Complete Test Bank Ch12 Lipids Structure and Function

Test questions for Chapter 12

Lipids: Structure and Function

1. Which of the statements below best describes the following structure?

• 1. This is the structure of an anabolic steroid.
  2. This is the structure of testosterone.
  3. This is the structures of the backbone of all steroids.
  4. This is the structure of the backbone of all lipids.
  5. This is cholesterol.

1. Which of the following is not a steroid?
   1. insulin
   2. androgens
   3. estrogens
   4. cholesterol
   5. testosterone
2. The role of hormones in the body is to
   1. regulate body temperature.
   2. serve as a chemical messenger.
   3. store energy.
   4. catalyze chemical reactions.
   5. transport key molecules.
3. An anabolic steroid functions by
   1. binding to the testosterone receptor.
   2. initiating a biochemical pathway.
   3. producing proteins.
   4. making new muscles.
   5. All of the above
4. Which of the following molecules are anabolic steroids?

I II III

1. All of these are anabolic steroids.
2. Both II and IIII are anabolic steroids.
3. Only III is an anabolic steroid.
4. Both I and III are anabolic steroids.
5. None of these are anabolic steroids.
6. Which of the following is NOT a side effect of anabolic steroid use?
   1. infertility
   2. testicular atrophy
   3. cardiovascular disease
   4. prostate cancer
   5. excessive growth in teenagers
7. Why might an anabolic steroid be prescribed by a doctor?
   1. to promote growth in those below average height
   2. to treat low testosterone
   3. to treat inflammation
   4. to treat cancer
   5. to treat infection
8. Which of the following statements describes lipids?
   1. Lipids all have the steroid backbone.
   2. The body stores excess calories as lipids.
   3. Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents.
   4. Lipids are soluble in water, but insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
   5. Lipids are insoluble in all solvents.
9. Which of the following type of molecule is not a lipid?
   1. amino acid
   2. triglyceride
   3. phospholipid
   4. steroid
   5. eicosanoid
10. Which of the following types of lipids are derived from fatty acids and are involved in the body’s inflammatory response?

a. triglyceride

b. phospholipid

c. glycolipid

d. steroid

e. eicosanoid

1. Which of the following types of lipids are fats and oils?

a. triglyceride

b. phospholipid

c. glycolipid

d. steroid

e. eicosanoid

1. Which type of lipid is the main component of cell membranes?

a. triglyceride

b. phospholipid

c. glycolipid

d. phospholipids and glycolipids

e. triglycerides and eicosanoid

1. Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of triacylglycerides in the body?
   1. Triacylglycerides are a reservoir of long-term energy.
   2. Triacylglycerides are a reservoir of short-term energy.
   3. Triacylglycerides are chemical messengers.
   4. Triacylglycerides are the main components of cell walls.
   5. Triacylglycerides are important components of our diet, but do not have a purpose in the body.
2. Identify the class of lipid to which the following molecule belongs.

• 1. eicosanoid
  2. triacylglycerol
  3. steroid
  4. glycerophospholipid
  5. fatty acid

1. Which of the following lists of features best describes the structure of a naturally occurring fatty acid?

1. Which of the following molecules is NOT a naturally occurring fatty acid?

1. How does a double bond in a fatty acid change the overall structure of the fatty acid?
   1. The overall structure does not change.
   2. The more double bonds a fatty acid has, the more linear it is.
   3. The more double bonds a fatty acid has, the more flexible it is.
   4. The more double bonds a fatty acid has, the more bent or kinked it is.
   5. The more double bonds a fatty acid has, the more twisted it is.
2. Which statement best describes the meaning of “saturated” as it relates to fatty acids?
   1. “Saturated” means that the fatty acid is hydrated.
   2. “Saturated” means that the fatty acid is dissolved in water.
   3. “Saturated” means that the fatty acid is bent or kinked.
   4. “Saturated” means that the fatty acid has many carboxylic acids.
   5. “Saturated” means that the fatty acid has the maximum number of hydrogens possible.
3. A polyunsaturated fatty acid contains multiple
   1. ketones.
   2. carboxylic acids.
   3. carbon-carbon double bonds.
   4. alcohols.
   5. Any of the above
4. Match the type of fatty acid with its shape:

I II III

Unsaturated Unsaturated Saturated

cis double bond trans double bond

1. I: linear II: bent III: bent
2. I: linear II: bent III: linear
3. I: bent II: linear III: linear
4. I: linear II: linear III: bent
5. I: linear II: bent III: linear
6. Which of the following choices correctly numbers linolenic acid (shown below) using the delta system?

