Chapter 12: Minorities and Corrections

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The skin color and features of a group of people are referred to as ______.

a. race

b. ethnicity

c. biology

d. physicality

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Race is categorized based on ______.

a. ethnicity

b. skin color

c. language

d. religion

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The genotyping of the whole human race indicates that our species likely originated in ______.

a. Asia

b. Europe

c. Africa

d. North America

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The concept of ethnicity is based on ______.

a. culture

b. skin color

c. biology

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. ______ is the treatment of one group differently and unfairly by governmental agencies.

a. Discrimination

b. Racism

c. Prejudice

d. Disparity

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Treating a group of people differently because of who they are rather than because of their abilities or actions is called ______.

a. discrimination

b. racism

c. prejudice

d. disparity

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. In some parts of the country, minority group members were more likely to be incarcerated when they were ______.

a. convicted of violent crimes

b. convicted of property crimes

c. innocent

d. convicted of embezzlement

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Ethnic groups ______.

a. are based on biology

b. result in a variation of skin and other features

c. are based on the skin color and features of a group of people

d. have distinct cultures

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following is a way that discrimination is linked to law?

a. age

b. race

c. gender

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. ______ is the differences between groups of people based on culture.

a. Race

b. Ethnicity

c. Biology

d. Physicality

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Disparity is ______.

a. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups

b. differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same

c. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Following ______, correctional institutions in the South were devised to maintain the slavery system with newly freed and often unemployed blacks.

a. the Revolutionary War

b. the ratification of the Constitution

c. the Civil War

d. World War II

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which court case is widely regarded as an early example of a gross miscarriage of justice and as emblematic of the way African Americans have been treated in racist sectors of this country?

a. Powell v. Alabama

b. Cooper v. Pate

c. Scottsboro v. Alabama

d. Cooper v. Powell

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Racism practiced by many, if not most, institutional members in criminal justice and other organizations is known as ______.

a. discrimination

b. disparity

c. prisoners’ rights

d. institutional racism

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Discrimination is ______.

a. the differences between groups of people based on culture

b. differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to their behavior or qualifications

c. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system

d. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Racism is ______.

a. the differences between groups of people based on culture

b. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system

c. differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same

d. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Slavery of ______ was practiced almost from the settling of the United States.

a. African Americans

b. Native Americans

c. Hispanics

d. Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The ______ Amendment, adopted in 1865, ended slavery.

a. 11th

b. 13th

c. 15th

d. 17th

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, there are currently ______ hate groups in the United States.

a. 438

b. 741

c. 917

d. 1,218

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. African Americans constitute about ______ of state inmates.

a. 25%

b. 35%

c. 45%

d. 55%

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. According to Quigley, ______ of the police stops made by the New York Police Department have been of blacks and Latinos.

a. 60%

b. 70%

c. 80%

d. 90%

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. According to the U.S. Sentencing Commission, black inmates serve ______ longer than white inmates for the same crime.

a. 5%

b. 10%

c. 20%

d. 35%

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, a black male born in 2001 has a ______ chance of going to jail.

a. 1 in 2

b. 1 in 3

c. 1 in 4

d. 1 in 10

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. There are ______ federally recognized tribes of Native Americans in the United States.

a. 322

b. 481

c. 566

d. 704

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. The largest subgroup of Hispanics or Latinos in the United States are ______.

a. Mexican Americans

b. Cubans

c. Puerto Ricans

d. Colombians

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Between the Civil War and World War II, there were approximately ______ lynchings in the southern United States.

a. 1,000

b. 2,000

c. 3,000

d. 4,000

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. In Arizona v. United States (2012), the Supreme Court ______.

a. banned racial profiling

b. required crack cocaine sentences to be the same as those for powdered cocaine

c. upheld the requirement that law enforcement verify immigration status during stops

d. overturned the “travel ban” passed by the Trump administration

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The first restrictive immigration law in the United States targeted immigrants from ______.

a. China

b. Canada

c. Ireland

d. Mexico

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The term Hispanic ______.

a. describes variations of skin color and other features

b. refers to any group of people who have distinct traditions and languages

c. refers to any group of people who have a distinct religion and history

d. designates an ethnic group that spans many races and nations of origin, to the point that it may not be descriptive

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. The internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans in concentration camps occurred during ______.

a. the Revolutionary War

b. ratification of the Constitution

c. the Civil War

d. World War II

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. It was not until the ______ that African American and white inmates were treated more similarly.

a. Prisoner Rights Reform Act

b. Prison Litigation Reform Act

c. prisoner rights movement

d. prison litigation reform movement

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Christopher Columbus, mistakenly believing he was in India, named this group of people in error.

a. African Americans

b. Native Americans

c. Hispanics

d. Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. With regard to incarceration rates, which group is underrepresented in state correctional populations in comparison to their representation in the general population?

a. African Americans

b. Native Americans

c. Hispanics

d. Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. According to Bill Quigley and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, since 1970, drug arrests have skyrocketed from 320,000 to close to ______.

a. 500,000

b. 750,000

c. 1.6 million

d. 2.2 million

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. In 2009, there were ______ jails in India.

a. 80

b. 96

c. 100

d. 111

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. ______ has led to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in correctional organizational organizations.

a. The creation of supermax prisons

b. The creation of stricter sex offender laws

c. The war on drugs

d. The increased use of community corrections

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Michelle Alexander claimed that ______ is the new Jim Crow.

a. racial profiling

b. stop-and-frisk policy

c. mandatory minimum sentencing

d. the war on drugs

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, reduced the population of minority groups in correctional populations using a ______ approach.

