intermediate
- Critics of experiments and surveys point to a myriad of shortcomings, including artificiality, assumption of a connection between attitude and behavior, and the tendency of the findings to be a result of the method used rather than real findings.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe field research interviews and the type of questions used.
Page number: 179
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 7 Fill in the Blank
- __________ refers to a variety of strategies in which the researcher studies a group in its natural setting by observing its activities and, to varying degrees, participating in its activities.
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ was Weber’s notion that researchers understand a group by immersing themselves in the world of the group.
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- The types of __________ include complete participation, participant as observer, observer as participant, and complete observation.
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 162
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the basic cannon of research; approach to subject matter from an unbiased, ethically neutral, or value-free perspective
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 164
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the tendency of observers to over-identify with groups.
Objective: Outline the history of and the theory underlying ethnographic field research.
Page number: 165
Level: Intermediate
- One important practice that is essential in field studies is the keeping of extensive and detailed __________ or diaries.
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 166
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are simple memorizing devices that are particularly useful in field studies.
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 166
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the use of photographs in field studies.
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 167
Level: Intermediate
- __________ involves giving respondents cameras and asking them to take pictures that are then explored in subsequent interviews.
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 167
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are another form of photo interviewing in which taking photos gives people a photo voice by later discussion of particular needs or problems illustrated by these photos.
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 167
Level: Intermediate
- __________ involves a system of mutual obligations.
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 171
Level: Intermediate
- __________ represents a commitment to a sensitizing or verstehen strategy in which the researcher attempts to actually experience the life conditions of the study group.
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 171
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are sometimes raised by this technique, particularly if uncaught criminals are the subject of study.
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 175
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are in-depth, qualitative studies of one or a few illustrative cases.
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 176
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are quantitative case studies that involve longitudinal measurement of a dependent variable on a single subject or case.
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 176
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 7 Essay
- Identify and discuss the tips for “breaking into prison” and other criminal justice organizations as provided by Trulson, Marqart, and Mullings.
Objective: Describe how field research observation (participant observation) is conducted and data are collected.
Page number: 170
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss methods in which participant observers may validate research findings.
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 172
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of participant observation.
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 180
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the primary arguments that have been presented against quantitative studies such as surveys and experiments in criminal justice.
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 179
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the guidance provided to participant observers studying criminals in their natural environment.
Objective: Summarize ethical dilemmas of field research.
Page number: 167
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 8
Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis, and the Uses of Official Statistics
Chapter 8 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following is one of the major types of unobtrusive methods?
- Archival, existing data, and autobiographies
- Complex analysis
- Trace research
- None of the above
Objective: Describe and outline the major features of historical research.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following comprises not only the analysis of official statistics and records, but also the procedures such as content analysis and secondary analysis.
- Analysis of available data
- Secondary analysis
- Primary analysis
- None of the above
Objective: Describe and outline the major features of historical research.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are nonreactive methods of gathering data, that is, means of obtaining information in which subjects are not aware of being studied?
- Benign measures
- Content measures
- Unobtrusive measures
- Secondary measures
Objective: Describe and outline the major features of historical research.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a type of unobtrusive measurement that involves the analysis of deposits, accretion of matter, and other indirect substances produced by previous human interaction?
- Physical trace analysis
- Content analysis
- Secondary analysis
- Primary analysis
Objective: Describe how unobtrusive or nonreactive methods are used to gather data.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a systematic classification and analysis of data such as the content of mass media?
- Physical trace analysis
- Primary analysis
- Secondary analysis
- Content analysis
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a reanalysis of data that were gathered for other purposes?
- Content analysis
- Secondary analysis
- Primary analysis
- Physical trace analysis
Objective: Describe how unobtrusive or nonreactive methods are used to gather data.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following entails a variety of gaming strategies that attempt to imitate a more complex social reality?
- Simulation
- Replication
- Imitation
- Ersatz
Objective: Describe and outline the major features of historical research.
Page number: 183
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following was the pioneer among federal agencies in requiring that data sets from funded research be given to the agency upon completion of the project?
- CIA
- CRM
- NIJ
- NSA
Objective: Describe how unobtrusive or nonreactive methods are used to gather data.
Page number: 183
Level: Intermediate
- The use of personal documents in social research was pioneered by Thomas and Znaniecki in their classic sociological work of what name?
- The Polish Peasant in Europe and America
- The American Diaries
- The Polish Diaries
- Classic Social Research
Objective: Describe how unobtrusive or nonreactive methods are used to gather data.
Page number: 185
Level: Intermediate
- In which of the following does Sanyika Shakur provide an autobiographical account of his violent life as a Crip gang member in south central Los Angeles?
- The Red vs. The Blue: L.A. Gangs
- Life on the Street
- Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member
- None of the above
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 185
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following was the first criminal autobiographical life history in America appearing in 1807, and written by Henry Tuft?
- The Diary of Tuft
- Criminal Tuft
- The Autobiography of a Criminal
- None of the above
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 185
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is an example of secondary analysis and questioned recent research and police academy practice, both of which tend to underestimate the potential dangers to police, who are mediating domestic (household) encounters?
- Danger to Police During Domestic Encounters: Assaults on Baltimore County Police
- Danger to Police: Domestic Terrorism
- Inside the Danger of Domestic Violence
- None of the above
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 187
Level: Intermediate
- In which of the following publications did Sutherland use the records of regulatory agencies, courts, and commissions to study the seventy largest American industrial and mercantile corporations and their violations over a forty-year period of laws regulating such things as false advertising, patent abuse, wartime trade violations, price-fixing, fraud, and intended manufacturing and sale of faulty goods?
- Corporate Crime
- White Collar Crime
- The 40-year Crime
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize the major types of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods.
Page number: 187
Level: Intermediate
- In which of the following did Clarke attempt to address the “pathological myth” about assassins, the belief that most had suffered from and were motivated by some mental sickness, insanity, or derangement?
- American Assassin: The True Story
- American Assassins: The Darker Side of Politics
- Political Assassins
- None of the above
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 191
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following terms was coined by Glass and refers to quantitative analysis that reviews, combines, and summarizes the results of many different studies dealing with the same research question?
- Beta-analysis
- Meta-analysis
- Meta-data
- Beta-data
Objective: Summarize the meta-analysis process.
Page number: 196
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are valid sources of criminal justice statistics?
- Wikipedia
- National Crime Survey
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize the meta-analysis process.
Page number: 197
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following collects felony arrest records from those participating states that detail such cases from booking to final disposition?
- Offender-Based Transaction Statistics
- State-Based Transaction Statistics
- Victim-Based Transaction Statistics
- All of the above
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 197
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a strategy of data collection in which the investigator attempts to examine the activity of subjects while keeping her or his presence either secret or to a minimum, so as not to interfere?
- Observation
- Surveillance
- Shadowing
- Scrutiny
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 199
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following studies illustrates the controversy surrounding observational studies in the field?
- Detroit Jury Study
- Chicago Jury Study
- Roswell Jury Study
- New York Jury Study
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 199
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves any type of research in which the researcher hides his or her presence or purpose for interacting with a group?
- Disguised presence
- Disguised research
- Disguised observation
- None of the above
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 203
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to research assistants who pose as subjects in a study?
- Plants
- Spies
- Confederates
- Facilitators
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 204
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the reassurance of the subjects and an explanation of the purposes of the research upon completion of a study?
- Research summary
- Debriefing
- Research closeout
- Closeout
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 206
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to research conducted in such a manner that subject reactivity, or awareness of being studied, is eliminated?
- Reactivity
- Non-reactivity
- Passivity
- Non-passivity
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 206
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is the leading disadvantage in employing secretive means of gathering data?
- Intrusiveness
- Invasiveness
- Confidence invasion
- Privacy invasion
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 207
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following greatly enhances the data-gathering process in unobtrusive measurement.