1. Which of the following choices correctly numbers linolenic acid (shown below) using the omega system?

1. Which of the following choices correctly numbers pinolenic acid (shown below) using the omega system?

1. Which of the following choices correctly numbers pinolenic acid (shown below) using the omega system?

1. The melting point of a fatty acid is determined by _________in the fatty acid.
   1. the number of hydrogen bonding functional groups
   2. the number of double bonds
   3. the number of carbons
   4. both the number of carbons and the number of double bonds
   5. the number of reactive functional groups
2. Which of the fatty acids shown below are saturated?

1. stearic acid
2. stearic acid and palmitic acid
3. oleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid
4. arachidonic acid
5. All of these are saturated.
6. Which of the fatty acids below has the highest melting point?

1. stearic acid
2. palmitic acid
3. oleic acid
4. arachidonic acid
5. linoleic acid
6. Which of the fatty acids below is a solid at room temperature?

1. stearic acid
2. stearic acid and palmitic acid
3. oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid
4. arachidonic acid
5. None of these are solids at room temperature.
6. Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?
7. stearic acid
8. palmitic acid
9. oleic acid
10. arachidonic acid
11. linoleic acid
12. Why do unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids?
13. Unsaturated fatty acids stack better than saturated fatty acids.
14. Saturated fatty acids stack better than unsaturated fatty acids.
15. Unsaturated fatty acids are larger than saturated fatty acids.
16. Saturated fatty acids are larger than unsaturated fatty acids.
17. Unsaturated fatty acids are more flexible than saturated fatty acids.
18. An adipocyte stores
    1. proteins.
    2. triglycerides.
    3. white blood cells.
    4. red blood cells.
    5. carbohydrates.
19. Identify the class of lipid to which the following molecule belongs.

a. eicosanoid

b. triacylglycerol

c. steroid

d. glycerophospholipid

e. fatty acid

1. Triglycerides are insoluble in water because they
   1. have extensive nonpolar hydrocarbon structures.
   2. have polar carbonyl functional groups.
   3. can hydrogen bond with water.
   4. are esters.
   5. are carboxylic acids.
2. The portion of the molecule that is boxed is called

1. the amino acid backbone.
2. the glycerol backbone.
3. the phosphate backbone.
4. a saturated fatty acid.
5. an unsaturated fatty acid.
6. The functional group that is circled is called a(n)

1. ester.
2. ether.
3. carboxylic acid.
4. carbonyl.
5. ketone.
6. Triglycerides generally have physical properties
   1. similar to the fatty acids from which they are composed.
   2. similar to glycerol.
   3. very different from the fatty acids from which they are composed.
   4. similar to phospholipids.
   5. All lipids have the same physical properties.
7. The following triglyceride is

• 1. a fat because it is unsaturated.
  2. a fat because it is saturated.
  3. an oil because it is unsaturated.
  4. an oil because it is saturated.
  5. neither a fat nor an oil.

1. A triglyceride that is solid at room temperature is called a(n)
2. lipid.
3. oil.
4. eicosanoid.
5. steroid.
6. fat.
7. Which of the following type of triglyceride is the healthiest to eat?
8. monounsaturated
9. polyunsaturated
10. saturated
11. trans fats
12. All fats should be eliminated from the diet.
13. Where would you most likely find unsaturated fats?
14. They are found in meat.
15. They are found in cheese.
16. They are found in butter.
17. They are found in plants.
18. They are found in margarine.
19. Where would you most likely find trans fats?
20. They are found in meat.
21. They are found in cheese.
22. They are found in butter.
23. They are found in plants.
24. They are found in margarine.
25. Diets high in saturated and trans fat have been linked to
26. heart disease.
27. diabetes.
28. cancer.
29. obesity.
30. All of the above
31. The bar graph below shows the percentage of saturated fats in a variety of triglycerides. Given this information, which triglycerides should be minimized in the diet?

Percentage saturated fat in a variety of fats and oils

0

20

40

60

80

canola oil

olive oil

margarine

palm oil

butter

fat/oil

%

1. canola oil
2. butter
3. canola oil, olive oil, and margarine
4. margarine
5. palm oil and butter
6. The body uses _________ for short-term energy storage and _______ for longer- term energy needs.
7. triglycerides; ATP
8. ATP; triglycerides
9. glycogen; triglycerides
10. ATP; glycogen
11. glycogen; ATP
12. About how long do an average adult male’s glycogen stores last?
13. about an hour
14. about a day
15. about a week
16. about a month
17. about 12 weeks
18. About how long do an average adult male’s fat stores last?
    1. about an hour
    2. about a day
    3. about a week
    4. several weeks
    5. several years
19. Which biomolecules provide the most energy per gram?
    1. proteins
    2. carbohydrates
    3. triglycerides
    4. Protein and carbohydrates provide more energy than triglycerides.
    5. Proteins, carbohydrates and triglycerides provide the same amount of energy.
20. Compared to fats and sugars, how much energy do fats supply?
21. Per gram, fats supply about half the energy of proteins and sugars.
22. Per gram, fats supply about twice the energy of proteins and sugars.
23. Per gram, fats supply about one-fourth the energy of proteins and sugars.
24. Per gram, fats supply about four times the energy of proteins and sugars.
25. Fats, sugars, and proteins all supply about the same amount of energy.
26. Which of the following reactions illustrate the hydrolysis of triglycerides during digestion?

1. Degradation of dietary fats begins in the
2. mouth.
3. stomach.
4. small intestine.
5. colon.
6. liver.
7. Which of the following statements best describes the importance of emulsification in fat digestion?
8. Emulsification breaks the fatty acids apart from glycerol, resulting in the absorption of the fat.
9. Emulsification is required to break up globules of insoluble fats so they can be hydrolyzed.
10. Emulsifiers are the molecules that actively transport fats into cells.
11. Emulsifiers transport fats through the bloodstream.
12. Emulsification transports electrons to lipase during hydrolysis.
13. Which parts of the body are NOT involved in the transport and digestion of triglycerides?
    1. the mouth
    2. the small intestine
    3. muscle cells
    4. chylomicrons
    5. the intestinal mucosa

1. While triglycerides, proteins, and carbohydrates are all catabolized in similar biochemical pathways, fats present a problem that the other two nutrient types do not. Which of the following choices is a problem with fat digestion that proteins and sugars do not have?
2. Fats are water soluble, and proteins and sugars are not.
3. Fats are highly reactive, and proteins and sugars are not.
4. Fats are not at all reactive, whereas proteins and sugars are very reactive.
5. Proteins and sugars are water soluble, but fats are not.
6. Fats are unusual because they do not interact with enzymes.
7. Triglycerides are not soluble in water and so cannot be transported through the blood without help. How are fats transported?
8. in lipoproteins
9. in starch
10. alongside hormones
11. through protein channels
12. They are not transported.
13. Fatty acids are stored in _______ and undergo metabolism in_______.
14. lipoproteins; adipocytes
15. adipocytes; adipocytes
16. adipocytes; muscle cells
17. muscle cells; lipoproteins
18. lipoproteins; lipoproteins
19. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the cell membrane?
20. to communicate with chemical messengers
21. to separate the contents of the cell from external fluids
22. to facilitate transport of nutrients and waste
23. to synthesize proteins
24. to protect the contents of the cell from undesirable chemicals
25. Amphipathic molecules can interact with both lipids and water because they contain
26. an ester.
27. sphingosine.
28. polar regions and nonpolar regions.
29. cholesterol.
30. saturated fatty acids.
31. Which of the following choices is the definition of “amphipathic”?
32. It refers to a molecule that can be both oxidized and reduced.
33. It refers to a molecule that reacts with its environment.
34. It refers to a molecule that has two reactive sites.
35. It refers to a molecule that makes bubbles.
36. It refers to a molecule that has a polar and a nonpolar part.
37. In which of the following choices are the three molecules below correctly identified as polar, nonpolar or amphipathic?

1. Both of these lipids are found in

I II

1. cell membranes.
2. mitochondria.
3. proteins.
4. steroids.
5. soap.
6. The component of a cell membrane shown below is a

1. glycerophospholipid.
2. glycosphingolipid.
3. sphingomyelin.
4. triacylglycerol.
5. fatty acid.
6. The component of a cell membrane shown below is a

1. glycerophospholipid.
2. glycosphingolipid.
3. sphingomyelin.
4. triacylglycerol.
5. fatty acid.
6. Generally, membrane lipids
7. contain a hydroxyl group.
8. contain more than one ester functional group.
9. have a sphingosine backbone.
10. have a glycerol backbone.
11. have a nonpolar and a polar region.
12. Lipid II contains which of the following functional groups not found in lipid I?

I II

1. amide
2. alcohol
3. alkene
4. amide and alcohol
5. amide, alcohol, and alkene
6. Lipid II is labeled A-D. Which of the labeled parts of this molecule comprise the sphingosine backbone?

1. A only
2. A and B
3. B and C
4. A, B, and D
5. The sphingosine backbone is composed of all of the labeled parts of the molecule.
6. What type of lipid is this molecule?

1. This is a triacylglycerol.
2. This is a glycerophospholipid.
3. This is a glycosphingolipid.
4. This is a sphingomyelin.
5. This is a cerebroside.
6. What type of lipid is this molecule?

1. This is a triacylglycerol.
2. This is a glycerophospholipid.
3. This is a glycosphingolipid.
4. This is a sphingomyelin.
5. This is an ethanolamine.
6. The following molecule is a cerebroside. What characteristics does this molecule have?

1. The molecule has a sphingosine backbone and a galactose sugar.
2. The molecule has a glycerol backbone and a galactose sugar.
3. The molecule contains an amine.
4. The molecule has a sphingosine backbone and a glucose sugar.
5. The molecule has a glycerol backbone and a glucose sugar.
6. What important role does sphingomyelin have in the body?
7. It insulates nerve fibers in the brain.
8. It is important in energy storage.
9. It is a chemical messenger.
10. It is the primary component of the lipid bilayer for all cells.
11. It lines the stomach.
12. Parts of the lipid below are labeled A and B. Which choice best describes part A and part B?

1. A membrane lipid is often depicted as shown below in Lipid I. Which part of the molecular structure of Lipid I does the circle represent?

1. Part A
2. Part B
3. Part C
4. Parts A and B
5. Parts B and C
6. A membrane lipid is often depicted as shown below in Lipid I. Which part of the molecular structure of Lipid I does the wavy line represent?

1. Part A
2. Parts A and B
3. Parts A, C, and D
4. Parts C and D
5. Parts B and D
6. Which of the following figures best illustrates how the lipid bilayer would arrange itself in a nonpolar solution such as hexane?

a. b. c. d.

1. The type of molecules that make up the majority of the cell membrane are
2. phospholipids.
3. steroids.
4. transmembrane proteins.
5. carbohydrates.
6. cholesterol.
7. Which of the following statements best describes the lipid bilayer?
8. It is flexible and fluid-like.
9. It is held together by hydrogen bonds.
10. It is rigid and stiff.
11. It cracks easily.
12. All of the above are true.
13. The lipid bilayer is fluid-like and flexible. Because of this, it is often described as
14. ductile.
15. fluid mosaic.
16. squashy.
17. supple elastic.
18. bendable membrane.
19. Glycerophospholipids typically contain unsaturated fatty acids because they
    1. act as receptors for steroids.
    2. have few attractive forces between them, making the membrane fluid.
    3. have many attractive forces between them, making the membrane fluid.
    4. have few attractive forces between them, making the membrane stiff.
    5. have many attractive forces between them, making the membrane stiff.
20. In the following illustration of a cell membrane, the molecule that acts as a receptor, communicating with molecules such as steroids, is represented by the letter

1. A.
2. B.
3. C.
4. D.
5. E.
6. In the following illustration of a cell membrane, the molecules labeled (E) are

1. steroids.
2. proteins.
3. carbohydrate side chains.
4. phospholipids.
5. glycerophospholipids.
6. The molecule that facilitates transport through the cell is indicated by the letter____ in the following illustration of a cell membrane.

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
6. The component of the cell membrane labeled C corresponds to which part of the following glycerophospholipid?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 2 and 3
6. The polar component of the cell membrane below corresponds to which part of the molecule in the following glycerophospholipid?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 2 and 3
6. Which of the following choices does NOT describe a way in which molecules are transported through the cell membrane?
7. Water passes through the cell membrane by osmosis.
8. Specialized proteins transfer some polar molecules through the membrane.
9. Glucose is absorbed through the lipid bilayer.
10. Ions are pumped through specialized proteins using energy from ATP.
11. Actually, these are all ways that molecules can move through the cell membrane.
12. Which of the following molecules represents the steroid nucleus?

1. Which of the following statements about cholesterol is NOT true?
2. It is used to synthesize steroid hormones.
3. It is a precursor for bile acids.
4. It adds rigidity to cell membranes.
5. It is a precursor of prostaglandins.
6. It is an amphipathic molecule.
7. Cholesterol is shown below, on the left. To the right are two derivatives of cholesterol: cholic acid and vitamin D₃. Which of the statements below best describe how cholesterol must be modified to become cholic acid and vitamin D₃?

1. Which of the following statements does NOT describe vitamin D₃?
2. It is fat soluble.
3. It is produced in the skin from cholesterol.
4. Sunlight is required to produce it.
5. It regulates calcium uptake.
6. Actually, all of these choices are true.
7. These steroid hormones control the menstrual cycle.
8. glucocorticoids
9. mineralocorticoids
10. progestins
11. androgens
12. estrogens
13. These hormones regulate ion balances in tissues.
    1. glucocorticoids
    2. mineralocorticoids
    3. progestins
    4. androgens
    5. estrogens
14. These steroid hormones are the major sex hormones.
15. glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
16. mineralocorticoids and progestins
17. estrogens and androgens only
18. estrogens, androgens, and progestins
19. All of these are sex hormones.
20. This class of steroid hormone is used to treat inflammatory diseases, including rashes, asthma, and arthritis.
    1. glucocorticoids
    2. mineralocorticoids
    3. progestins
    4. androgens
21. estrogens
22. Which of the following choices best describes the structure and function of a chylomicron, illustrated below?

1. Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of a lipoprotein?
2. Lipoproteins metabolize lipids into new substances.
3. Lipoproteins transport lipids in the body.
4. Lipoproteins dissolve lipids in urine.
5. Lipoproteins store lipids.
6. Lipoproteins dissolve polar lipids for excretion.
7. This type of lipoprotein is often called “good cholesterol.”
   1. Chylomicron
   2. VLDL
   3. IDL
   4. LDL
   5. HDL
8. This type of lipoprotein travels through the blood and delivers triglycerides to adipose and muscle cells.
9. chylomicrons only
10. chylomicrons and VLDL
11. IDL and LDL
12. LDL and HDL
13. All of the lipoproteins do this.
14. As VLDLs deliver their triglycerides to cells, the lipoproteins become
    1. chylomicrons only.
    2. chylomicrons and VLDL.
    3. IDL and LDL.
    4. LDL and HDL.
    5. All of the lipoproteins do this.
15. This lipoprotein is the largest and least dense.
    1. chylomicron
    2. VLDL
    3. IDL
    4. LDL
    5. HDL
16. Which of the following statements best describes why HDL is considered “good cholesterol”?
17. It has the highest density.
18. It is the smallest lipoprotein.
19. It scavenges excess cholesterol and takes it to the liver.
20. It takes triglycerides to adipocytes.
21. It converts cholesterol into bile salts.

1. Which individual has the least to worry about from his recent cholesterol test?
2. Patient A has an LDL count of 200mg/dL and HDL 40mg/dL.
3. Patient B has an LDL count of 130mg/dL and HDL of 40mg/dL.
4. Patient C has an LDL count of 240mg/dL and HDL of 30mg/dL.
5. Patient D has an LDL count of 120mg/dL and HDL of 40mg/dL.
6. Patient E has an LDL count of 120mg/dL and HDL of 60mg/dL.
7. Blood is drawn from a patient to measure their “cholesterol levels.” What is measured by this test?
8. the concentration of cholesterol in the blood
9. the concentration of cholesterol in the liver
10. the concentration of lipoproteins in the blood
11. bile acids
12. the concentration of all lipids in the blood
13. Which of the following is an indicator of inflammation?
14. pain
15. swelling
16. warmth
17. redness
18. All of these are indicators of inflammation.
19. Which of the following molecules is an eicosanoid?

1. From what common molecule are all eicosanoids synthesized in the body?
2. cholesterol
3. any triglyceride
4. arachidonic acid
5. lipoproteins
6. any glycerophospholipid
7. A patient has sprained her knee in a game of basketball and presents with swelling and pain. Which of the following statements best describes why the swelling occurs?
8. Leukotrienes make blood vessels more permeable, leading to the delivery of immune system cells to the damaged tissue.
9. Broken blood vessels bleed into the injured area, making it swell.
10. The increase in temperature by prostaglandins results in increased blood flow to the area.
11. Thromboxanes isolate the injured tissue, resulting in swelling.
12. All of the above
13. Pain is often associated with inflammation. Why is this?
14. An injury that swells looks painful, thus tricking the injured into feeling pain.
15. Additional prostaglandins are released for the purpose of elevating pain levels.
16. Because injury results in elevated prostaglandins, which results in sensitization of pain neurons.
17. Inflammation crowds organs and stretches skin, causing pain.
18. Broken skin causes pain.
19. Anti-asthma medications are ________ inhibitors, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit _________.
20. lipoxygenase; cyclooxygenase
21. phospholipase; cyclooxygenase
22. lipoxygenase; phospholipase
23. phospholipase; lipoxygenase
24. cyclooxygenase; phospholipase
25. How does an NSAID reduce pain?
26. It interacts directly with the pain receptors and deadens their response.
27. It damages inflammatory prostaglandins.
28. It inhibits the formation of inflammatory prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase.
29. It fights infection and kills bacteria in the injury.
30. It reduces fever.
31. Which of the following diseases are not typically treated with prostaglandin inhibitors?
32. asthma
33. pain and inflammation
34. bronchitis
35. glaucoma
36. cancer