a. social justice

b. public health

c. restorative justice

d. community board

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. DWB stands for ______.

a. driving while black or brown

b. drunk while black or brown

c. driving while banned

d. none of these

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Jim Crow laws ______.

a. were devised by Northern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life

b. were devised by Southern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life

c. were devised by the federal government to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life

d. were devised by Western states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. The ______ administration facilitated the war on drugs.

a. Nixon

b. Reagan

c. Bush (Sr.)

d. Clinton

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. The ______ administration initiated the war on crack cocaine.

a. Nixon

b. Reagan

c. Bush (Sr.)

d. Clinton

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Racial profiling research has indicated ______.

a. that police officers tend to stop older vehicles, many of which are owned by poorer people and minority group members

b. that whites are more likely than Hispanics or African Americans to report having been stopped by police

c. that police stops are never related to the driver’s skin color

d. nothing of value in this area

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Federal sentences for possession of crack cocaine are harsher than those for possession of powder cocaine by a factor of ______.

a. 10 to 1

b. 18 to 1

c. 50 to 1

d. 55 to 1

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Writer and inmate Victor Hassine (2009), serving a life sentence since 1980, commented that ______.

a. race has not had any impact on his adjustment to prison life

b. race has been only a small part of what he has had to deal with in prison

c. race has been an integral part of his experience of prison life

d. race plays an important role in the experience of prison life only for minority groups, not for white inmates

Learning Objective: 12-5: Discuss how the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Experiencing Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. In studies on victimization in prisons, ______.

a. Asians were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates

b. Native Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical abuse from other inmates than from staff

c. Hispanics were more likely to report sexual or physical abuse from other inmates than from staff

d. African Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates

Learning Objective: 12-5: Discuss how the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Experiencing Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Crouch (1993) argued that blacks might be more able to accept prison and adjust to it because they are ______.

a. more likely to know someone in alternative sentencing programs

b. more likely to know someone who is housed in prison with them

c. less likely than whites to be threatened in prison

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 12-5: Discuss how the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Experiencing Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Since the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ______.

a. fewer minorities are working for corrections industries than before

b. there are more female staff than male staff

c. the hiring of minorities and women has increased

d. Hispanics have risen as the highest number of staff in jails

Learning Objective: 12-5: Discuss how the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Experiencing Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. ______ are less likely than other races to participate in sentencing alternatives such as probation.

a. Hispanics

b. Whites

c. African Americans

d. Native Americans

Learning Objective: 12-5: Discuss how the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Experiencing Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. In recent years, the number of minorities working in corrections has ______.

a. increased

b. remained constant

c. gone down a bit

d. greatly decreased

Learning Objective: 12-5: Discuss how the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Experiencing Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Historically, in some parts of the United States, minority group members have been more likely to be incarcerated when they were innocent.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Discrimination and disparity are different things.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Race is essentially the same as ethnicity.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The term Hispanic includes non-white Asians.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The legacy of racism runs long and deep in the United States.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Slavery was a lucrative business for ship owners in the colonial United States in both the North and South.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The term Native Americans was coined by Christopher Columbus.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The Scottsboro case exemplified the racist attitudes of communities.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Larger Native American reservations do not have their own jails.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. In the history of Mexican Americans, they were forcibly made part of the northern states in America.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Chinese labor was crucial to the construction of the first continental railroad.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Much like the Chinese, Japanese immigrants provided cheap labor.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The internment of Japanese American families was not based on racist-tinged beliefs.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Asian Americans tend to be overrepresented in federal facilities in relation to their representation in the general population.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Americans are more than willing to recognize the existence of a class system in the United States.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Race and traditions of discrimination toward African Americans have stymied their ability to assimilate.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. During WWII, over 100,000 German Americans were put in internment camps.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. According to the Supreme Court, law enforcement officials are not required to verify immigration status.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The war on drugs reduced the disproportionate representation of minorities in correctional institutions.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The war on drugs was initiated by President Nixon.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The implementation of the war on drugs has led to the erosion of civil liberties protections regarding search and evidence.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Preventing African Americans from voting was a key part of Jim Crow laws.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Sentences for crack cocaine possession are now proportionate to sentences for powder cocaine possession.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. “Driving while black or brown” refers to the police practice of focusing law enforcement on black- or brown-skinned drivers.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Asian Americans in prison are most likely to report sexual or physical violence by either staff or an inmate.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Discuss how the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Experiencing Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain the distinction between race and ethnicity.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain the difference between discrimination and disparity.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Define institutional racism. Provide a detailed example of this phenomenon.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain the treatment of Japanese Americans placed in internment camps during World War II.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Explain Jim Crow laws and discuss how they were used.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Discuss sentencing in terms of conviction for possession of crack versus powdered cocaine.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Discuss the factors that enabled an increase in the employment of minorities in corrections.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Discuss slavery and the impact of racism for African Americans in correctional history.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Describe the case Powell v. Alabama. What happened and why was it significant?

Learning Objective: 12-1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Identify and explain five examples of racism as cited by Bill Quigley.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Do you believe the criminal justice system is racist? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 12-5: Discuss how the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Entire Chapter

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. What is the connection between class and race/ethnicity? Do you believe that their intersection has had negative impacts on minorities in this country?

Learning Objective: 12-2: Describe some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. What has research suggested about African Americans in regard to prison vs. probation?

Learning Objective: 12-5: Discuss how the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Minorities: Experiencing Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Do you believe that the war on drugs is racist? Use material from the course to support your position.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Discuss racial profiling and how it is practiced.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Explain the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium