Chapter 14: The Process of Change: We Can Make a Difference!

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following refers to variations or alterations over time in the behavior patterns, culture, and structure of society?

a. cyclical theories

b. social change

c. social strain

d. stressors

Learning Objective: 14.1: Describe how the development of technology brings about change in societies and their environments.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. ______ refers to the practical application of tools, skills, and knowledge to meet human needs and extend human abilities.

a. Technology

b. Science

c. Industry

d. Globalization

Learning Objective: 14.1: Describe how the development of technology brings about change in societies and their environments.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Technology and Science

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following sociologists argued that change is brought about through the three processes of discovery, invention, and diffusion?

a. Karl Marx

b. William Ogburn

c. W.E.B. DuBois

d. C. Wright Mills

Learning Objective: 14.1: Describe how the development of technology brings about change in societies and their environments.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Technology and Science

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The Silk Road, an ancient network of trade routes that connected Asia, Europe, and Africa, helped support the spread of new ideas across the world. The transmission of ideas that occurred as a result of these trade routes is an example of ______.

a. discovery

b. technology

c. invention

d. diffusion

Learning Objective: 14.1: Describe how the development of technology brings about change in societies and their environments.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Technology and Science

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which of the following would be considered a micro-level social change?

a. a school system creating new day-care programs

b. a synagogue launching a neighborhood cleanup campaign

c. students urging other students to recycle

d. a city government lobbying for funds to build a public transit system

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Change at the Individual Level: Micro-Level Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Mayflower United Church of Christ in Minneapolis brought a resolution to the congregation that by 2030 the church would be entirely carbon neutral. This is an example of ______.

a. micro-level change

b. meso-level change

c. macro-level change

d. global change

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Change at the Organizational or Institutional Level: Meso-Level Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The Paris Agreement is an example of ______.

a. individual change

b. micro-level change

c. meso-level change

d. macro-level change

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Societal-Level Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Julia’s religion disapproves of gay marriage, but she personally supports it. This is an example of ______.

a. stress

b. strain

c. symbolic change

d. population dynamics

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Process of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. The impact that the large baby boomer generation is having on the U.S. Social Security system is an example of ______.

a. stress

b. strain

c. symbolic change

d. stigma

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Process of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following is an example of strain experienced by an organization?

a. national political upheaval

b. a natural disaster

c. a labor strike

d. new tax laws

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Process of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. Which theory of social change focuses on individuals’ agency to change society?

a. symbolic interaction theory

b. social evolutionary theory

c. rational choice theory

d. functionalist theory

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Symbolic Interaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. According to ______, sometimes it’s enough for people to become aware of the advantages or disadvantages of a particular outcome—for example, the costs of continuing to burn fossil fuels—for social change to occur.

a. symbolic interaction theory

b. functionalist theory

c. conflict theory

d. rational choice theory

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rational Choice

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. ______ at the macro level assume that societies change slowly from simple to more complex forms.

a. Social evolutionary theories

b. Functionalist theories

c. Conflict theories

d. Symbolic interactionist theories

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. According to evolutionary theory, societies typically move through stages in which order?

a. horticultural, hunter-gatherer, agrarian, industrial, and post-industrial

b. hunter-gatherer, horticultural, agrarian, industrial, and post-industrial

c. hunter-gatherer, agrarian, horticultural, industrial, and post-industrial

d. agrarian, hunting and gathering, horticultural, industrial, and post-industrial

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which of the following views rapid change with suspicion?

a. social evolutionary theory

b. functionalist theory

c. conflict theory

d. rational choice theory

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functionalist Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which of the following assumes that change is inevitable because of inequality in society?

a. symbolic interaction theory

b. functionalist theory

c. conflict theory

d. world systems theory

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflict Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Karl Marx viewed ______ conflict as the major source of tension leading to change in any society, but other conflict theorists study additional variables that can also be the grounds for oppression.

a. gender

b. racial

c. political

d. class

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflict Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. According to world systems theory, what type of countries provide raw materials and cheap labor for richer countries?

a. core countries

b. semiperipheral countries

c. peripheral countries

d. developed countries

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: World Systems Theory of Global Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. According to world systems theory, what type of country holds an intermediate position, is industrializing, and trades with the other two types of countries?