- Audio and visual mechanical aids
- Field notes
- Intelligence
- None of the above
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 207
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 8 True-False
- Benign research measures are nonreactive methods of gathering data, that is, means of obtaining information in which subjects are not aware of being studied.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe and outline the major features of historical research.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Unobtrusive measures are ways of studying groups so that they remain unaware of being studied, thus eliminating reactivity.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe and outline the major features of historical research.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Physical trace analysis, simple observation and simulation are all examples of unobtrusive methods.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe and outline the major features of historical research.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Content analysis is a type of unobtrusive measurement that involves the analysis of deposits, accretion of matter, and other indirect substances produced by previous human interaction.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how unobtrusive or nonreactive methods are used to gather data.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Physical trace analysis is systematic classification and analysis of data such as the content of mass media.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how unobtrusive or nonreactive methods are used to gather data.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Secondary analysis is the reanalysis of data that were gathered for other purposes.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how unobtrusive or nonreactive methods are used to gather data.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- Replication entails a variety of gaming strategies that attempt to imitate a more complex social reality.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 183
Level: Intermediate
- The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) was the pioneer among federal agencies in requiring that data sets from funded research be given to the agency upon completion of the project.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 184
Level: Intermediate
- The use of personal documents in social research was pioneered by Thomas and Znaniecki in their classic sociological work The Polish Peasant in Europe and America.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 185
Level: Intermediate
- Sanyika Shakur (Kody Scott), in Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member (1993), provides an autobiographical account of his violent life as a Crip gang member in south central Los Angeles.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 185
Level: Intermediate
- A potentially hazardous and relatively neglected area of criminal justice research has been the primary use of historical and archival data.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 191
Level: Intermediate
- Another important method of analyzing existing data is through content analysis, the systematic analysis and selective classification of the contents of mass communication.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 192
Level: Intermediate
- The term ‘meta-methods’ was coined by Glass (1976) and refers to quantitative analysis that reviews, combines, and summarizes the results of many different studies dealing with the same research question.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the meta-analysis process.
Page number: 196
Level: Intermediate
- Surveillance is a strategy of data collection in which the investigator attempts to examine the activity of subjects while keeping her or his presence either secret or to a minimum, so as not to interfere.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the meta-analysis process.
Page number: 199
Level: Intermediate
- Masked observation involves any type of research in which the researcher hides his or her presence or purpose for interacting with a group.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 203
Level: Intermediate
- ‘Dark assistants’ are research assistants who pose as subjects in a study.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 204
Level: Intermediate
- A simulation is a situation or game that attempts to mimic, or imitate, key features of reality.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 205
Level: Intermediate
- Debriefing is reassurance of the subjects and an explanation of the purposes of the research after completion of a study (particularly one involving deception),
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 205
Level: Intermediate
- The chief advantage of unobtrusive methods of data gathering is their non-reactivity.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 207
Level: Intermediate
- The leading disadvantages in employing secretive means of gathering data are ethical questions, particularly that of privacy invasion.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 207
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 8 Fill in the Blank
- __________ are nonreactive methods of gathering data, that is, means of obtaining information in which subjects are not aware of being studied
Objective: Describe and outline the major features of historical research.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is a type of unobtrusive measurement that involves the analysis of deposits, accretion of matter, and other indirect substances produced by previous human interaction.
Objective: Summarize the major types of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the systematic classification and analysis of data such as the content of mass media.
Objective: Summarize the major types of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the reanalysis of data that were gathered for other purposes.
Objective: Summarize the major types of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods.
Page number: 182
Level: Intermediate
- __________ entails a variety of gaming strategies that attempt to imitate a more complex social reality.
Objective: Summarize the major types of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods.
Page number: 183
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ was the pioneer among federal agencies in requiring that data sets from funded research be given to the agency upon completion of the project.
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 183
Level: Intermediate
- __________ or the reanalysis of data that were originally gathered or compiled for other purposes, is an excellent economizer of researcher time in data gathering, nonreactive, and a resourceful use of the mountains of data generated in modern society.
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 184
Level: Intermediate
- The term __________ was coined by Glass (1976) and refers to quantitative analysis that reviews, combines, and summarizes the results of many different studies dealing with the same research question.
Objective: Summarize the meta-analysis process.
Page number: 196
Level: Intermediate
- __________ (or data libraries) are institutes or organizations that store data resources (raw data) from previous studies.
Objective: Summarize the meta-analysis process.
Page number: 199
Level: Intermediate
- _________ is a strategy of data collection in which the investigator attempts to examine the activity of subjects while keeping her or his presence either secret or to a minimum, so as not to interfere.
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 199
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is when informed consent of subjects is not sought and researchers pretend to be part of the study group.
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 203
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are research assistants who pose as subjects in a study.
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 204
Level: Intermediate
- A__________ is a situation or game that attempts to mimic, or imitate, key features of reality.
Objective: Explain how case studies and simulations are used to collect data.
Page number: 205
Level: Intermediate
- A __________ is the reassurance of subjects and explanation of the purposes of the research upon completion of the study.
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 206
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is research conducted in such a manner that subject reactivity, or awareness of being studied, is eliminated.
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 207
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 8 Essay
- Identify and discuss the major types of unobtrusive measures.
Objective: Summarize the major types of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods.
Page number: 182-183
Level: Intermediate
- Define content analysis and provide some examples of criminal justice research that has employed it.
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 182-183
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the basic procedures in content analysis.
Objective: Describe content analysis and how content analysis research is conducted.
Page number: 192
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the steps in meta-analysis as provided by Wells.
Objective: Summarize the meta-analysis process.
Page number: 196
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss current obstacles to the implementation of virtual reality technology as an evidentiary tool in the courtroom.
Objective: Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive or nonreactive methods of data collection.
Page number: 206-207
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 9
Validity, Reliability, and Triangulated Strategies
Chapter 9 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following is another term for invalidity, and sources of potential error or invalidity are ever present, even in some of the best research?
- Mistake
- Error
- Fault
- Gaffe
Objective: Summarize the triangulation method of research.
Page number: 210
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the accuracy of measurement; does my measuring instrument in fact measure what it claims to measure?
- Validity
- Reliability
- Accuracy
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to consistency and/or stability of a measuring instrument?
- Validity
- Reliability
- Accuracy
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are considered valid reasons for the lack of validation studies in criminal justice?
- Unfavorable climate
- Interjurisdictional disputes
- Tradition
- All of the above
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the accuracy of the instrument in measuring that which is intended?
- Accurate validity
- Face validity
- Exact validity
- True measurement
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 212
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following types of validity asks the question ‘does the measuring instrument appear “at face value” to be measuring what I am attempting to measure’?
- Face validity
- Content validity
- Construct validity
- Pragmatic validity
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 212-213
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following types of validity asks the question ‘does each item or the content of the instrument measure the concept in question’?
- Face validity
- Content validity
- Construct validity
- Pragmatic validity
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 213
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following types of validity asks the question ‘does the instrument in fact measure the concept in question’?
- Face validity
- Content validity
- Construct validity
- Pragmatic validity
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 213
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following types of validity asks the question ‘does the instrument work in practically distinguishing current status (concurrent validity) or future outcomes (predictive validity) of the concept being measured’?
- Face validity
- Content validity
- Construct validity
- Pragmatic validity
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 213
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following types of reliability asks the question ‘when the same instrument is administered at least twice to the same group, are the results or scores the same (or stable)’?
- Test-retest
- Multiple forms
- Split-half technique
- Zero-absolute
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 213
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following types of reliability asks the question ‘does the administration of a disguised or alternate version of the same instrument to the same group result in the same (stable) score’s?
- Test-retest
- Multiple forms
- Split-half technique
- Zero-absolute
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 213
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following types of reliability asks the question ‘in the administration of the instrument to one group at one time, are separate halves of the instrument similar in response (are they consistent)’?
- Test-retest
- Multiple forms
- Split-half
- Zero-absolute
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 213
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the accuracy of individual items in a scale in measuring the concept being measured?
- Content validity
- Construct validity
- Pragmatic validity
- Convergent-discriminant validation
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 213
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the accuracy of the scale or measurement in tapping the correct concept or construct?
- Content validity
- Construct validity
- Pragmatic validity
- Convergent-discriminant validation
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 214
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the accuracy of the measuring instrument in predicting current status or future status?
- Content validity
- Construct validity
- Pragmatic validity
- Convergent-discriminant validation
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 214
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the different measures of the same concept should yield similar results, whereas the same measure of different concepts should yield differ results?
- Content
- Construct
- Pragmatic
- Convergent-discriminant
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the use of multiple measures of the same concept?
- Triangulation
- Dead-reckoning
- Zero-absolute
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves the use of multiple methods to measure multiple traits?
- Poly-validation
- Multi-validation
- Convergent-discriminant validation
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to ‘the use of different techniques to measure the same concept should yield the same findings’?
- Divergence
- Convergence
- Discrimination
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to ‘the use of one technique to measure different things should yield different results’?
- Divergence
- Convergence
- Discrimination
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a means of determining reliability in which the same instrument is administered twice to the same population?
- Test-retest
- Multiple forms
- Split-half technique
- Zero-absolute
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 217
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves the administration of alternate forms of the instrument to the same group?
- Test-retest
- Multiple forms
- Split-half technique
- Zero-absolute
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 218
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a form that is administered one time to one group and then split in half and inter-correlated.
- Test-retest
- Multiple forms
- Split-half technique
- Zero-absolute
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 218
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is an NIJ research program that asks volunteer arrestees to provide urine specimens to test for drug usage?
- Drug Use Forecasting
- Drug Use Predictor
- NIJ Self-reporting Program
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 219
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are triangulated strategies for examining crime in public housing?
- Police department records including National Incident-Based Recording System data
- Mortality and morbidity data for intentional injuries
- Annual tenant surveys can measure crime rates, residents’ fear of crime, victimization rates of residents, and crime hot spots
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 219
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 9 True-False
- Error is another term for invalidity, and sources of potential error or invalidity are ever present, even in some of the best research.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the triangulation method of research.
Page number: 210
Level: Intermediate
- Reliability asks, “Does my measuring instrument in fact measure what it claims to measure?” “Is it an accurate or true measure of the phenomenon under study?”
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- One of the reasons for the lack of validation studies in criminal justice include inadequate funding.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- Design fault in original studies, often called attention to by the researcher to bring about improvements in future studies, make exact replication of studies unlikely.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- The unfavorable climate for validation research is due to the human nature of organizational findings.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 212
Level: Intermediate
- Validity concerns the stability and consistency of measurement.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- Face validity, the simplest measurement, asks, “Does the measuring instrument appear, at face value, to be measuring what I am attempting to measure?”
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 213
Level: Intermediate
- Construct validity entails examining each item—the content of an instrument—to judge whether each element measures the concept in question.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 214
Level: Intermediate
- Content validity (sometimes called concept validity) is perhaps the most theoretical and philosophically basic question.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- There are two types of pragmatic validity: concurrent validity and predictive validity.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 214
Level: Intermediate
- Convergent-discriminant validation involves the use of multiple methods to measure multiple traits.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- The use of multiple methods to measure the same phenomenon is also referred to as triangulation.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the triangulation method of research.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- Consistency of measurement is determined by whether, assuming that conditions (rival causal factors) have not changed, a respondent will give the same answer to the same question on second testing.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 217
Level: Intermediate
- Stability of measurement is determined by whether the set of items used to measure some phenomenon are highly related (associated with each other) and measuring the same concept.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 217
Level: Intermediate
- In the bilateral test method of determining reliability the same instrument is administered twice to the same population and, if the results are the same, stability of measurement is assumed.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 217
Level: Intermediate
- Multiple forms involve the administration of alternate forms of the instrument to the same group.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 218
Level: Intermediate
- Split-half reliability does not involve retesting and substitutes the assessment of internal consistency for temporal consistency; each half of a scale is analyzed as if it were a separate scale.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 218
Level: Intermediate
- Drug Use Forecasting (DUF), a research program sponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), asked volunteers from a population of arrestees in various cities to provide urine specimens that are then tested for drugs.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 219
Level: Intermediate
- Triangulated strategies for examining crime in public housing include mortality and morbidity data for intentional injuries.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 219
Level: Intermediate
- Issues of validity and reliability in criminal justice research are not limited to quantitative studies, but are also applicable to more qualitative findings.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 220
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 9 Fill in the Blank
- __________ asks, “Does my measuring instrument in fact measure what it claims to measure?” “Is it an accurate or true measure of the phenomenon under study?”
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 220
Level: Intermediate
- __________ concerns the stability and consistency of measurement.
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- __________ in original studies, often called attention to by the researcher to bring about improvements in future studies, make exact replication of studies unlikely.
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ for validation research is due to the human nature of organizational findings.
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 212
Level: Intermediate
- __________, the simplest measurement, asks, “Does the measuring instrument appear, at face value, to be measuring what I am attempting to measure?”
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 212
Level: Intermediate
- __________ entails examining each item—the content of an instrument—to judge whether each element measures the concept in question.
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 213
Level: Intermediate
- __________ (sometimes called concept validity) is perhaps the most theoretical and philosophically basic question.
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 214
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to the accuracy of the measuring instrument in predicting current status (concurrent validity) or future status (predictive validity).
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 214
Level: Intermediate
- __________ validation involves the use of multiple methods to measure multiple traits
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is use of multiple measures of the same concept.
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is demonstrated through stable and consistent replication of findings on repeated measurement.
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 215
Level: Intermediate
- __________ of measurement is determined by whether, assuming that conditions (rival causal factors) have not changed, a respondent will give the same answer to the same question on second testing.
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 217
Level: Intermediate
- __________ of measurement is determined by whether the set of items used to measure some phenomenon are highly related (associated with each other) and measuring the same concept.
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 217
Level: Intermediate
- In the __________ method of determining reliability the same instrument is administered twice to the same population and, if the results are the same, stability of measurement is assumed.
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 217
Level: Intermediate
- __________ involve the administration of alternate forms of the instrument to the same group.
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 218
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 9 Essay
- Identify and discuss the reasons for the lack of validation studies in criminal justice.
Objective: Explain the concepts of reliability and validity and their relationship.
Page number: 211
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the various ways of determining validity. Provide examples of how this can be accomplished.
Objective: Summarize the ways of determining validity and the types of validity.
Page number: 212-213
Level: Intermediate
- Define triangulation and provide examples of how triangulation strategies have been used in examining crime in public housing.
Objective: Summarize the triangulation method of research.
Page number: 215, 220
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the three primary methods of attempting to demonstrate reliability.
Objective: Summarize methods of demonstrating reliability and the types of reliability.
Page number: 217-218
Level: Intermediate
- Discuss research validation in criminal justice research through cases and examples.
Objective: Summarize the triangulation method of research.
Page number: 218-220
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 10
Scaling and Index Construction
Chapter 10 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following refers to levels on which variables may be measured?
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Interval
- All of the above
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 222
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following represent the simplest level of measurement?
- Ordinal level variables
- Interval level variables
- Nominal level variables
- Ratio level variables
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 222
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following contain all the properties of nominal variables, but they also enable the placement of objects into ranks, that is, highest to lowest?
- Ordinal level variables
- Interval level variables
- Nominal level variables
- Ratio level variables
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 223-224
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a measurement that places responses in mutually exclusive categories and has no mathematical meaning.
- Ordinal level variables
- Interval level variables
- Nominal level variables
- Ratio level variables
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 223
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following contain all the elements of nominal and ordinal data and also assume equal distance between objects on a scale?
- Ordinal level variables
- Interval level variables
- Nominal level variables
- Ratio level variables
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following not only assume the interval quality of data, but they also have a fixed meaningful zero point?
- Ordinal level variables
- Interval level variables
- Nominal level variables
- Ratio level variables
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to attempts to increase the complexity of the level of measurement of variables from nominal to at least ordinal and hopefully interval/ratio?
- Scaling
- Increasing
- Aggregate
- None of the above
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 225
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are developed by the researcher and are based primarily on face validity (the scale appears to be measuring what one intends to measure) and professional judgment?
- Arbitrary scales
- Random scales
- Index scales
- CRM scales
Objective: Describe the Uniform Crime Reports index as an arbitrary scale.
Page number: 225
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the Uniform Crime Reports index that features an attempt to combine the most serious and best measures of recorded crime.
- Scale index
- Crime index
- FBI index
- UCR index
Objective: Describe the Uniform Crime Reports index as an arbitrary scale.
Page number: 226
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is NOT a UCR index offense?
- Larceny
- Robbery
- Burglary
- Narcotics possession
Objective: Describe the Uniform Crime Reports index as an arbitrary scale.
Page number: 226
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is not one of the three major types of attitude scales?
- Thurstone Scales
- Likert Scales
- Calvin Scales
- Guttman Scales
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 226
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an attitude scale that relies on ratings by judges of scale items?
- Thurstone Scales
- Likert Scales
- Calvin Scales
- Guttman Scales
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 226
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to Thurstone’s method that used judges to decide scale scores by sorting items into categories?
- Equal appearing intervals
- Random appearing intervals
- Constant appearing intervals
- None of the above
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 227
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following consist of a simple summation of usually a five-point bipolar response ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree?
- Thurstone Scales
- Likert Scales
- Calvin Scales
- Guttman Scales
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 228
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following insists that an attitude scale should measure one and only one dimension (unidimensionality)?
- Thurstone Scales
- Likert Scales
- Calvin Scales
- Guttman Scales
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 231
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the requirement of the Guttman scale that the items measure only one dimension (or concept); this is assumed if ninety percent reproducibility is achieved?
- Unidimensionality
- Poly-dimensionality
- Multi-dimensionality
- All of the above
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 231
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an attitudinal scale procedure in which the respondents sort questions (on cards) into predetermined categories?
- Q Sort Method
- Scientific Method
- P Sort Method
- None of the above
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 234
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a five-point scale that evaluates the methodological rigor and type of research design of studies?
- Q Scale
- Scientific Methods Scale
- Semantic Scale
- None of the above
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 234
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following attitude scaling procedures consists of usually a seven- or nine-point bipolar rating scale where respondents are asked to indicate their perception of the tag or description provided?
- SMS
- Semantic differential
- SMS identical
- None of the above
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 234
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to procedures that assign weight or severity rating to various crimes?
- Sellin-Wolfgang Index
- Crime Seriousness Scale
- Niederhoffer Scale
- Severity of Offense Scale
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 238
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following tries to account for both the quality (seriousness) and the quantity of an act?
- Sellin-Wolfgang Index
- Crime Seriousness Scale
- Niederhoffer Scale
- Severity of Offense Scale
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 238
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following attempts to forecast crime commission or success or failure on probation/parole?
- Forecast scale
- Estimate scale
- Prediction scale
- Projection scale
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 239
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the sentencing/parole prediction scheme used by the U.S. Parole Commission to predict recidivism?
- Salient Factor Score
- USPC Factor Score
- Greenwood Score
- None of the above
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 240-241
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following was aimed at selective incapacitation, individualization of sentences on the basis of predictions that particular offenders are likely to commit serious crimes at a high rate if not incarcerated?
- UCR Index
- Rand Seven-Factor Index
- Salient Factor Index
- None of the above
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 241
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a scale used to predict the likelihood of future violence?
- Predictor scale
- Violent crime predictor scale
- Lethality assessment scales
- Forecast scale
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 243
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 9 True-False
- Nominal level variables represent the simplest level of measurement.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 222
Level: Intermediate
- Internal level variables contain all the properties of nominal variables, but they also enable the placement of objects into ranks, that is, highest to lowest.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- Ordinal level variables contain all the elements of nominal and ordinal data and also assume equal distance between objects on a scale.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- Ratio level variables not only assume the interval quality of data, but they also have a fixed meaningful zero point.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- The purpose of measurement is to make connections between concepts and numbers.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- Scaling refers to attempts to decrease the complexity of the level of measurement of variables from ordinal to at least nominal.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 225
Level: Intermediate
- Arbitrary scales are developed by the researcher and are based primarily on face validity (the scale appears to be measuring what one intends to measure) and professional judgment.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the Uniform Crime Reports index as an arbitrary scale.
Page number: 225
Level: Intermediate
- The UCR index offenses are those crimes that are considered serious and that the police feel are fairly accurately reported and uniformly measured.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the Uniform Crime Reports index as an arbitrary scale.
Page number: 225
Level: Intermediate
- The three major types of attitude scales that have been developed in the social sciences are used in criminology and criminal justice are Thurstone scales, Likert scales, and Guttman scales.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 226
Level: Intermediate
- Of the three major types of attitude scales, Guttman was the first to be developed.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 227
Level: Intermediate
- Thurstone scales consist of a simple summation of usually a five-point bipolar response ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 228
Level: Intermediate
- A major shortcoming of Likert scaling is that on the basis of the total scale score it is impossible to predict the exact endorsement of each individual item.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 230
Level: Intermediate
- Guttman scales were developed as one outcome of a research series conducted by social scientists during World War II.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 231
Level: Intermediate
- Q sort methodology is a newer variation of the Thurstone process; the respondents rather than the judges place a series of statements into previously predetermined categories.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 234
Level: Intermediate
- The semantic differential is a five-point scale that evaluates the methodological rigor and type of research design of studies.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 234
Level: Intermediate
- The Scientific Methods Scale usually consists of a seven- or nine-point bipolar rating scale in which individuals are asked to indicate their perception of a tag or description that is provided.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 234
Level: Intermediate
- Crime seriousness scales attempt to assign weight to crimes in terms of their relative severity.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 238
Level: Intermediate
- The Sellin-Wolfgang index tries to account for both the quality (seriousness) and the quantity of an act.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 238
Level: Intermediate
- There are two basic types of crime seriousness (severity) scales: simple rating scales and magnitude scales.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 238
Level: Intermediate
- Simple rating scales measure public rankings of the degrees of relative seriousness of various crimes.
- True
- False
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 239
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 10 Fill in the Blank
- __________ represent the simplest level of measurement.
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 222
Level: Intermediate
- __________ contain all the properties of nominal variables, but they also enable the placement of objects into ranks, that is, highest to lowest.
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- __________ contain all the elements of nominal and ordinal data and also assume equal distance between objects on a scale.
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- __________ not only assume the interval quality of data, but they also have a fixed meaningful zero point.
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to attempts to increase the complexity of the level of measurement of variables from nominal to at least ordinal and hopefully interval/ratio.
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 225
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are developed by the researcher and are based primarily on face validity (the scale appears to be measuring what one intends to measure) and professional judgment.
Objective: Describe the Uniform Crime Reports index as an arbitrary scale.
Page number: 225
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ are those crimes that are considered serious and that the police feel are fairly accurately reported and uniformly measured.
Objective: Describe the Uniform Crime Reports index as an arbitrary scale.
Page number: 226
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are attitude scales that rely on ratings by judges of scale items.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 227
Level: Intermediate
- __________ consist of a simple summation of usually a five-point bipolar response ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 228
Level: Intermediate
- __________ insists that an attitude scale should measure one and only one dimension (unidimensionality).
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 231
Level: Intermediate
- Guttman scaling insists that an attitudinal scale be based on __________; that is, it should measure one and only one dimension or concept.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 231
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is a newer variation of the Thurstone process; the respondents rather than the judges place a series of statements into previously predetermined categories.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 234
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is a five-point scale that evaluates the methodological rigor and type of research design of studies.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 234
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ usually consists of a seven- or nine-point bipolar rating scale in which individuals are asked to indicate their perception of a tag or description that is provided.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 234
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ tries to account for both the quality (seriousness) and the quantity of an act.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 238
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 10 Essay
- Identify and discuss the four levels on which variables may be measured.
Objective: Describe how scales and indexes, such as the Uniform Crime Reports are used in quantitative measurement.
Page number: 224
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the UCR index offenses.
Objective: Describe the Uniform Crime Reports index as an arbitrary scale.
Page number: 226
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the three major types of attitude scales that have been developed in the social sciences are used in criminology and criminal justice.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 227-231
Level: Intermediate
- Describe and discuss the Guttman scaling procedures.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 227-231
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss Likert’s scaling procedures.
Objective: Discuss the three major types of attitude scales.
Page number: 230
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 11
Policy Analysis and Evaluation Research
Chapter 11 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following is the study of the causes and consequences of government behavior (what governments do or do not do)?
- Civil analysis
- Civil oversight
- Government oversight
- Policy analysis
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 247
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an applied branch of social science that is intended to supply scientifically valid information with which to guide public policy?
- Policy research
- Evaluation research
- Government research
- Social science research
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 247
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is the last stage of the policy process where questions such as ‘do the programs work’ are asked?
- Survey
- Assessment
- Conclusion
- Evaluation
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 247
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following can be defined as measurement of the effects of a program in terms of its specific goals, outcomes, or particular program criteria?
- Policy research
- Evaluation research
- Evaluation assessment
- Policy assessment
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 248
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to applied field experiments that are addressed to immediate, practical policy questions?
- Policy research
- Evaluation research
- Policy experiments
- AFE
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following did the National Research Council’s Committee on Research on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice identify as steps in designing policy experiments?
- Choose an interesting problem—a policy question that people really care about or an existing procedure that clearly needs improvement.
- Do some creative thinking to solve legal and ethical issues that may arise.
- Rigorously maintain the random assignment of persons, cases, or other units into treatment and control groups throughout the experiment.
- All of the above
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a research branch of the U.S. Justice Department with a mission to develop knowledge about crime, its causes, and control?
- NSA
- TSA
- AIG
- NIJ
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a model in which all parts of an organism, organization, or program are interrelated and consist of a series of inputs and outputs?
- Systems model
- Comprehensive model
- Symbiotic model
- Interconnected model
Objective: Summarize the systems model of evaluation research.
Page number: 250
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following have been identified as research priorities of NIJ?
- Sex offenders
- Drug treatment
- Vandalism
- Both (a.) and (b.)
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 250
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following systems model components is defined as resources, guidelines, rules, and operating procedures provided for a program, for example, funds for personnel, equipment, operating costs, and authorization to introduce new policies (often an experimental treatment)?
- Inputs
- Activities
- Results
- Feedback
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 251
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following systems model components is defined as a recycling of results/outcomes into the operation as additional (or modified) inputs; profits may induce a corporation to reinvest in a particularly profitable line, just as losses may lead it to eliminate a less profitable line?
- Inputs
- Activities
- Results
- Feedback
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 251
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following systems model components is defined as specific consequences of the project activities or the specific objectives of the program, for example, amount of services provided, work completed, production accomplished, or cases closed or cleared (called output or products in many models)?
- Inputs
- Activities
- Results
- Feedback
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 251
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following systems model components is defined as what is done in the project with these inputs (resources), for example, services provided, staffing patterns, and use of materials and human and physical resources (called process in many models)?
- Inputs
- Activities
- Results
- Feedback
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 251
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the establishment of relationships between results and project inputs and activities?
- Impact evaluation
- Assessment
- Process evaluation
- Monitoring
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 252
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the examination of relationship between outcome and input, activities and results of a program?
- Impact evaluation
- Assessment
- Process evaluation
- Monitoring
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 252
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the enumeration of the need for an activity or resource.
- Impact evaluation
- Assessment
- Process evaluation
- Monitoring
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 252
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is similar to auditing; assessment of whether a program is doing what it is supposed to be doing in terms of process or program activities?
- Impact evaluation
- Assessment
- Process evaluation
- Monitoring
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 253
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following assesses whether a program is evaluable?
- Evaluability assessment
- Review assessment
- CRM assessment
- None of the above
Objective: Explain how criminal justice programs are evaluated for effectiveness and the obstacles to evaluation research.
Page number: 254
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is an international research organization founded in 2000 and dedicated to preparing, maintaining, and publicizing systematic reviews of research on the effects of social and education programs and interventions?
- Orion Organization
- Campbell Collaboration
- Guttman Group
- Altman Association
Objective: Summarize how researchers and host agencies can best work together.
Page number: 261
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following were identified as dangerous pitfalls by NCJRS?
- Poorly done evaluation design and methodology
- Unsound and/or poorly done data analysis
- Unethical evaluations
- All of the above
Objective: Summarize how researchers and host agencies can best work together.
Page number: 261
Level: Intermediate
- According to the text, which of the following questions must be answered before an evaluation is undertaken?
- Will the findings be used?
- Is the project evaluable?
- Is there adequate funding?
- Both (a.) and (b.)
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are steps in evaluation research?
- Problem formulation
- Design of instruments
- Research design
- All of the above
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are obstacles in evaluation research?
- Data collection
- Adequate funding
- Lack of research topics
- All of the above
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the selection, identification, and specification of the research topic to be investigated?
- Problem formulation
- Utilization
- Design of instruments
- Findings and conclusions
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 255, 344
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a means of controlling for invalidity in research through experimental design.
- Problem formulation
- Utilization
- Research designs
- Findings and conclusions
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 255, 344
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 11 True-False
- Evaluation research analysis is the “study of whatever governments choose to do or not to do,” “the description and explanation of the causes and consequences of government behavior”.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 247
Level: Intermediate
- Policy analysis is an applied branch of social science that is intended to supply scientifically valid information with which to guide public policy.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 247
Level: Intermediate
- Evaluation research can be defined as measurement of the effects of a program in terms of its specific goals, outcomes, or particular program criteria.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 248
Level: Intermediate
- Policy experiments are applied field experiments that address themselves to immediate practical policy questions.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- The NIJ is a research branch of the U.S. Department of Justice.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- Model in which all parts of an organism, organization, or program are interrelated and consist of a series of inputs and outputs.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 250
Level: Intermediate
- The input component of the systems model is defined as the recycling of results/outcomes into the operation as additional (or modified) inputs; profits may induce a corporation to reinvest in a particularly profitable line, just as losses may lead it to eliminate a less profitable line.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 251
Level: Intermediate
- The outcomes component of the systems model is the accomplishments of broader-range societal goals; these are general consequences of the specific accomplishments (outputs/results) of the program, for example, better justice, health, safety, and education.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 251
Level: Intermediate
- The results component of the systems model is the specific consequences of the project activities or the specific objectives of the program, for example, amount of services provided, work completed, production accomplished, or cases closed or cleared (called output or products in many models).
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 251
Level: Intermediate
- The activities component of the systems model is defined as what is done in the project with these inputs (resources), for example, services provided, staffing patterns, and use of materials and human and physical resources (called process in many models).
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 251
Level: Intermediate
- Process evaluation establishes causal relationships between results (such as an increase in arrests) and project inputs and activities.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how criminal justice programs are evaluated for effectiveness and the obstacles to evaluation research.
Page number: 252
Level: Intermediate
- Impact evaluation establishes causal relationships between outcomes (such as crime reduction) and inputs, activities, and results of programs.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how criminal justice programs are evaluated for effectiveness and the obstacles to evaluation research.
Page number: 252
Level: Intermediate
- Assessment (sometimes called needs assessment) is the enumeration of some activity or resource, for instance, the need for a particular service in some target area.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how criminal justice programs are evaluated for effectiveness and the obstacles to evaluation research.
Page number: 252
Level: Intermediate
- Observing is similar to auditing; assessment of whether a program is doing what it is supposed to be doing in terms of process or program activities.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 253
Level: Intermediate
- Evaluability assessment is the process whereby researchers determine if adequate funding is available to complete the research project.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 254
Level: Intermediate
- The Campbell Collaboration (C2) is an international research organization founded in 2000 and dedicated to preparing, maintaining, and publicizing systematic reviews of research on the effects of social and educational programs and interventions.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize how researchers and host agencies can best work together.
Page number: 261
Level: Intermediate
- Before an evaluation is undertaken, three crucial questions must be answered: Will the findings be used? Is the project evaluable? Who can do this work?
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 261
Level: Intermediate
- The steps in policy analysis are problem formulation, design of instruments, research design (evaluation model), data collection, data analysis, findings and conclusions, and utilization.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
- Obstacles or pitfalls to evaluation research include poor evaluation design and methodology, poor data analysis, unethical evaluations, naive or unprepared evaluation staff, poor relationships between evaluation and program staff, co-optation of evaluation staff and/or design, poor-quality data, poor literature reviews, and focus on method rather than process.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
- The National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (1976) suggests clear agreements beforehand, assistance from funding agencies in bringing the two parties to suitable agreements, and training programs to acquaint researchers with agency problems and needs.
- True
- False
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 11 Fill in the Blank
- __________ is the “study of whatever governments choose to do or not to do,” “the description and explanation of the causes and consequences of government behavior”.
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 247
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is an applied branch of social science that is intended to supply scientifically valid information with which to guide public policy.
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 247
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are applied field experiments that address themselves to immediate practical policy questions.
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ is a research branch of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- A __________ assumes that all parts of an organism, organization, or program are interrelated and could be represented in basic computer language as a system of inputs into an existing system, processing of these
Objective: Summarize the systems model of evaluation research.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- __________ establishes causal relationships between results (such as an increase in arrests) and project inputs and activities.
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 252
Level: Intermediate
- __________ establishes causal relationships between outcomes (such as crime reduction) and inputs, activities, and results of programs.
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 252
Level: Intermediate
- __________ (sometimes called needs assessment) is the enumeration of some activity or resource, for instance, the need for a particular service in some target area.
Objective: Explain how criminal justice programs are evaluated for effectiveness and the obstacles to evaluation research.
Page number: 252
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is assessment of whether the plans for a project have in fact been realized: Are the activities related to the inputs?
Objective: Explain how criminal justice programs are evaluated for effectiveness and the obstacles to evaluation research.
Page number: 253
Level: Intermediate
- __________ has an applied quality to it that requires the active support and cooperation of the agency or program to be evaluated.
Objective: Explain how criminal justice programs are evaluated for effectiveness and the obstacles to evaluation research.
Page number: 253
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is the assessment of whether a program is evaluable.
Objective: Explain how criminal justice programs are evaluated for effectiveness and the obstacles to evaluation research.
Page number: 254
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ is an international research organization founded in 2000 and dedicated to preparing, maintaining, and publicizing systematic reviews of research on the effects of social and educational programs and interventions.
Objective: Summarize how researchers and host agencies can best work together.
Page number: 261
Level: Intermediate
- Before an __________ is undertaken, three crucial questions must be answered: Will the findings be used? Is the project evaluable? Who can do this work?
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
- The steps in __________ are problem formulation, design of instruments, research design (evaluation model), data collection, data analysis, findings and conclusions, and utilization.
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
- The _________ suggests clear agreements beforehand, assistance from funding agencies in bringing the two parties to suitable agreements, and training programs to acquaint researchers with agency problems and needs.
Objective: Summarize how researchers and host agencies can best work together.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 11 Essay
- Define evaluation research and identify and discuss the types of questions that are asked during evaluation research; the last stage of the policy process.
Objective: Describe policy analysis and evaluation research.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the steps in designing policy experiments as summarized by the National Research Council’s Committee on Research on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice.
Objective: Describe the types of evaluation research and how to determine whether evaluation research should be conducted.
Page number: 249
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and prioritize (your opinion) the recent research priorities of NIJ. Be prepared to discuss your prioritized list.
Objective: Explain how criminal justice programs are evaluated for effectiveness and the obstacles to evaluation research.
Page number: 250
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and define the systems model project components.
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 251
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the pitfalls or obstacles to evaluation research as stated in the text.
Objective: Outline the steps in evaluation research.
Page number: 267
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 12
Data Management: Coding, Tabulation, and Simple Data Presentation
Chapter 12 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following should be planned at the beginning of a project rather than at the end?
- Finding sources
- Data analysis
- Research assistants
- None of the above
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 269
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following, when keyed to questionnaire items, enables the identification and examination of questionnaire content to ensure proper coverage, balance, and non-duplication of items?
- Q-list
- Variables list
- Examination list
- Questionnaire key
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 269
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is concerned with the process by which the raw data gathered by some instrument or measurement are converted into numbers for analysis purposes?
- Analysis management
- Data analysis
- Data management
- Process management
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 270
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in the data management process?
- Collecting the information with the data-gathering instrument
- Using a codebook
- Transferring this information onto a codesheet
- Excluding all data which do not conform with stated hypothesis
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 270
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following must be completed prior to the actual coding?
- Cleaning
- Manipulation
- Editing
- Expurgation
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 270
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is the assignment of numerical values to responses (information) gathered by a research instrument?
- Coding
- Editing
- Syncing
- Merging
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 271
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a guidebook for numerically classifying each question to be coded?
- Reference book
- Legend
- Codebook
- Guidebook
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 271
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves checking the work of coders for accuracy?
- Code checking
- Code testing
- Coder monitoring
- Coder exactness
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 274
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is the most widely used means of inputting data?
- Voice-to-text
- Hand-to-hand
- Voice data entry
- Keyboard entry
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 274
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves double checking the data file in search of errors, many of which are inevitable despite the conscientiousness of workers?
- Data verification
- File accuracy search
- Entry accuracy verification
- None of the above
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 274
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following involves summarizing and using univariate statistics?
- Complex computations
- Complex data presentation
- Simple data presentation
- Simple computations
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 275
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are meaningful ways of standardizing data so that useful comparisons can be made between unequal populations?
- Rates
- Proportions
- Percentages
- All of the above
Objective: Explain how to read and construct tables.
Page number: 275
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the number of crimes divided by population, per 100,000 population?
- Recidivism rate
- Delinquency rate
- Violation rate
- Crime rate
Objective: Explain how to read and construct tables.
Page number: 275
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are an attractive means of capturing the reader’s attention as well as of summarizing data, particularly information from frequency distributions?
- Graphs
- Pictorial presentations
- Both (a.) and (b.)
- None of the above
Objective: Explain how to read and construct tables.
Page number: 279
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are a highly inaccurate means of depicting crime change that fails to control for population growth?
- Crime graphs
- Crime charts
- Crime maps
- Crime clocks
Objective: Explain how to read and construct tables.
Page number: 283
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are presentations of quantitative data in a summary or uniform fashion?
- Charts
- Graphs
- Clocks
- Tables
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 284
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to graphical circles whose pieces represent proportions of some phenomenon and total 100 percent?
- Pie charts
- Bar graphs
- Frequency polygons
- All of the above
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 279
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following consist of rectangles whose width often represents the class intervals and the height represents quantity or amount?
- Pie charts
- Bar graphs
- Frequency polygons
- All of the above
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 279
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following depicts the frequency or percentages of the midpoint of each score value are plotted and connected by a straight line that begins and ends at the baseline.
- Pie charts
- Bar graphs
- Frequency polygons
- All of the above
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 281
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following tables consists of a two-variable cross tabulation and examines how one variable influences the other?
- Bilateral table
- Bivariate table
- Parallel table
- None of the above
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 288
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the process of introducing or controlling for third variables (control or test factors) by subclassifying original tables?
- Amplification
- Expansion
- Augmentation
- Elaboration
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 292
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following takes place when the partial tables replicate or reproduce the relationship in the original table?
- Explanation
- Replication
- Interpretation
- Suppression
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 293
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following occurs when the relationship observed in the original bivariate table weakens or disappears in the partial tables?
- Explanation
- Replication
- Interpretation
- Suppression
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 293
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following occurs when the partial table relationships weaken or disappear and the control variable is an intervening one (occurs between X and Y)?
- Explanation
- Replication
- Interpretation
- Suppression
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 293
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following, despite no relationship in the original bivariate table, a relationship occurs in the partial tables.
- Explanation
- Replication
- Interpretation
- Suppression
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 293
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 12 True-False
- A variables list keyed to questionnaire items enables the identification and examination of questionnaire content to ensure proper coverage, balance, and non-duplication of items.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 269
Level: Intermediate
- Data management is concerned with the process by which the raw data gathered by some instrument or measurement are converted into numbers for analysis purposes.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 270
Level: Intermediate
- Prior to the actual coding, the questionnaires must be edited.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 270
Level: Intermediate
- Programming is the assignment of numerical values to responses (information) gathered by a research instrument.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 271
Level: Intermediate
- A programming ledger is a guidebook for numerically classifying each question to be coded.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 271
Level: Intermediate
- Data checking involves checking the work of coders for accuracy.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 274
Level: Intermediate
- Data verification or cleaning involves double checking the data file in search of errors, many of which are inevitable despite the conscientiousness of workers.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 274
Level: Intermediate
- The keyboard entry technique is the most widely used means of inputting data.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 274
Level: Intermediate
- Rates, proportions, percentages, and ratios are meaningful ways of standardizing data so that useful comparisons can be made between unequal populations.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 275
Level: Intermediate
- Recidivism rate is the number of crimes divided by population, per 100,000 population.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 275
Level: Intermediate
- Crime clocks are a highly accurate means of depicting crime change due to their ability to account for population growth.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain how to read and construct tables.
Page number: 283
Level: Intermediate
- Pie charts are presentations of quantitative data in a summary or uniform fashion.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 284
Level: Intermediate
- Bivariate tables, or those in which there is a two-variable cross tabulation, examine how one variable influences the other.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 288
Level: Intermediate
- Elaboration refers to the process of introducing or controlling for third variables (control or test factors) by subclassifying original tables.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 292
Level: Intermediate
- Explanation takes place when the partial tables replicate or reproduce the relationship in the original table.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 293
Level: Intermediate
- Replication occurs when the relationship observed in the original bivariate table weakens or disappears in the partial tables.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 293
Level: Intermediate
- Interpretation occurs when the partial table relationships weaken or disappear and the control variable is an intervening one (occurs between X and Y).
- True
- False
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 293
Level: Intermediate
- Suppression takes place when relationships occur in the partial tables even though there is no original bivariate relationship.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 293
Level: Intermediate
- Graphic or pictorial presentations include pie charts, bar graphs, and frequency polygons.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 294
Level: Intermediate
- The major types of elaboration are: replication, specification, explanation, interpretation, and suppression.
- True
- False
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 295
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 12 Fill in the Blank
- A __________ keyed to questionnaire items enables the identification and examination of questionnaire content to ensure proper coverage, balance, and non-duplication of items.
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 269
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is concerned with the process by which the raw data gathered by some instrument or measurement are converted into numbers for analysis purposes.
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 270
Level: Intermediate
- _________ is the assignment of numerical values to responses (information) gathered by a research instrument.
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 271
Level: Intermediate
- A __________ is a guidebook for numerically classifying each question to be coded.
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 271
Level: Intermediate
- A __________ is a blank score sheet on which questions can be coded.
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 273
Level: Intermediate
- __________ involves checking the work of coders for accuracy.
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 274
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ entry technique is the most widely used means of inputting data.
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 274
Level: Intermediate
- __________ or cleaning involves double checking the data file in search of errors, many of which are inevitable despite the conscientiousness of workers.
Objective: Summarize how data are coded, entered into the computer, and cleaned.
Page number: 274
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to the number of crimes divided by population, per 100,000 population.
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 275
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are simply circles (pies) whose pieces represent proportions of some phenomenon and total 100 percent.
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 279
Level: Intermediate
- __________ consist of rectangles where the width often represents the class intervals and the height represents quantity or amount.
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 279
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are a highly inaccurate means of depicting crime change that fails to control for population growth.
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 283
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are presentations of quantitative data in a summary or uniform fashion.
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 284
Level: Intermediate
- __________ or those in which there is a two-variable cross tabulation, examine how one variable influences the other.
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 288
Level: Intermediate
- __________ refers to the process of introducing or controlling for third variables (control or test factors) by subclassifying original tables.
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 292
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 12 Essay
- Identify and discuss the various methods used to standardize data so that useful comparisons can be made between unequal populations.
Objective: Describe the methods for presenting simple, or one-variable results.
Page number: 275-277
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the various types of graphic presentation discussed in the text.
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 279-281
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the steps in reading a table.
Objective: Explain how to read and construct tables.
Page number: 285-287
Level: Intermediate
- Identify and discuss the general rules for percentaging a table.
Objective: Describe methods for presenting two variable results.
Page number: 289
Level: Intermediate
- Define and discuss elaboration.
Objective: Describe the process of elaboration.
Page number: 292-294
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 13
Data Analysis: A User’s Guide to Statistics
Chapter 13 Multiple Choice
[Select the choice that best answers each question]
- Which of the following is a classification of statistics?
- Descriptive statistics
- Inferential statistics
- Absolute statistics
- (a.) and (b.) only
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is intended to summarize or describe data or show relationships between variables?
- Descriptive statistics
- Inferential statistics
- Absolute statistics
- Cluster statistics
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following enables generalization or inference of sample findings to larger populations or assessment of the probability of certain findings?
- Descriptive statistics
- Inferential statistics
- Absolute statistics
- Cluster statistics
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following are summary statistics that describe the typical, middle, or average score?
- Statistical tendencies
- Descriptive tendencies
- Inferential tendencies
- Measures of central tendency
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score?
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Range
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal (ranked) data?
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Range
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is the most familiar measure of central tendency and simply involves dividing the total score by the total number of cases N?
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Range
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 300
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is the simplest measure of dispersion and represents either the highest and lowest scores or the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution?
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Range
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 302
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a highly useful statistic in which plus or minus one standard deviation always equals 68 percent of a normal curve?
- Variance
- Standard deviation
- Mode
- Range
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 302
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a bell-shaped curve that describes a variety of phenomena?
- Normal variance
- Statistical variance
- Normal distribution
- Statistical distribution
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 304
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following measures the deviation from the mean relative to the standard deviation?
- Standard deviation units
- Z scores
- Normal distribution
- Both (a.) and (b.)
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 305
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is a test of the independence of the relationship between nominal or categorical variables?
- Standard deviation units
- Z scores
- Normal distribution
- Chi-square
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 306
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the number of cells that are free to vary; that is, once the value of certain cells is fixed, the others are no longer free to vary?
- Degrees of variance
- Degrees of distribution
- Degrees of freedom
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 308
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a chi-square-based measure of relationship in which a zero equals no relationship, but the upper limit is less than one?
- Phi coefficient
- Chi coefficient
- Contingency coefficient
- Cramer’s V
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 309
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to a useful chi-square-based measure of relationship appropriate for a 2 X 2 table?
- Phi coefficient
- Chi coefficient
- Contingency coefficient
- Cramer’s V
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 309
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following assumes some interval level of measurement and a normal population?
- Phi coefficient
- Parametric statistics
- Nonparametric statistics
- Cramer’s V
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 310
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to the distribution free statistics in which few assumptions are made regarding the normality of the population?
- Phi coefficient
- Parametric statistics
- Nonparametric statistics
- Null hypothesis
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 310
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following assumes that there is no difference between the groups being compared or no relationship in the population?
- Phi coefficient
- Parametric statistics
- Nonparametric statistics
- Null hypothesis
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 311
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following assesses whether the differences between observed and expected values could be due to chance or are statistically significant?
- Null hypothesis
- Tests of significance
- t Test
- x Test
Objective: Summarize tests of significance and analysis of variance.
Page number: 311
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is used to compare the sample means of two groups?
- s Test
- Tests of significance
- t Test
- x Test
Objective: Summarize tests of significance and analysis of variance.
Page number: 311
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following is used in comparing three or more sample means?
- Analysis of variance
- Tests of significance
- t Test
- x Test
Objective: Summarize tests of significance and analysis of variance.
Page number: 314
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following occurs when one variable enables the prediction of the value of the second variable?
- Positive relationship
- Negative relationship
- Statistical relationship
- Progressive relationship
Objective: Explain the concept of relationship and how it is measured.
Page number: 316
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following takes place when as the value of one variable increases the value of the other decreases?
- Positive relationship
- Negative relationship
- Statistical relationship
- Progressive relationship
Objective: Explain the concept of relationship and how it is measured.
Page number: 316
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an equation that enables the prediction of one variable on the basis of the value of others?
- Positive equation
- Negative equation
- Regression equation
- Progressive equation
Objective: Explain the concept of relationship and how it is measured.
Page number: 319
Level: Intermediate
- Which of the following refers to an error of assuming that relationships proven true of groups are true of individuals?
- Ecological fallacy
- Statistical fallacy
- Cluster fallacy
- None of the above
Objective: Explain the concept of ecological fallacy.
Page number: 327
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 13 True-False
- The mean is the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- The median (or midpoint) is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal (ranked) data.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- The mode, expressed as X, is simply the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 300
Level: Intermediate
- The standard deviation is the simplest measure of dispersion and represents either the highest and lowest scores or the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 302
Level: Intermediate
- The standard deviation and the related statistic variance are far less useful than the range.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 302
Level: Intermediate
- Standard deviation units, or Z scores, measure the deviation from the mean relative to the standard deviation.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 305
Level: Intermediate
- Chi-square is a test of the independence of the relationship between nominal or categorical variables.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 305
Level: Intermediate
- Cramer’s V is rarely useful for contingency tables that are larger than 2 X 2.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 309
Level: Intermediate
- Nonparametric statistics assume some interval level of measurement and a normal population.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 310
Level: Intermediate
- Parametric statistics are distribution free statistics in which few assumptions are made regarding the normality of the population.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 310
Level: Intermediate
- The null hypothesis generally states that there is no difference between the groups being compared, or that there is no relationship in the general population, or that any observed differences are due to random error.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept of relationship and how it is measured.
Page number: 311
Level: Intermediate
- Tests of significance assess whether the differences between observed and expected values could be due to chance or are statistically significant.
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept of relationship and how it is measured.
Page number: 311
Level: Intermediate
- The level of statistical significance is set by the investigator in terms of the amount of risk or willingness to be in error in rejecting the null hypothesis (assuming a significant relationship).
- True
- False
Objective: Explain the concept of relationship and how it is measured.
Page number: 311
Level: Intermediate
- Pearson’s r shows the relationship between two or more interval level variables.
- True
- False
Objective: Summarize multivariate analysis.
Page number: 317
Level: Intermediate
- Regression equation is an equation that enables the prediction of one variable on the basis of the value of others.
Objective: Summarize multivariate analysis.
Page number: 319
Level: Intermediate
- Spearman’s rho (symbolized by r sub s), or Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient, is an appropriate measure of relationship for ordinal-level data.
Objective: Summarize multivariate analysis.
Page number: 320
Level: Intermediate
- Gamma is a PRE measure not well suited for ordinal data.
Objective: Summarize multivariate analysis.
Page number: 322
Level: Intermediate
- Partial correlation looks at the relationship between two variables while controlling for (taking into account) the effects of one or more other variables.
Objective: Summarize multivariate analysis.
Page number: 324
Level: Intermediate
- Multiple correlation involves predicting Y (the dependent variable) on the basis of multiple predictors.
Objective: Summarize multivariate analysis.
Page number: 324
Level: Intermediate
- The ecological fallacy is the error of assuming that relationships based on groups (aggregate, ecological, or a real data) can be validly assumed to be true of individual correlations.
Objective: Explain the concept of ecological fallacy.
Page number: 327
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 13 Fill in the Blank
- __________ are intended to summarize or describe data or show relationships between variables.
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- __________ enable generalization or inference of sample findings to larger populations or assessment of the probability of certain findings.
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ is the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score.
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal (ranked) data.
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ (average) is the most familiar measure of central tendency and simply involves dividing the total score by the total number of cases N.
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 300
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ is the simplest measure of dispersion and represents either the highest and lowest scores or the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 302
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ and the related statistic variance (s2) are far more useful than the range.
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 302
Level: Intermediate
- __________ or standard deviation units measures the deviation from the mean relative to the standard deviation.
Objective: Summarize measures of central tendencies and dispersion.
Page number: 305
Level: Intermediate
- __________ is a test of the independence of the relationship between nominal or categorical variables.
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 306
Level: Intermediate
- __________refer to the number of cells that are free to vary; that is, once the value of certain cells is fixed, the others are no longer free to vary.
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 308
Level: Intermediate
- __________ assume some interval level of measurement and a normal population.
Objective: Summarize tests of significance and analysis of variance.
Page number: 310
Level: Intermediate
- __________ are distribution free statistics in which few assumptions are made regarding the normality of the population.
Objective: Summarize tests of significance and analysis of variance.
Page number: 310
Level: Intermediate
- __________ assumes that there is no difference between the groups being compared or no relationship in the population.
Objective: Summarize tests of significance and analysis of variance.
Page number: 311
Level: Intermediate
- __________ assesses whether the differences between observed and expected values could be due to chance or are statistically significant.
Objective: Summarize tests of significance and analysis of variance.
Page number: 311
Level: Intermediate
- The __________ is the error of assuming that relationships based on groups (aggregate, ecological, or a real data) can be validly assumed to be true of individual correlations.
Objective: Explain the concept of ecological fallacy.
Page number: 311
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 13 Essay
- Identify and discuss the two types of statistics and provide examples of each.
Objective: Summarize the types of statistics.
Page number: 299
Level: Intermediate
- Define chi-square and explain its function.
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 306-309
Level: Intermediate
- Define the Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) and the three assumptions that must be met with respect to data for it to be employed.
Objective: Explain the concept of chi-square and how it is used in statistics.
Page number: 317
Level: Intermediate
- Define regression equation discuss its significance in enabling one to predict outcome scores.
Objective: Explain the concept of relationship and how it is measured.
Page number: 319-320
Level: Intermediate
- Define and discuss the ecological fallacy.
Objective: Explain the concept of ecological fallacy.
Page number: 327
Level: Intermediate
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