a. core countries

b. semiperipheral countries

c. peripheral countries

d. developing countries

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: World Systems Theory of Global Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. According to world systems theory, which of the following is a core country?

a. Japan

b. Botswana

c. Brazil

d. India

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: World Systems Theory of Global Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

21.______ behaviors are forms of collective behavior in which a crowd acts as a unified group, while ______ behaviors occur when individuals respond in a similar manner to uncertain situations.

a. Crowd; mass

b. Mob; fashion

c. Mass; crowd

d. Fad; riot

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Micro- to Meso-Level Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Which of the following is an example of a crowd behavior?

a. a fad

b. a panic

c. a rumor

d. a fashion

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Micro- to Meso-Level Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which of the following is an example of a mass behavior?

a. a riot

b. a demonstration

c. a fad

d. a crowd

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Micro- to Meso-Level Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. According to ______, a college student might participate in a rally if he thinks that the rewards outweigh the costs, even if the reward is increased solidarity with his classmates.

a. feminist theory

b. value added theory

c. emergent norm theory

d. the minimax strategy

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Middle-Range Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Tola is studying the way that individuals decide to behave following a terrorist attack in their area. She hypothesizes that people’s confusion following the attack will lead to the development of new definitions of acceptable behavior. Tola is most likely using ______.

a. minimax strategy theory

b. value-added theory

c. emergent norm theory

d. conflict theory

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Middle-Range Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which theory of collective behavior outlines six factors that are necessary for collective behavior?

a. minimax strategy

b. value-added theory

c. emergent norm theory

d. world systems theory

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Middle-Range Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. The group of people who lynched Jesse Washington in Mississippi in 1916 constituted a ______.

a. riot

b. demonstration

c. panic

d. mob

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. ______ are forms of mass behavior in which unsupported or unproven reports about an issue or concern circulate widely throughout the public.

a. Mobs

b. Rumors

c. Fads

d. Fashions

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Diets featured in books and advertisements that are popular for a short time are examples of ______.

a. mobs

b. crowd behavior

c. fads

d. fashions

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. ______ refer to a style of appearance and behavior temporarily favored by a large number of people.

a. Mobs

b. Rumors

c. Fads

d. Fashions

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Which of the following models for planning organizational change combine(s) both internal processes and the external environment?

a. conflict theory

b. symbolic interaction theory

c. open systems models

d. human relations models

Learning Objective: 14.4: Provide examples of the difference between planned and unplanned change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Models for Planning Organizational Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Which of the following is one of the conditions that gives rise to the preliminary stage of a social movement?

a. a sense of efficacy

b. internal strain

c. institutionalization

d. fragmentation

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stages of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Maria’s group formed to advocate for student rights. At this point, the interest in the group seems to be waning, and Maria has been unable to raise the necessary funds to keep the group going. It appears that the group is dissolving. The group is in the ______ stage.

a. fragmentation

b. popularization

c. institutionalization

d. formalization

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stages of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Which of the following is a proactive social movement?

a. a group promoting a $10 minimum wage.

b. a group campaigning against gun restrictions.

c. a group that feeds people in need each holiday.

d. a group that supports religious fundamentalism.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. The white supremacist hate group Patriot Front believes that the United States, a “once great nation,” is imperiled by—among other things—its diverse population. Patriot front is an example of a(n) ______.

a. social reform movement

b. expressive social movement

c. reactive social movement

d. proactive social movement

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. The Workers’ Solidarity Alliance is an anarchist organization that believes “working people can build a better world based on the principles of solidarity and self-management.” They are an example of a(n) ______.

a. expressive movement

b. revolutionary movement

c. resistance movement

d. social reform movement

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. A group of lawyers seeks to protect the rights of indigenous people by appealing to the U.S. government to comply with treaties. This is an example of a(n) ______ movement.

a. revolutionary movement

b. expressive movement

c. proactive movement

d. social reform movement

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. According to Scientology’s official website, “We [scientologists] seek no revolution. We seek only evolution to higher states of being for the individual and for society.” Scientology is an example of a(n) ______.

a. resistance movement

b. expressive movement

c. proactive movement

d. social reform movement

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. ______ movements are mobilized groups that take place across societies as international organizations.

a. Global transnational

b. Proactive revolutionary

c. Regressive

d. Social reform

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Globalization from ______ refers to the efforts by common people in small groups and protest movements to fight back against global economic forces.

a. above

b. below

c. the masses

d. correlation

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Globalization and Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. A nation’s research and development is an important measure of its investment in the future.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Describe how the development of technology brings about change in societies and their environments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Technology and Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Conflicting goals are one example of the stresses organizations may experience.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Process of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The natural environment can create strain within an organization.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Process of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Symbolic interaction theorists argue that change is largely driven by individuals seeking rewards and reduced costs.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Symbolic Interaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The assumption that all societies progress through the same steps is a tenet of contemporary social evolutionary theories.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. According to modern evolutionary theory, societies cannot skip steps in the evolutionary process.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. According to world systems theory, peripheral countries are in an intermediate position in the world.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: World Systems Theory of Global Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Mexico is a core nation.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Meso- and Macro-Level Theories of Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Sometimes, behavior that results in change is spontaneous.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Micro- to Meso-Level Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., there was widespread civil unrest. While some protested peacefully, others looted and burned down stores. This unrest would be best described as a panic.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. According to emergent norm theory, individuals try to minimize their losses or costs and maximize their benefits.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Middle-Range Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Riots differ from mobs in that riots focus on specific targets while mobs may shift targets.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The wearing of denim jeans by most people in the United States is an example of a fad.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The open systems system model emphasizes the idea that all parts of the organization and its immediate environment are linked.

Learning Objective: 14.4: Provide examples of the difference between planned and unplanned change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Models for Planning Organizational Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Closed system models focus on the internal dynamics of the organization.

Learning Objective: 14.4: Provide examples of the difference between planned and unplanned change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Change: Process and Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. One feature of social movements is that they are consciously organized.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is a Social Movement?

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. During the popularization stage, the social movement becomes institutionalized.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stages of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Reactive social movements promote change in society.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Expressive movements focus on changing individuals and saving people from corrupt lifestyles.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Social reform movements are most often religious in nature.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Social reform movements differ from revolutionary movements in that social reform movements often want to change all aspects of society while revolutionary movements generally focus on only one issue.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Revolutionary movements often use violent means to achieve their goals.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Regressive movements try to protect an existing system or part of a system.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Movements to improve the working conditions from actions brought about by multinational corporations are examples of resistance movements.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Global transnational movements are typically proactive.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. List and briefly discuss the three processes that bring about change identified by Ogburn. Provide an example of each process.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Describe how the development of technology brings about change in societies and their environments.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Technology and Science

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What is social change? Provide an example at each level of analysis.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Process of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What is the difference between strain and stress? Provide an example of each.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Process of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. How have social evolutionary theories evolved since they first came to prominence during the Industrial Revolution?

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. According to world systems theory, what are the three main parts of the world system? What role do the different types of countries play?

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Meso- and Macro-Level Theories of Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. How does the climate crisis illustrate the world systems theory and rift between rich and poor countries?

Learning Objective: 14.2: Give examples of how change takes place at each level of analysis

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Meso- and Macro-Level Theories of Change

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Compare and contrast crowd and mass behaviors. Provide examples of each.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Micro- to Meso-Level Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What is emergent norm theory? Give an example of collective behavior that could be explained by this theory.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Micro- to Meso-Level Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. According to value-added theory, what are the key elements necessary for collective behavior to emerge?

Learning Objective: 14.3: Explain the six factors necessary for collective behavior to occur.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collective Behavior: Middle-Range Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Compare and contrast open-system and closed-system models for planning organizational change.

Learning Objective: 14.4: Provide examples of the difference between planned and unplanned change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Models for Planning Organizational Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Identify and describe the four stages of social movements.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stages of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Compare and contrast proactive and reactive social movements. Provide an example of each.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. What are expressive social movements? Provide an example.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Never Again MSD, a group founded by twenty survivors of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, advocates for tighter gun regulations. What type of social movement is Never Again MSD? How do you know?

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Theories of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. What is globalization from below? What does it involve?

Learning Objective: 14.5: Illustrate the stages of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Globalization and Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard