Comparative Politics 3e Dickovick Eastwood Docx Test bank 3e

CHAPTER 1: THE COMPARATIVE APPROACH: AN INTRODUCTION

Multiple Choice Questions

Page number: 3-4

1. Why are why questions most effective for studying comparative politics?
2. Why questions go beyond simple facts.
3. Why questions require argumentation and reasoning.
4. Why questions allow room for debate.
5. All of the above

Page number: 4-6

1. Which of the following would be the best example of a good comparative politics question?
2. Who makes up the Electoral College?
3. What are the flaws of the Electoral College?
4. Why is the Electoral College used in the United States?
5. What is the job of the Electoral College?

Page number: 4-6

1. Which of the following is not a good comparative politics question?
2. When did the Iranian Revolution happen?
3. Why did the Iranian Revolution happen?
4. Why was the Iranian Revolution unlike the Russian Revolution in some key respects?
5. Why did the Iranian Revolution not lead to liberal democracy?

Page number: 5

1. Which of the following would be an example of a “leading” question?
2. Why did the New World colonies revolt against the British?
3. Why did the British unfairly tax the New World colonies?
4. Why did the British colonize the New World?
5. When did the British colonize the New World?

Page number: 5

1. Which type of question most easily lends itself to being an open-ended question?
2. Who questions
3. What questions
4. Why questions
5. Where questions

Page number: 5

1. Why are “leading” questions not considered good social-scientific questions?
2. Leading questions can lead to a biased argument.
3. Leading questions evoke an emotional response.
4. Leading questions steer the researcher in a specific direction.
5. Leading questions lack creativity.

Page number: 6-7

1. Which of the following is not a good comparative politics question?
2. Why do some states adopt religious fundamentalism?
3. Why should religious fundamentalism not be involved in politics?
4. Why do some parties embrace religious rhetoric?
5. Why are religious actors politically successful in some societies and not in others?

Page number: 7

1. Which of the following is the most empirical question?
2. Isn’t American democracy the best in the world?
3. Isn’t French democracy the best in the world?
4. Which societies are the most democratic?
5. Shouldn’t all societies be democratic?

Page number: 7

1. Which type of arguments do scholars of comparative politics usually make?
2. Political arguments
3. Ethical arguments
4. Normative arguments
5. Empirical arguments

Page number: 6

1. Why questions may be poor questions if they __________.
2. Do not lead to easily attainable answers
3. Do not lead to attempted explanations of cause and effect
4. Steer the researcher towards a specific answer
5. Are open-ended

Page number: 6-7

1. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding empirical arguments?
2. Empirical arguments are concerned with right and wrong.
3. Empirical arguments are drawn from actual observations of the world.
4. Empirical arguments are largely emotional.
5. Empirical arguments are used only in empires.

Page number: 8-9

1. Which of the following marks good scholarship?
2. Seeking evidence, testing hypotheses, making arguments, contributing to theoretical debates
3. Seeking evidence, following the scientific method, reporting and publishing findings, staying true to yourself and your political goals
4. Proposing research, collecting materials, seeking outside sources, analyzing the information, never giving up on what you believe
5. Gathering facts, developing theories, testing the theories, analyzing the information, rejecting complex ideas

Page number: 9

1. What is a concept?
2. An individual’s opinion on a subject
3. A theory in science that has been tested and vetted
4. An abstract idea that we attempt to define and measure
5. An indisputable fact

Page number: 9-10

1. What features define good concepts?
2. Innovation, newness, insight, and unpredictability
3. Clarity, coherence, consistency, and usefulness
4. Foundations, facts, follow-through, and utility
5. Conscience, capability, clarity, and meaning

Page number: 9-10

1. Which of the following is not typically considered a key feature of good concepts in comparative politics?
2. Shocking
3. Coherent
4. Useful
5. Clear

Page number: 9-10

1. Which of the following is true of social scientific concepts?
2. Some concepts are very general, and some are very specific.
3. They are usually wrong.
4. Concepts don’t matter … facts do.
5. Concepts and operational definitions are the same thing.

Page number: 10

1. The process through which we create and select social–scientific concepts is called __________.
2. Categorization
3. Conceptualization
4. Comparative questioning
5. Conceptination

Page number: 10

1. In what way does “Sartori’s ladder of abstraction” organize concepts?
2. On the basis of the concept’s factual evidence or proof
3. On the basis of the concept’s likelihood or feasibility
4. On the basis of the concept’s merit or value
5. On the basis of the concept’s specificity or generality

Page number: 11

1. To make a concept measureable, researchers would use __________.
2. Operationalization
3. Organization
4. Conceptualization
5. Coordination

Page number: 11-12

1. Why is operationalization key to the study of comparative politics?
2. Operationalization organizes concepts on the basis of their specificity or generality.
3. Operationalization allows for researchers to see many sides to the story.
4. Operationalization makes a concept measureable.
5. Operationalization guarantees an unbiased study.

Page number: 12-13

1. Which of the following statement best describes the relationship between facts and evidence in comparative politics?
2. Facts are easily accessible, and evidence is not.
3. Facts are hard to find, and evidence is hard to prove.
4. Facts are information, but evidence is explanation.
5. Facts are subjective, but evidence is objective.

Page number: 12-13

1. What is necessary for a good argument?
2. Emphatic elocution of the argument
3. Evidence to support the argument
4. Strong belief in the argument
5. Loud voices to state the argument

Page number: 12-13

1. Which of the following is not a necessary feature of strong evidence?
2. Multiple case studies
3. Relevance to the question at hand
4. Statistical data
5. Appropriate level of analysis

Page number: 14

1. Which of the following would not be an example of a case?
2. A country
3. A historical episode
4. A region
5. A theory

Page number: 14

1. Which of the following might be cases in a study of comparative politics?
2. Social revolutions
3. Countries
4. Political parties
5. All of the above

Page number: 14

1. Which of the following would be unlikely to be cases in a study of comparative politics?
2. Political parties
3. Social movements
4. Freedom
5. None of the above

Page number: 14-15

1. An element or factor that is liable to change, or vary, from case to case is:
2. An outcome
3. A theory
4. A study
5. A variable

Page number: 15

29) In an analysis of cause and effect, the _____ is outcome, and the _____is the cause.

a. Dependent variable, Independent variable

b. Independent variable, Dependent variable

c. Sine, Cosine

d. Similarity, Difference

Page number: 14-15

30) Which of the following is not a variable as presented?

1. Degree of democracy
2. Type of regime
3. French Revolution
4. Type of Revolution

Page number: 14-18

31)Which of the following is not an approach used by comparative politics scholars under ordinary circumstances?

1. Guestimating the answer
2. Most Similar Systems Design
3. Most Different Systems Design
4. Comparative Checking

Page number: 15-17

1. Which of the following is true about the cases Most-Different-Systems designs?
2. The outcomes should differ
3. The outcomes should be similar
4. All variables in the analysis are similar
5. All variables in the analysis are constant

Page number: 15-17

32) The Most Similar Systems Design is used when which of the following is true?

• 1. Two or more cases have similar outcomes.
  2. Two or more cases have different outcomes.
  3. Two or more cases have similar hypotheses.
  4. Two or more cases have different independent variables.

Page number: 20

33) Which of the following factors is a feature unique to within-case comparison?

1. Analysis of probability in the case
2. Analysis of more than one variable in the case
3. Analysis of variation over time in the case
4. Analysis of similarities between cases

Page number: 21

34) How do findings in the social sciences differ from those in the physical sciences?

1. Findings in the social sciences are constant and stable, while findings in the physical sciences are not.
2. Findings in the social sciences are intuitive, while findings in the physical sciences are scholastic.
3. Findings in the social sciences are variable, while findings in the physical sciences are specific.
4. Findings in the social sciences rarely result in “laws,” while findings in the physical sciences more often do so.

Page number: 19

35) The process of checking the conclusions of a research study by analyzing additional cases.

a. Most-Similar-Systems

b. Most-Different-Systems

c. Comparative Checking

d. Differential Analysis

Page number: 19

36) Both France and China endured social revolutions, but they are/were very different countries. The type of analysis that should be used is:

a. Most-Similar-Systems

b. Most-Different-Systems

c. Comparative Checking

d. Differential Analysis

Short Answer Questions

1. Explain the difference between the most similar systems design and the most different systems design.
2. Under what circumstances would you use one or the other?
3. Explain why scholars of comparative politics think it is important to try to answer why questions rather than just offering descriptions (answering “how” questions) or providing facts (answering “who” or “what” questions).
4. Under what circumstances might a scholar make use of within-case comparison(s)?
5. Under what circumstances might a scholar engage in comparative checking?
6. Can comparative politics sometimes focus on a single case? Why or why not?
7. Under what circumstances or for what reason(s) might a comparative political analyst want to add additional cases to his or her study?
8. Describe the most important features of good concepts in comparative politics.
9. What do we want to avoid in concept selection and formation?
10. What is the most important way that comparative politics is different from the physical sciences?
11. What is the difference between conceptualization and operationalization?
12. What makes something a “case” in comparative politics?

Essay Questions

1. Articulate your view on whether comparative politics is a science akin to physics and chemistry. If you think that it is not, clearly explain how you think it is different. If you think that it is, anticipate and answer objections from proponents of the alternative view.
2. Conceptualize either the idea of democracy, nationalism, or social revolution. Describe the meaning of the concept and its various dimensions. Explain why you focus on those features of the concept that you do, and how your approach to conceptualization might be useful for a comparative project. Then explain how one might “operationalize” your concept for the sake of measurement. What sorts of advantages does your approach offer? What, if anything, would be difficult to measure?
3. Think of something that varies between three or more countries (in terms of their institutions, their level of development, or any other major issue). What question could you ask about the observed variation? How might you use the three countries (or others) to begin to gain leverage over your question?

CHAPTER 2: THEORIES, HYPOTHESES, AND EVIDENCE

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 26

1) Which of the following is not true?

1. Theories are typically backed by facts and evidence.
2. Theories require real world support.
3. Theories are usually inductive.
4. Theories are general explanations of empirical phenomena.

Page number: 26

3) Which of the following does not describe a theory?

1. Abstract ideas about a given subject
2. Intuitive understandings
3. Schools of thought backed by substantial empirical evidence over time
4. Answers to empirical questions

Page number: 26-27

4) Which of the following statements is true about hypotheses?

1. Hypotheses can be tested against empirical evidence.
2. Hypotheses need not be vetted.
3. Hypotheses are determined after research has been completed.
4. Hypotheses cannot come from deductive reasoning.

Page number: 27

5) Deviant cases are unique because _________.

1. They provide little insight to the study or its results.
2. They result from deductive reasoning.
3. They specifically deal with the study of social deviants in a society.
4. They do not fit the predicted pattern.

Page number: 26-27

6) How do hypotheses differ from theories?

1. Hypotheses are more speculative than theories.
2. Hypotheses are more quantitative than theories.
3. Hypotheses are less hypothetical than theories.
4. Hypotheses are less intuitive than theories.

Page number: 26-27

7) Which of the following is not always true of a thesis?

1. A thesis is generally placed at the beginning of a paper.
2. A thesis should be developed after a hypothesis is tested.
3. A thesis should be a full theory.
4. A thesis should be backed by evidence.

Page number: 27

8) Hypotheses that are generated starting with general ideas and testing whether these work on specific examples are called:

a. Inductive Reasoning

b. Deductive Reasoning

c. Comparative checking

d. Analyzing Deviant Cases

Page number: 27

9) Hypotheses that are generated from a group of specific cases and develop generalized ideas are called:

a. Inductive Reasoning

b. Deductive Reasoning

c. Comparative checking

d. Analyzing Deviant Cases

Page number: 28

10) Which of the following is not true about theories?

a. They are general explanations of how the world works.

b. They are backed by a considerable amount of supporting facts.

c. They are supported through logical argumentation.

d. They are indisputable.

Page number: 30

11) This type of evidence may come from narrative accounts of historical or contemporary events:

1. Quantifiable evidence
2. Quantitative evidence
3. Qualitative evidence
4. Quasi evidence

Page number: 30

12) Measurements of adult literacy rates would be considered what type of evidence?

1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
3. Inferential
4. Theoretical

Page number: 30-31

13) Which of the following is not a central argument in the Qualitative-Quantitative debate?

1. Qualitative arguments are too case-specific.
2. Quantitative methods neglect case context.
3. Qualitative arguments do not “travel well.”
4. Quantitative arguments are too concerned with prediction.

Page number: 30-31

14) Why can we not be certain about the future in the study of comparative politics?

1. We only have evidence of the past, not the future.
2. We are unable to factor in unforeseen events.
3. Previous observations may not hold in deviant cases.
4. All of the above

Page number: 32-33

15) Why is correlation not alone sufficient for explanation of a cause-and-effect argument?

1. Cause-and-effect argument doesn’t happen in comparative politics.
2. Only positive correlation is explanatory.
3. Correlative links do not necessarily imply causation.
4. Negative correlation necessarily negates association.

Page number: 39

16) How could a positive correlation between ice cream sales and violent crime be explained in order to show there is no causation?

1. Even criminals love ice cream.
2. Ice cream sales increase to console victims of violent crime.
3. Ice cream sales and violent crime are linked by another variable.
4. Ice cream sales and violent crime rates only correlate sometimes.

Page number: 34

17) What does a correlation between wealth and democracy need to prove that getting rich causes countries to democratize?

1. A positive correlation
2. A negative correlation
3. A positive causal argument where wealth -> democracy
4. Theoretical proof

Page number: 35-36

18) The testability of a theory or hypothesis refers to what term?

1. Falsifiability
2. Legitimacy
3. Conclusiveness
4. Defensibility

Page number: 35-36

19) If one hypothesizes that Y is a dependent variable and X is an independent variable, then reverse causality would occur when:

1. X leads to Y.
2. Y leads to X.
3. X and Y are the same.
4. X and Y are not correlated.

Page number: 31-39

20) Which of the following can pose a common problem for causal arguments?

1. Falsifiability
2. Intervening variables
3. Endogeneity
4. All of the above

Page number: 31-39

21) Which of the following might be the reason that two variables are correlated?

1. There is a causal relationship between them.
2. There is some other variable that influences them both.
3. Coincidence
4. All of the above

Page number: 37

22) Endogeneity refers to:

1. A circumstance when a variable creates its own correlation
2. A circumstance when a theory can be tested with evidence
3. A circumstance when two variables exhibit mutual or reciprocal effects
4. A circumstance when two variables exhibit correlation without a causal relationship
   

Page number: 36-37

23) Which of the following pairs of variables are most likely to be endogenous?

1. Institutional quality and economic performance
2. Institutional quality and butter production
3. Stock market performance and whether an NFC team wins the Super Bowl
4. Democracy and butter production

Page number: 38

24) What does the presence of an intervening variable signify?

1. The effect of variable X on variable Y is mediated through variable Z
2. Variables X and Y are independent
3. The effect of variable X on variable Y is dependent on correlation
4. Variable Z has no effect on variable X

Page number: 39

25) A correlation between wearing your lucky hat and your team winning is most likely due to:

1. Omitted variables
2. Spurious correlation
3. Intervening variables
4. Divine intervention

Page number: 40-41

26) An effort to show that a given theory has logical limitations is called:

1. An empirical critique
2. A theoretical critique
3. A qualitative limitation
4. A quantitative comparison

Page number: 40

27) An empirical critique serves to:

1. Establish the validity of the evidence presented
2. Demonstrate the link between hypotheses and theory
3. Demonstrate the logical limitations of a given theory
4. Point to evidence that does not support a conventional version of a given theory

Page number: 39-40

28) Which of the following would be considered an empirical critique of a theory?

1. A theory says that institutional quality predicts economic growth, but a study finds that by standard measures of institutional quality, there is no independent effect once you control for resource endowments and international ties.
2. A theory says that institutional quality predicts economic growth, but a study argues that this can’t be true because institutional quality is far too vague of an idea.
3. A theory says that institutional quality predicts economic growth, but a study argues that this is unknown since we don’t know which kinds of institutions might be important.
4. A theory says that institutional quality predicts economic growth, but a study argues that all cultures are so different that we cannot compare them.

Page number: 41

29) What is the name commonly used in comparative politics for the conditions or range of cases for which an argument works?

1. Scale conditions
2. Scope conditions
3. Extension conditions
4. Extrapolation conditions

Page number: 42-43

30) Which of the following is not commonly seen as a key challenge of measurement?

1. Error
2. Bias
3. Validity
4. Time

Page number: 42

31) The fluctuation of an individual’s scores on a standardized test would most likely be a reflection of:

1. Measurement error
2. False indicators
3. Spurious correlation
4. Measurement bias

Page number: 42-43

32) Whether a given measure effectively captures or represents what we are researching refers to:

1. Measurement error
2. Measurement bias
3. Measurement validity
4. Measurement verification

Page number: 44

33) Which of the following is not a part of good hypothesis testing?

1. Researching other cases beyond those of direct interest
2. Choosing evidence that best helps the case of the hypothesis
3. Weighing the results against available evidence
4. Avoiding bias in the testing process

Page number: 44-45

34) Ensuring that your argument produces new knowledge rather than reproducing old knowledge requires that your argument have which of the following?

1. Evidence
2. Originality
3. Meaningfulness
4. All of the above

Page number: 43

35) Centeno used the number of national monuments to measure nationalism in 19^th century Latin American societies. Another way to capture nationalist sentiment from the past is to:

a. Examine writing in diaries and newspapers.

b. Watch movies made about the 19^th century.

c. Build a time machine.

d. None of the above.

Page number: 31

36) Among African countries, wealth is low, poverty is high, and democracy is scarce. Wealth and democracy demonstrate a ___ correlation, while poverty and democracy demonstrate a ____ correlation.

a. hypothetical/true

b. negative/positive

c. true/hypothetical

d. positive/negative

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the difference between the concepts of correlation and of causation?
2. How do we know if two variables that are correlated are causally related as well?
3. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
4. What is the difference between a theory and a thesis?
5. Are all arguments based on testing hypotheses? Why or why not?
6. What is a variable?
7. What is the difference between an empirical critique and a theoretical critique?
8. Explain the omitted variable problem, using an example.
9. What is the difference between endogeneity and spurious correlation?
10. Explain how independent and dependent variables are related to one another, making reference to causal arguments.
11. Identify the key characteristics of good concepts.
12. What are the major types of evidence used by comparative political analysts?

Essay Questions

1. Formulate a good “why” question about any topic in comparative politics. Argue in support of the importance of the question. Generate a general theory that one could use as the framework to answer your question. Deduce a hypothesis from this theory and explain how it could be tested.
2. Describe the various potential problems that could arise when an analyst assumes causation from two variables that are correlated. What are some major rules of thumb we could use to avoid these pitfalls?
3. What are the major advantages of quantitative and qualitative analysis? Is one to be preferred to the other, and if so, under what circumstances? Can scholars use both and if so how? Be sure to use examples of types of questions and problems as you respond to this prompt.

CHAPTER 3: THE MODERN STATE

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 48

1) Which of the following authors is most closely associated with the idea of the state “exerting a monopoly on the legitimate use of force”?

1. Tom Paine
2. Douglass North
3. Gosta Esping-Andersen
4. Max Weber

Page number: 49

2) Which of the following would not be a tendency of a modern state?

• • 1. Claim of sovereignty
    2. Extensive bureaucracy
    3. Dependent judiciary
    4. Autonomy from religious organizations

Page number: 48-49

3) Which of the following is not a true characterization of the distinction between politics in a society with a modern state and a feudal society?

a. In a modern state, there are no titles of knighthood.

b. In a feudal polity, few expected government leaders to represent all groups equally.

c. In a feudal polity, there were multiple rival bases of power besides the state itself.

d. In modern states, it is rare to have separate legal codes and other formal privileges for “nobles.”

Page number: 49

4) Which of the following would not necessarily be an indicator of a state having high capacity?

1. Properly functioning bureaucracy
2. Established monopoly on the use of force
3. Demonstrated economic growth
4. Maintenance of the rule of law

Page number: 50

5) Which of the following is less likely to be found in a well-functioning state than in a failed state?

1. Higher rate of taxation
2. Higher levels of interpersonal violence
3. Higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
4. Higher adult literacy percentages

Page number: 50

6) What country in recent years has been an example of a failed state?

1. Japan
2. Chile
3. Switzerland
4. Somalia

Page number: 50-52

7) What do political scientists mean when they talk about the “state-society relationship”?

1. States and societies sometimes share overlapping territories.
2. Societies and states are social entities existing on parallel tracks.
3. The state is a political organization that is embedded in society, and the extent to which it is autonomous from various groups differs from case to case.
4. The state is a political organization that is embedded in society, and there is a standard, proportional relationship between a society’s size and a state’s strength.

Page number: 51

8) “A space in society outside of the organization of the state, in which citizens come together and organize themselves” refers to what?

1. Popular Society
2. Civil Society
3. Participatory Society
4. Democratic Society

Page number: 52

9) A highly efficient way to coordinate behavior in pursuit of common projects is:

1. War
2. Democratic regulation
3. Gerrymandering
4. Bureaucracy

Page number: 54

10) The ideal type of treatment of citizens as equal in rights and political roles, is an example of:

1. Impersonality of the state
2. Modern warfare
3. Economics
4. The Divine Right of Kings

Page number: 54-55

11) Which of the following is not a property of sovereignty?

1. Control over territory
2. The source of legitimate authority
3. Exerts a monopoly on the use of force
4. Organizes civil society

Page number: 55-56

12) Martial law would be an extreme example of __________.

1. Proactive foreign policy
2. Economic stimulus
3. Democracy
4. State policing

Page number: 55-57

13) Which of the following is not generally considered a key definitive feature or function of modern states?

1. Environmental sustainability
2. Domestic policing
3. International security
4. Administering information about the populace

Page number: 58

14) Which of the following definitions refers to the state system?

1. The condition that many of the most important actors in international relations are states, which can be understood as systemically linked to one another
2. A state that aims to provide a basic safety net for the most vulnerable elements of its population
3. States’ efforts to shape the economic performance of their societies, especially in fiscal and monetary policy
4. The process through which states are constructed out of other kinds of polities, or by which state capacity is increased.

Page number: 58

15) Which philosopher is best known for the theory that a strong sovereign state is needed to keep internal conflict at bay?

1. Thomas More
2. Thomas Hobbes
3. Roy Hobbs
4. Barrington Moore

Page number: 59

16) The “bellicist theory of the state” refers to the belief that states are created by _________.

1. Geographical boundaries
2. War
3. Revolution
4. Trade

Page number: 60

17) Which of the following is not a concept used by Charles Tilly in his work on state formation? (p. 60)

1. Coercion-intensive state-building
2. Capital-intensive state-building
3. Capitalized coercion
4. Coerced capitalization

Page number: 61

18) North, Wallis, and Weingast argue that rule of law emerged when:

1. Regimes were natural states.
2. The core identity became nationalism.
3. Rulers opted for rights over privileges.
4. Elite coalitions responded to new economic circumstances.

Page number: 60

19) For which of the following regions does the bellicist theory of state development seem to apply most strongly?

1. Eurasia
2. Middle East
3. Southeast Asia
4. Western Europe

Page number: 60

20) Marx’s view of the state as a representation of the interests of the bourgeoisie is an example of which of the following types of theories of state emergence.

1. Historical Institutionalist
2. Bellicist
3. Cultural
4. Economic

Page number: 60-62

21) Who is not a major scholar who has written on economics and state formation? (pp. 60-62)

1. Nigel Tufnel
2. Charles Tilly
3. Douglass North
4. Barry Weingast

Page number: 62

22) Which of the following authors argues that cultural factors like religion played a key role in the rise of the earliest modern states?

1. Nelson Mandela
2. Pope Francis
3. Charles Tilly
4. Philip Gorski

Page number: 62

23) Philip Gorski argues that ___________ paved the way for state development in Europe.

1. Calvinism
2. Lutheranism
3. Roman Catholicism
4. Greek orthodoxy

Page number: 64

24) World society theory argues that:

1. Organizations in a given field are always exactly the same because powerful ones force weak ones to comply.
2. Basic organizational features of the state system are cultural and have spread globally through processes of diffusion and imitation.
3. Similar organizations require the same initial causes for development.
4. State system expansion is necessary for the betterment of conditions in global society.

Page number: 63

25) Which of the following is not a leading explanation for Nigeria’s weak state?

1. Ethnic and religious differences
2. Excessive emphasis on law and order
3. Political economy too heavily centered on petroleum products
4. Legacies of colonialism

Page number: 64

26) Hendrik Spruyt argues that:

1. City-states and leagues of merchant cities were more efficient than states.
2. City-states out-maneuvered larger states because they were more economically nimble.
3. States became powerful through diplomacy of such leaders as the Marques de Pombal in Europe and Empress Dowager Cixi in China.
4. States out-competed other forms of organization in economic terms in addition to political/military conflict.

Page number: 64

27) Isomorphism among institutions refers to which of the following ideas:

1. Morphological tendencies among institutions correlate with their isoquants
2. Institutions are not isolated, so they tend not to change over time
3. Institutions tend to become isolated from one another in complex systems
4. Institutions and organizations often take on similar forms or structures

Page number: 65

28) Who notably argues that modern states appear all over the world in part because the “nation-state” is a cultural model that everyone comes to imitate?

1. Joseph Strayer
2. Benito Mussolini (and his collaborators)
3. Charles Tilly
4. John Meyer (and his collaborators)

Page number: 65-68

29) How have the major political and cultural divisions of the British Isles changed since roughly 900?

1. They have not changed.
2. There has been a steady breakup of the country into smaller and smaller units.
3. There has been a steady consolidation of the country into a single unit.
4. There was a long period of state building and partial unification, but major divisions remain and many increase in coming years.

Page number: 65-69

30) Which is not an explanation of state diffusion theory?

a. States can form out of war-making, leading to the process of colonialism.

b. Open-access orders assist establishing a rule of law, to which everyone has access.

c. The need for organizing cultural and social interests spread efficiencies and were copied.

d. States spread to serve the interests of the capitalist class by exploiting local labor to extract resources.

Page number: 65-68

31) Chapter 3’s “Thinking Comparatively” feature considers the implications of the history of British state formation for each of the three major theories in the chapter. Based on the discussion there, which of the following is the most reasonable conclusion?

1. The bellicist theory wins; the economic and cultural theories fail.
2. All the theories lose.
3. There is evidence for several major theories in the case.
4. The case is an outlier that must be thrown out.

Short Answer Questions

1. What are the most important political and military functions of modern states?
2. What does “legitimate” mean for political scientists?
3. What does it mean for a state to be “impersonal”?
4. What does it mean to say that modern states are “sovereign”?
5. Why do scholars believe that modern states have to be bureaucratic?
6. Why might a state “fail,” become “fragile,” or have diminished capacity?
7. What factors or developments might, all else equal, increase a state’s capacity?
8. What are the identifying characteristics of modern states?
9. Why might some scholars focus on a “continuum of stateness” rather than treating the state as an “either/or” kind of thing?
10. Why do social scientists consider bureaucracies to be more efficient than their alternatives?
11. Explain the basic differences between Spruyt’s and Meyer’s accounts of the global dominance of the nation-state.
12. What is the difference between a society with laws and a state that successfully establishes rule of law?

Essay Questions

1. Max Weber said that the most important feature of the modern state is that nobody can use force “legitimately” except the state and its representatives. Yet even in a society like the United States, people engage in violence all of the time. Does this mean that the United States is not a modern state? Why or why not?
2. Along the same lines as question 2, does the fact that people in the United States sometimes in engage in violence that is not approved by the state indicate that something is wrong with Weber’s definition? Why or why not?
3. Hendrik Spruyt and John Meyer (with his collaborators) both try to explain the fact that most polities in today’s world are nation-states. What do their explanations have in common, and in what respects do they differ? Which do you find most compelling and why?
4. Based on your reading in this chapter, describe three general arguments put forward by scholars about the relationship between capitalism and the state. Which do you find most compelling and why?
5. The thinking comparatively feature in chapter 3 presents the implications of the history of British state formation for three major theories discussed in the chapter (the bellicist, economic, and cultural theories). It then notes that the future of the British state is unclear. What might each of those theories predict about that state’s prospects and which set of predictions do you find most plausible?
6. If state-builders in later-developing states can learn from the experiences of other statebuilders in previous cases, what are the implications of this for the bellicist, economic, and cultural theories of state formation?

CHAPTER 4: POLITICAL ECONOMY

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 71

1) The ways politics and economics interrelate and affect one another is called:

a. Domestic relations

b. Civil society

c. Free markets

d. Political economy

Page number 71

2) Two leading scholars of political economy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were:

a. David St. Hubbins and Derek Smalls

b. Adam Smith and Karl Marx

c. Thomas Hobbes and René Descartes

d. John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman

Page number: 72

3) The profits of a French firm operating in Senegal add to the GDP of (this state) and the GNI of (this state):

a. France, France

b. Senegal, Senegal

c. France, Senegal

d. Senegal, France

Page number: 72

4) The United States is an example of a country whose economy has:

a. Always been the leader in the world

b. Never been subjected to state regulation because it is free-market

c. Grown powerful and dynamic, but with variations in performance over time

d. Grown faster than that of Europe at each stage in the Twentieth Century

Page number: 73

5) The measure of income as adjusted to reflect the cost of living is called:

a. Purchasing power parity (PPP)

b. Per capita GDP

c. Consumer inflation percentage

d. Gini coefficient

Page number: 75

6) What is the name given by economists to a situation in which prices are rising?

1. Income inequality
2. Gini coefficient
3. Inflation
4. Intergenerational income elasticity

Page number: 75

7) The Gini coefficient is:

a. The measure of the total income of all of a country’s citizens

b. The line below which people will be defined as poor

c. The percentage of eligible laborers who lack ongoing, regular access to paid work

d. The measure of income inequality in a given population

Page number: 75

8) If a country were to have a Gini coefficient of 0.95, it would be a _________ country.

a. Very equal country

b. Slightly equal country

c. Very unequal country

d. Slightly unequal country

Page number: 76-77

9) Which of the following would likely signify an individual who is underemployed?

a. A PhD who works as a custodian

b. A classically trained pianist who performs at children’s birthday parties

c. A college graduate who interns at an investment bank

d. All of the above

Page number: 76-77

10) According to the text, drug dealers would likely be classified as:

a. Formally employed

b. Informally employed

c. Gainfully employed

d. Publicly employed

Page number: 77

11) Which of the following would constitute a very worrying economic problem when people stop buying because they are expecting prices to fall in the future?

a. Hyperinflation

b. Deflation

c. Underemployment

d. All of the above

Page number: 77

12) Which of the following would constitute a very worrying economic problem when prices are rising rapidly and people expect them to continue doing so in the future?

a. Hyperinflation

b. Hyper-deflation

c. Hyper-indebtedness

d. Hyper-fiscalism

Page number: 78

13) In general, a transaction between two or more private actors at a price they agree upon is called a:

a. State-led transaction

b. Market transaction

c. Consumer surplus transaction

d. Wall Street transaction

Page number: 78

14) A common role for the state in many free market economies is:

a. Guaranteeing contracts

b. Capping profits

c. Ensuring against caveat emptor losses by buyers

d. Establishing real values in secondary markets

Page number: 78

15) Which economist was among the first responsible for the theory that underpins the market-led development approach?

a. Amartya Sen

b. Karl Marx

c. Adam Smith

d. John Maynard Keynes

Page number: 79

16) Adam Smith’s concept of the “invisible hand” refers to:

a. The idea that society benefits from economic efficiency and expansion generated by individual gains.

b. The idea that government should not interfere with the operation of the market.

c. The idea that government’s role is to establish a rule of law and protect property rights.

d. All of the above

Page number: 79

17) Public choice theory is associated with the idea that:

a. Public officials choose policies that optimize economic performance

b. Public officials are self-interested actors who often impede markets

c. The public rationally chooses policies in its own interest

d. Too many choices for public policies

Page number: 80

18) Which twentieth-century academic argued that government intervention generally had negative consequences for economic growth?

a. Milton Friedman

b. Adam Smith

c. Thomas Friedman

d. Paul Krugman

Page number: 81

19) Unlike neoliberals, proponents of __________ believe that markets are unlikely to generate national wealth on their own.

a. State interventionism

b. Capitalism

c. Laissez-faire liberalism

d. Embedded autonomy

Page number: 83

20) National defense, basic infrastructure, and a healthy environment are examples of:

a. Welfare state services

b. Democratic tools

c. Public goods

d. Market institutions

Page number: 84

21) Modern states engage in taxing and spending, which is sometimes referred to as:

a. Monetary policy

b. Socialist policy

c. Social policy

d. Fiscal policy

Page number: 84

22) Policies of governments or public institutions help shape how much money is in circulation, and this is sometimes referred to as:

a. Monetary policy

b. Financial policy

c. Fiscal policy

d. Human capital policy

Page number: 84-85

23) Two main components of human capital are:

a. Monetary policy and fiscal policy

b. Financial capital and social capital

c. Education and health

d. State and market

Page number: 85

24) A country that was a leading example in demonstrating the potential successes of state-led development in the period after World War II was:

a. The United States

b. The United Kingdom

c. Japan

d. Nigeria

Page number 85

25) Which of the following is associated with the interdependence between a population’s health and educational levels:

a. Children eating a healthy diet generate long-term economic gains for a state.

b. An educated population is innovative and globally competitive.

c. Teaching people about their rights and duties attached to their status as citizens is an important function of education.

d. All of the above

Page number: 86

26) The welfare state that emerged in the Twentieth Century is based on which of the following principles?

a. The United States had “fared well” and should be emulated

b. The state should serve economic and social functions to maintain the population’s welfare

c. People who are on welfare are abusing the system and they should compete in the labor market

d. The elderly and vulnerable should look primarily to private actors for support

Page number: 88

27) Prominent examples of reductions of the role of the state in the economy occurred in which of the following regions?

a. Western Europe after 1945

b. The Caribbean after 1960

c. Southeastern Asia after 1968

d. Eastern Europe after 1989

Page number: 88

28) The idea that cultural change led to the rise of welfare states follows which of logic?

a. Lack of effort on the part of welfare recipients gave rise to a permanent underclass

b. After World War II, Communism and fascism gave way to liberal welfare states

c. Over time, people increasingly saw the state as an actor that could resolve social problems

d. As one moves from tropical areas to temperate zones, cultures show more solidarity

Page number: 88-89

29) One basic argument about why capitalism gave rise to the welfare state is that:

a. Capitalist societies have complex institutional sets that lead to major roles for the state

b. Wealth and the commercial impulse makes people more peaceful toward one another

c. The United States, the leading capitalist country, was where the welfare state originated

d. Capitalism gave rise to the religious and community institutions that provide welfare

Page number: 90

30) Joseph Schumpeter’s argument about the origins of the welfare state is most closely associated with which of the following?

a. Capitalism is successful; this generates social actors that then impose some socialism

b. Capitalism is disruptive; this generates social demands to make it more “livable”

c. Capitalism is successful; this generates social actors that then reinforce capitalism

d. Capitalism is disruptive; this eliminates social actors that would reinforce capitalism

Page number: 91

31) Karl Polanyi’s argument about the origins of the welfare state is most closely associated with which of the following?

a. Capitalism is successful; this generates social actors that then impose some socialism

b. Capitalism is disruptive; this generates social demands to make it more “livable”

c. Capitalism is successful; this generates social actors that then reinforce capitalism

d. Capitalism is disruptive; this eliminates social actors that would reinforce capitalism

Page number: 90-91

32) A perspective on the welfare state that emphasizes mobilization and political action might argue which of the following are important in shaping outcomes?

a. Citizens who benefit from the welfare state are more likely to vote and secure their interests

b. Welfare states have made mobilization and political action more feasible for all

c. Welfare states may be a compromise among political interests, such as business and labor

d. Negotiations among bureaucrats determine which welfare recipients deserve which benefits

Page number: 92

33) A prominent scholar who argued that the variations in different forms of welfare states across capitalist countries in terms of class politics was:

a. Søren Kierkegaard

b. Mären Lündgren

c. Gøsta Esping-Andersen

d. Greta Garbø

Page number: 94

34) An important example of a policy from the last two decades that generated international learning effects in contemporary welfare states is was which of the following?

a. The Beveridge Report in the United Kingdom

b. The Moynihan Report in the United States

c. Bolsa Familia in Brazil

d. Balsa Flotilla in Mexico

Page number: 94

35) Which of the following is a valuable contribution to social science?

a. Formulation and generation of new hypotheses for future testing

b. Testing of hypotheses for purposes of theory building

c. Finding contrary evidence that disconfirms existing hypotheses

d. All of the above

Page number: 94-95

36) Which of the following constitutes most clearly demonstrates the logic of a hypothesis test?

a. Careful study and review of a case study done by a social scientist

b. Consideration of an argument a scholar had made in light of a new empirical case

c. Examination of “Insights” boxes and “Cases in Context”

d. Consideration of a new case study and formulation of possible explanations for that case

Short Answer Questions

1. What does the Gini coefficient measure?
2. What is the difference between GDP per capita and GDP per capita “at PPP”? Identify the acronyms GDP and PPP in your answer.
3. Identify the key arguments of the market-led approach to political economy.
4. What is the argument behind the idea that the state can promote growth better than the market?
5. What do critics of state-led approaches to growth say?
6. What do critics of market-led approaches to growth say?
7. What are some of the key tasks undertaken by a modern welfare state?
8. What are some of the main categories of theories for why the welfare state emerged?
9. Identify two or more reasons why capitalism may have contributed to the rise of the welfare state.
10. In what ways might one country’s welfare state differ from another country’s welfare state?
11. What are key variables in Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s account of the emergence of different types types of welfare states?

12) How does one use empirical evidence when generating or formulating a hypothesis?

Essay Questions

1. If you had to select just one indicator to capture the success or health of a country’s economy, what indicator would you select and why? Explain the advantages and limitations of the indicator you selected, contrasting it with at least two other economic indicators.
2. Consider the market-based and state-centered approaches to political economy. How are they similar and how are they different? Which appears to have the strongest evidence supporting it?
3. Many theorists argued that capitalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries gave rise to the welfare state. Do you expect capitalism will lead further increases in the welfare state in the twenty-first century? Why or why not? As countries learn from and compete with one another, what is the likely impact on countries’ welfare states? To avoid relying on speculation, refer to existing theories and empirical cases as possible in your response.
4. Describe how mobilization and political action might give rise to a welfare state, with particular focus on in the interests of business and labor groups.
5. In what ways does the formulation or generation of hypotheses help advance social science? Describe how these processes contribute to the accumulation of knowledge about the world. What would be good practices in the formulation and generation of hypotheses?

CHAPTER 5: DEVELOPMENT

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 98-100

1. Which of the following is not often thought of as a key aspect of development?
2. Economic growth
3. Civility
4. Reduced poverty
5. Sustainability

Page number: 97-98

1. Which of the following statements about poverty is true?
2. Everyone agrees about how to conceptualize poverty.
3. Everyone agrees about how to operationalize poverty.
4. There is no way to conceptualize poverty.
5. None of the above

Page number: 103-104

1. Which of the following is true about social scientists’ attitudes towards happiness?
2. Social scientists argue that development and happiness have nothing to do with each other.
3. Social scientists argue that development always leads to unhappiness.
4. Social scientists are increasingly interested in empirically examining the determinants of happiness.
5. According to comparative politics, happiness is economic growth.

Page number: 115

1. Which of the following scholars argues that environmental/geographical differences account for a good deal of the difference in development outcomes?
2. Mitt Romney
3. Jared Diamond
4. Neil Armstrong
5. Max Weber

Page number: 110

1. Which of the following scholars argues that religious differences amount for a good deal of the difference in development outcomes?
2. Jared Diamond
3. Neil Armstrong
4. Mancur Olson
5. Max Weber

Page number: 108

1. The argument that property rights influence development might be considered which of the following type of theory?
2. Geographic determinism
3. New institutionalism
4. Reductionism
5. Statism

Page Number: 110

7) Which of the following is true about religious differences explaining development differences?

a. The degree of religion may matter more than the type of religion.

b. Eastern religions caused less development than Western religions.

c. Lack of access to resources means fewer places of worship can be built.

d. Limited economic opportunities cause fewer people to become ministers.

Page number: 105

8) The most common measurement of a country’s development is its:

a. Foreign policy record

b. GDP per capita growth

c. Literary achievements

d. Degree of democracy

Page number: 100

9) About how many people are estimated to be in absolute poverty worldwide?

a. 1 million

b. 100 million

c. 1 billion

d. 30 billion

Page number: 109

10) Tocqueville and Fukuyama attribute these three societal characteristics to economic prosperity:

a. Institutionalism, path dependence, and state-directed development

b. Civil Society, social capital, and trust

c. Life expectancy, education, and income

d. Geography, demographics, and sovereignty

Page number: 101-103

11) The Human Development Index (HDI) gives a broad view of development and well-being by measuring:

a. Income, healthcare accessibility, and educational attainment rates

b. Income, life expectancy, and educational measures

c. Inflation, life expectancy, and educational measures.

d. Income equality, life expectancy, and educational measures.

Page number: 101-102

12) Referring to the link between gender and development, which of the following countries would be considered the least developed?

a. South Africa

b. Cuba

c. India

d. China

Page number: 102

13) Which of the following is false about South Africa under apartheid?

a. Major inequalities in the economy existed

b. Blacks had severely restricted political rights

c. Education systems for blacks were inferior

d. South Africa had lower average social indicators than most other African countries

Page number: 102

14) Which of the following countries would offer the clearest illustration of the resource curse phenomenon?

a. Nigeria

b. Cuba

c. France

d. Haiti

Page number: 101-103

15) Life expectancy, infant mortality, literacy, and HDI rank are all useful tools to measure:

a. Human capital

b. Human nature

c. Both a and b

d. None of the above

Page number: 104

16) Which aspect of development specifically considers a country’s long-term access to resources?

a. Cultural development

b. Sustainability

c. Satisfaction and happiness

d. Gender relations

Page number: 106

17) Which of the following countries was not considered an “Asian Tiger”?

a. Taiwan

b. South Korea

c. Singapore

d. Nepal

Page: 105-106

18) Which of the following statements is true?

a. Most proponents of market-led development would prefer a state that is capable of enforcing contracts between private actors.

b. Most proponents of state-led development agree that free markets can be helpful to the economy

c. Neither proponents of market-led development nor state-led development would agree that the opposite argument has merit.

d. Both a and b

Page number: 106

19) The World Bank is an example of:

a. A cultural element

b. A financial organization

c. A geographic feature

d. Class interests

Page number: 108

20) Which of the following is the metaphor Kohli uses to describe how states and private actors interact when development fails/succeeds?

a. Split ends/healthy hair

b. Tug of war/ lifting the bucket together

c. Two horses pulling a chariot in the same direction/opposite directions

d. Turning a blind eye to the other/careful watchdog on both parts

Page number: 107

21) A country develops by providing large stimulus packages to the economy. The country continues to do so because the economy has become dependent on it. This is an example of:

a. Historical institutionalism

b. Civil society

c. Utility

d. Absolute poverty

Page number: 104

22) Sustainable Development refers to:

a. If economic development brings a large degree of commercialization, some people will prefer self-determination to modernization.

b. Indigenous peoples prefer to retain and protect their own languages and traditions, avoiding Westernization.

c. Informal institutions such as social norms, that structure relationships between society and government.

d. Development that conserves resources effectively to respect the needs of future generations so that society remains viable over the long run.

Page number: 110

23) Who did not contribute to “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development” theory?

a. David M. Thompson

b. Daron Acemoglu

c. Simon Johnson

d. James A. Robinson

Page number: 110

24) What is the conclusion of “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development” theory?

a. Former British colonies are the most developed today

b. Former French colonies are the most developed today

c. Colonies based on resource extraction are the most developed today

d. Colonies based on settlement are the most developed today

Page number: 112-113

25) Which theorist said that capitalism would cause an international crisis of inequality?

a. Wyatt Catron

b. Karl Marx

c. Rand Paul

d. Simon Johnson

Page number: 114

26) According to the revised dependency theory, how can dependent countries become more independent?

a. Exporting more goods

b. State-promoted industrialization

c. Increasing imports

d. Adopting utility

Page number: 114

27) Who proposed the theory that each country fit into a specific role in the world economy?

a. Jared Diamond

b. Aaron Schendel

c. Immanuel Wallerstein

d. David M. Thompson

Page number: 114

28) Which of the following is an example of a core country under “The Modern World System” theory?

a. Nigeria

b. Indonesia

c. United States

d. Mexico

Page number: 115

29) Which of the following is considered a geographical advantage for development, according to Jared Diamond?

a. Access to horses

b. Access to zebras

c. High temperatures

d. Temperature control mechanisms

Page number: 116-119

30) The most plausible explanation for variations in development of South Korea and North Korea is probably which of the following:

a. Differences in geography

b. Differences in long-run cultural heritage

c. Differences in religion and natural resources

d. Differences in economic and political institutions

Short Answer Questions

1. Name three measures of development that could decline even as economic indicators improve.
2. Describe three ways development can be measured (other than economic indicators), and list merits and flaws of each tool.
3. Identify four major theories of what causes development and identify one scholar associated with each.
4. What is the significance of the phrase “Protestant Ethic” for the idea of development?
5. Other than religion, what types of cultural factors can shape development?
6. Explain the concept of a zero-sum game in the international economy.
7. What do critics of cultural theories of development say?
8. What do critics of dependency or world systems theories of development say?
9. How do some argue that development can happen without modernization?
10. Where has state-led development occurred? Where has market-led development occurred?
11. Explain the concept of institutionalism. Give examples of institutions and the ways they shape development.
12. Why are North and South Korea good candidates for the Most-Similar-Systems Design comparison?

Essay Questions

1. Compare and contrast cultural and institutional theories of development. How are they similar and how are they different?
2. Using evidence from one country, show how the country’s experience illustrates the strengths and/or weaknesses of a major theory of development. Use another country as a “comparative check” to show whether this single case can prove or disprove that the theory you have selected is fully correct or incorrect.
3. Which theory or theories of development are best suited to explaining variations in the relative development performance of Western Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa over many centuries? Which theory or theories of development are best suited to explaining variations between successful and unsuccessful African economies in the half-century since independence? Do you find the same theories compelling for these two different comparisons, or are different theories compelling for these two cases? Explain why you use the same theory or different theories to address these two comparisons.
4. Development can be measured in many ways, starting with economic growth. What is the biggest concern for how development might be worsened as economic growth improves? Using an empirical example and/or theoretical logic, state the nature of the concern and how and why this concern might be caused by economic growth.
5. Some theories of development are based on historical and geographic factors that are well established and are virtually impossible to change. What are the policy implications of such theories for low-income countries, and what might proponents of such theories propose to help promote development in those countries?
6. Why might nations use different strategies to develop? Give examples and examine the results based on these initial factors of strategy choice.

CHAPTER 6: DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATIZATION

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 123-126

1) Which of the following is not a type of definition of democracy?

1. Procedural
2. Minimal
3. Transitional
4. Substantive

Page number: 131

2) Which of the following would be an example of “direct democracy”?

1. An assembly of citizens deliberating
2. A plebiscite or referendum
3. Neither (a) nor (b)
4. Both (a) and (b)

Page number: 131

3) What is the name given to the initial shift from an authoritarian to a democratic regime?

1. Deauthoritarianization
2. Democratic transition
3. Democratic consolidation
4. Democrifying

Page number: 132

4) What is the name given to the increasing strength and stability of a democratic regime after a democratic transition?

1. Deauthoritarianization
2. Democratic transition
3. Democratic consolidation
4. Democrifying

Page number: 135

5) Who is most closely associated with traditional “modernization theory” in the study of democracy?

1. Seymour Martin Lipset
2. Philip Seymour Hoffman
3. Guillermo O’Donnell
4. Nigel Tufnel

Page number: 132

6) Which would not likely be found in a consolidated democracy?

a. Revolt by losing party

b. Free contesting of ideas

c. Frequent change in government

d. Stable regime

Page number: 124-126

7) What do Political Scientists mean when they describe a country’s regime?

a. The Divine Right of Kings

b. It emphasizes elections open to everyone

c. Participation and social inclusion coordinated through collective action.

d. A form or type of governmental system, emphasizing rules and institutions.

Page number: 124

8) Which of the following countries would most likely be defined as democratic?

a. South Africa

b. China

c. Cuba

d. Russia

Page number: 125

9) Freedom of speech and free and fair elections are most often associated with:

a. Political Rights and Civil Liberties

b. Procedural Democracy

c. Theocratic Regimes

d. Both a and b

Page number: 126

10) Which of the following best describes the current regime of the United States?

a. Democratic executive

b. Constitutional Republic

c. Republican legislature

d. Socialist congress

Page number: 122-124

11) The most used common distinction between definitions of democracy is between __________ and __________ definitions.

a. Provisional, supportive

b. Qualitative, quantitative

c. Normative, theoretical

d. Procedural, substantive

Page number: 124

12) Which of the following is not a current classification of democracy as used by the NGO Freedom House?

a. Not free

b. Partly free

c. Mostly free

d. Free

Page number: 125

13) The procedural definition of democracy:

a. Emphasizes the minimal standards for democracy in a country

b. Deals exclusively with political rights in a country

c. Varies by region

d. All of the above

Page number: 125

14) Which of the following is not a civil liberty considered central to democracy?

a. Freedom of speech

b. Freedom to own firearms

c. Freedom of the press

d. Freedom of assembly

Page number: 125

15) Which document set an international standard by enumerating civil liberties for individuals?

a. Bill of Rights

b. Magna Carta

c. Treaty of Versailles

d. Declaration of Independence

Page number: 125-126

16) A system in which people have relative freedoms to voice their grievances but no right to elect their government officials would be considered:

a. Democratic

b. Theocratic

c. Socialist

d. Non-democratic

Page number: 126

17) Which of the following could be considered an element of a substantive definition of democracy?

a. Gender equality

b. Public participation

c. Social inclusion

d. All of the above

Page number: 126

18) Proponents of a ___________ definition of democracy might argue that “countries can always undergo further democratization and that the question of democracy is not restricted to whether countries meet a minimum threshold.”

a. Evolving

b. Substantive

c. Qualitative

d. Procedural

Page number: 126-127

19) Democratization is specifically defined as:

a. The formal passing of a Bill of Rights

b. The process of a government transition

c. The process of a regime becoming more democratic

d. Successive free elections

Page number: 127

20) The process through which a new democratic order becomes institutionalized is called:

a. Direct Democracy

b. Transition

c. Democratization

d. Consolidation

Page number: 128

21) Which country would be an example of a constitutional monarchy?

a. France

b. United Kingdom

c. United States

d. Germany

Page number: 129

22) Multiparty democracies require:

a. Frequent elections

b. At least two parties competing for power

c. Voting rights for all of-age citizens

d. All of the above

Page number: 128-130

23) According to the views of representative democracies, which of the following would not be a reasonable limit to civil liberties?

a. Illegality of religious ritual sacrifice of humans

b. Illegality of opposition party activity

c. Illegality of private ownership of WMDs

d. Illegality of publication of confidential national security information

Page number: 131

24) What is a referendum?

a. A congressional mandate

b. The process that precedes an impeachment

c. A popular vote on a specific issue

d. A written testament to a candidate’s skills and abilities

Page number: 131

25) Referendums, citizen assemblies, and community councils can all considered part of:

a. Direct democracy

b. Democratization

c. Representative democracy

d. Minimal definition of democracy

Page number: 127

26) Democratic consolidation in Brazil could be best described as:

a. Radically reversing itself

b. Seemingly well underway

c. Never began

d. Brazil has a fully authoritarian regime

Page number: 133-134

27) The theory that traces democracy to broad social changes and economic development is known as:

a. Growth-based development theory

b. Democratization theory

c. Modernization theory

d. Consolidation theory

Page number: 135

28) The idea that economic development leads to the creation of a strong middle class, which in turn promotes democratization and democratic stability is attributed to which academic?

a. Samuel Huntington

b. Nigel Tufnel

c. Seymour Martin Lipset

d. Amartya Sen

Page number: 135-137

29) Culture is best described as:

a. Regional

b. Personal

c. Dynamic

d. Stagnant

Page number: 137-138

30) During what period in the twentieth century did major international powers focus more on security around the world than on the promotion of democracy?

a. The Great Depression

b. The Gilded Age

c. The Civil Rights era

d. The Cold War

Page number: 139

31) Samuel Huntington observes that democracy:

a. Has come in waves throughout history

b. Is impossible to establish is certain regions

c. Can only develop effectively when developed gradually

d. Is the only viable option for economic growth

Page number: 140

32) Democratic transitions in the 1970s and 1980s were predominantly located in what regions?

a. Latin America, southern Europe, and Central-Eastern Europe

b. Western Europe, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa

c. North Africa, Southeastern Asia, and Latin America

d. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and Central-Eastern Europe

Page number: 141

33) According to Guillermo O’Donnell and co-authors, democratic transitions often depend upon some form of collaboration between “soft-liners” and which of the following?

a. Hardliners

b. Maximalists

c. Pragmatists

d. Radicals

Page number: 142

34) These scholars argue that economic development shapes political institutions through culture.

a. Huntington and Lipset

b. Inglehart and Welzel

c. O’Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead

d. Sen and Rodrik

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the main difference between the theories of democratization provided by Lipset and by O’Donnell and his collaborators?
2. How does the work of Inglehart and Welzel relate to this debate about modernization and democracy?
3. Why don’t all political scientists agree precisely about what democracy is and how to measure it?
4. What is the principle difference between procedural and substantive definitions of democracy?
5. What is the principle difference between representative and direct forms of democracy?
6. Can a democracy be both “direct” and “representative”? Why or why not?
7. What is the difference between democratic transition and democratic consolidation?
8. Which is more important, transition or consolidation?
9. What would proponents of the idea that actors help to produce democratization say about traditional modernization theory?
10. Do Inglehart and Welzel reconcile modernization and political culture theories of democracy? Why or why not?
11. Are all democracies equally democratic?
12. What do you think is the best way to measure differences in democratic quality?

Essay Questions

1. Lipset and the team of Inglehart and Welzel believe that economic development and democracy are linked, but they disagree as to the nature of this linkage. Articulate each argument and explain what we would need to do to figure out which of the three views is best.
2. Some scholars, like Lipset, stress economic and structural forces in their account of democracy. Others, like O’Donnell and Schmitter, stress coalitions and actors. Can you reconcile these two sorts of theories?
3. If India is poor and still a democracy, does this disprove modernization theory? Why or why not? Note: To answer this question well you need to first explain modernization theory and its implications in some detail.

CHAPTER 7: AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES AND DEMOCRATIC BREAKDOWN

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 148

1) Which of the following is not true of Zimbabwe?

• 1. Zimbabwe was one of the first African countries to invest heavily in education for girls.
  2. Zimbabwe is considered one of the most democratic nations in Africa.
  3. Zimbabwe was called Southern Rhodesia before the 1960s.
  4. Zimbabwe was known as “the bread basket of Africa.”

Page number: 149

2) Traditional oligarchies, empires, monarchies and sultanates are all examples of:

1. Democratic regimes
2. Authoritarian regimes
3. Populist regimes
4. Socialist regimes

Page number: 149-150

3) Which of the following is not a basis of variation between types of authoritarian regimes?

1. The degree to which the regime centers on an individual
2. The degree to which the regime expounds an overarching ideology
3. The degree to which the regime constrains or violates human rights
4. The degree to which the regime expands its territorial influence

Page number: 150, 156-159

4) A collapse of democracy is called:

1. Authoritarianization
2. Reverse democratization
3. Democratic breakdown
4. Authoritarian persistence

Page number: 157

5) Venezuela’s government under Hugo Chávez and Nicolas Maduro, which combines elements of authoritarianism with some democratic features, could be defined as:

1. Totalitarian regime
2. A traditional democratic regime
3. A hybrid regime
4. A pseudo-democratic regime

Page number: 150-154

6) Which of the following is a type of authoritarian regime?

1. Totalitarian regimes
2. Theocracies
3. Personalistic dictatorships
4. All of the above

Page number: 150-151

7) Nazi Germany and present-day North Korea are examples of what type of authoritarian regime?

1. Totalitarian
2. Theocratic
3. Bureaucratic-authoritarian
4. All of the above

Page number: 151-152

8) A state that is controlled by religious leaders and imposes strict religious restrictions on its citizens is known as:

1. A theocracy
2. A holy empire
3. A secular republic
4. A democratic nation

Page number: 154

9) Which of the following is not necessarily true of authoritarian states?

1. Authoritarian states avoid holding elections at all costs.
2. Authoritarian states violate human rights to some degree.
3. Authoritarian states restrict democratization.
4. Authoritarian states may have personalistic leaders.

Page number: 152

10) Which statement is true concerning personalistic dictatorships?

1. They are dictators who are elected but not considered authoritarian.
2. They are Theocracies influenced by the ancient Roman Empire.
3. They are sometimes framed as necessary to help maintain order and advance their country.
4. The bureaucracy controls the state.

Page number: 153

11) Bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes are characterized by:

1. Control of the state by a group of elites rather than a single individual
2. A separation between state and military
3. A focus on ideology
4. Low economic productivity

Page number: 153-154

12) Stronger democratic international norms have contributed most directly to:

1. An increase in legitimacy for all regime types
2. A response of an increase in authoritarianism
3. A rejection of international law
4. An increase in regimes defined as hybrids

Page number: 154

13) An illiberal democracy has ______________ but lacks ____________.

1. Some democratic features, guaranteed civil rights
2. Some authoritarian features, elections.
3. Leader accountability, protected political rights
4. Reasonably fair elections, basic social services

Page number: 154-155

14) The ongoing continuation of an authoritarian regime is known as:

1. Transition
2. Competitive authoritarianism
3. Democratic breakdown
4. Authoritarian persistence

Page number: 155

15) Authoritarian persistence can be can be demonstrated by:

1. The persistence of a single authoritarian regime
2. The substitution of one authoritarian regime for another
3. Both a and b
4. Neither a nor b

Page number: 156

16) “Regime maintenance” refers to:

1. The periodic rotation of officials in charge of an authoritarian regime
2. The efforts made by a regime to remain in power
3. The provision of political information for the electorate in a delegative democracy
4. The cutting of the provision of basic services in order to fund the regime budget

Page number: 157

17) During what time period did the PRI rule in Mexico?

1. 1920–1942
2. 1929–2000
3. 1947–1975
4. 1986–present

Page number: 161-162

18) Which of the following would be the best characterization of historical-institutional accounts of regime types?

1. Coalitions of actors at different historical moments may help account for the persistence or collapse of regime types.
2. Political history is largely characterized by institutions that have become more democratic and less authoritarian over time.
3. The institutions that most affect history are comprised of political elites who act rationally when faced with challenges by the masses.
4. History is written by the winners, and therefore is largely for the institutionalized.

Page number: 163-164

19) Which of the following is interested in how shifting configurations of institutions and interests change the bargaining position of individuals?

a. Confucianism

b. State weakness and failure

c. Historical Institutionalism

d. Rational Choice Institutionalism

Page number: 163

20) Which scholar credits class structure as the key factor in which type of political regime is formed?

1. Samuel Huntington
2. Guillermo O’Donnell
3. Richard Stockton Bullitt
4. Barrington Moore

Page number: 162-163

21) Which of the following statements about poverty and authoritarianism is false?

1. Many authoritarian regimes have persisted in countries with low-income inequality.
2. Poverty does not exist in authoritarian regimes due to their socialist nature.
3. Income inequality can create divisions in society that can be manipulated by authoritarian regimes to maintain power.
4. Authoritarian regimes can bring about economic growth, thus improving living standards.

Page number: 164

22) Which of the following best summarizes Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson?

1. No bourgeoisie, no democracy.
2. No bourgeoisie, no authoritarianism.
3. Elites may favor repression over democracy if it will protect their privileges.
4. Authoritarian elites are susceptible to the contingencies of people power mobilization.

Page number: 166

23) Which of the following is not a political-cultural orientation identified by Almond and Verba?

1. Parochial cultures
2. Activist cultures
3. Civic cultures of participation
4. Subject cultures

Page number: 167

24) Action taken by individuals and groups to pursue their ends in formally or informally coordinated ways, often in pursuit of some common or public good is called:

1. Democratization
2. Revolution
3. Collective action
4. Grassroots organization

Page number: 168

25) Which scholar uses the Eastern European revolutions of 1989 to highlight the importance of the suppression of public opinion in the preservation of an authoritarian regime?

1. Lucan A. Way
2. Steven Levitsky
3. Timur Kuran
4. Daron Acemoglu

Page number: 169

26) Which of the following scholars is most closely identified with the idea of “competitive authoritarianism”?

1. Steven Levitsky
2. David St. Hubbins
3. Guillermo O’Donnell
4. Max Weber

Page number: 156

27) Which of the following polities is sometimes considered a good example of a “competitive authoritarian” regime?

1. The United States
2. North Korea
3. Brazil
4. Russia

Page number: 151-152

28) Which of the following polities could be considered an example of a theocracy?

1. The United States
2. Brazil
3. Russia
4. Iran

Page number: 153

29) Which of the following regimes could be described as “bureaucratic-authoritarian”?

1. The United States in 2010
2. Argentina in the 1970s
3. Iran after the 1979 revolution
4. There has never really been a “bureaucratic-authoritarian” regime.

Page number: 150-151

30) Which of the following regimes has been called “totalitarian”?

1. Cuba under Castro
2. The Soviet Union
3. Nazi Germany
4. All of the above

Page number: 159-160

31) Which of the following categories is most like the category “hybrid regime”?

1. Competitive authoritarian regime
2. Theocracy
3. Totalitarian regime
4. You shouldn’t compare any regimes to hybrid regimes

Page number: 163

32) Which theory is most closely associated with the scholar Barrington Moore?

1. Democracy only happens in countries that have the right culture.
2. Democracy only happens in societies after the emergence of a bourgeoisie.
3. Democracy is indeterminate and cannot be predicted.
4. Democracy happens when groups solve problems of collective action.

Short Answer Questions

1. Must authoritarian persistence always take the form of a single regime remaining largely unchanged? Why or why not?
2. Is it true that democratic breakdown only happens in cases where people don’t value democracy? Explain.
3. What are the different possible regime types that can follow a transition from authoritarian rule?
4. Explain the meaning of the phrase “hybrid regime.”
5. How, if at all, might a “hybrid regime” be different from a competitive authoritarian one?
6. How might a competitive authoritarian regime differ from an “illiberal democracy”?
7. Why might an unpopular authoritarian regime remain in power, according to Timur Kuran?
8. What distinguishes totalitarianism from other forms of authoritarianism?
9. What is distinctive about bureaucratic-authoritarian rule, compared to other forms of authoritarianism?
10. Identify at least two countries in the world today that may be classified as cases of competitive authoritarianism, and briefly explain why you categorize them this way.
11. Is a transition from a democratic to a competitive authoritarian regime likely to look similar to a transition from a democratic to a fully authoritarian one?
12. What is the difference between a personalistic dictatorship and a bureaucratic authoritarian one?

Essay Questions

1. Why might state weakness be associated with authoritarianism? How would you suspect causality to work in this connection?
2. Under what conditions would you expect a well-established democracy to breakdown and move toward authoritarian rule? Do you see these conditions existing in any advanced democracies today? What does this imply for the future of democracy in such countries?
3. Each theory discussed in this chapter provides a pathway to explain Zimbabwe’s authoritarianism. Which one do you think provides the best explanation and why? Provide evidence.

CHAPTER 8: CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 178

1) What is a constitutional system that disperses some powers in states or provinces called?

• 1. A republic
  2. A unitary state
  3. A federal state
  4. A constitutional state

Page number: 184

2) Which of the following societies has a federal system?

1. The United States
2. Brazil
3. China
4. All of the above

Page number: 177-179

3) Which of the following is untrue of constitutions?

1. Constitutions are generally written.
2. Constitutions establish the basis of a political system.
3. Constitutions are “social contracts.”
4. Constitutions are static.

Page number: 176

4) The structures and organizations that shape political behavior are called:

1. Legislatures
2. Constituencies
3. Institutions
4. Branches

Page number: 177

5) Constitutionalism is another term for:

1. Federalism
2. Democratic legislation
3. Rule of Law
4. Limited government

Page number: 178

6) In most cases, how are constitutions changed?

1. Through a process of public referendum
2. Through a process of amendment
3. Through a process of constitutional design
4. Constitutions do not change

Page number: 177

7) The written form of the fundamental and supreme laws establishing the basis of a political system and its laws is known as a:

a. Constitution

b. Magna Carta

c. The Settlements Act

d. The Bill of Rights of 1689

Page number: 183-184

8) What is federalism?

a. The separation of powers among different levels of government in a country

b. The system of checks and balances between the executive and the legislative branches

c. The system of government in which the central government is predominant

d. The concentration of powers in the executive branch

Page number: 178

9) Which U.S. president stated, “The question of the relation of the states to the federal government is the cardinal question of our constitutional systems”?

a. Calvin Coolidge

b. Theodore Roosevelt

c. Franklin Delano Roosevelt

d. Woodrow Wilson

Page number: 179

10) Unlike federalism, unitarism refers to:

a. Multiple levels in government having some degree of autonomy

b. The institutions and branches of the central government maintaining sovereignty

c. A lack of separation between church and state

d. Unification of decision making in a single branch of government

Page number: 179

11) Judicial review refers to:

a. The authority for a judge to rule which laws are or are not consistent with a constitution

b. The ability for a circuit-level judge to appoint district-level judges

c. The right that a judge has to ignore precedent in their rulings

d. The law that allows a judge to choose which cases their court will hear

Page number: 179

12) The establishment of three branches of government in the United States is an example of:

a. Executive privileges

b. Separation of powers

c. Federalism

d. Democratic governance

Page number: 180

13) The Magna Carta of 1215, the Bill of Rights of 1689, and the Acts of Settlement of 1701 all have constitutional significance in which country?

a. New Zealand

b. United States of America

c. United Kingdom

d. France

Page number: 181-182

14) The Supreme Court of the United States

a. Is the final arbiter of constitutional law

b. Exercises the political check of judicial review

c. Justices are appointed by the president and approved by the Senate

d. All of the above

Page number: 196-199

15) Which of the following is not true of the Brazilian and South African constitutions?

a. Both are extensive, with each containing over two hundred articles

b. Both include dispensations about the division of powers between levels of government

c. Both empower supreme or high courts with a power of judicial review on constitutional issues

d. Both created parliamentary systems of government

Page number: 182

16) To what does parliamentary sovereignty refer?

a. The legislating body is the highest political and legal authority in the land.

b. The members of parliament are elected for life.

c. The upper house or chamber is more powerful than that which represents proportionally.

d. All of the above

Page number: 182-183

17) Why might parliamentary sovereignty be a risky system?

a. The parliament members are appointed, not elected.

b. The parliament has total control over the budget.

c. The parliament determines constitutionality of its own actions.

d. It would not be risky.

Page number: 183

18) Who wrote The Federalist Papers?

a. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

b. William Connelly, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson

c. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton

d. Franklin Pierce, William Riker, and John Jay

Page number: 184

19) Which of the following would not be considered a federal country?

a. India

b. United States

c. France

d. Germany

Page number: 186-187

20) According to the text, why might an authoritarian regime draft a constitution?

a. As a means to establish more governmental legitimacy

b. The United Nations requires a written constitution of all member-states.

c. A constitution would be a means to begin the process of democratization.

d. It would not.

Page number: 187

21) Law based on the Holy Book of Islam is known as:

a. Martial law

b. Shiite law

c. Talmudic law

d. Sharia law

Page number: 187

22) A system of government in which constitutional law is combined with the recognition of an official state religion and some use of religious beliefs or texts as foundation for law is known as:

a. Religiosity

b. Faith-centric politics

c. Religious indoctrination

d. Theocracy

Page number: 187

23) According to the text, why might religious law create tension in a country?

a. Citizens who are not of that religion are still subject to its laws.

b. The separation of church and state is necessary for development.

c. Religious law restricts enterprise and economic growth.

d. The predominant religion in a country can change with a change in demographics.

Page number: 188

24) Which of the following is not a potential negative effect of federalism?

a. Differences in regional development

b. Increase in ethnic tensions

c. Unifies a disparate polity

d. Increase in regionalism

Page number: 190

25) Which of the following political arguments would draw most directly on the principles of federalism?

a. Abortion should be illegal under federal law.

b. States should determine the legality of abortion within their own borders.

c. Abortion should be legal under federal law in all states.

d. Abortion should be illegal under religious law.

Page number: 189

26) According to the text, federalism has significantly influenced differences in regional and state development in which of the following countries?

a. Italy

b. Israel

c. India

d. China

Page number: 192

27) Who developed the decentralization theorem?

a. William Wallace

b. Wallace Oates

c. Daryl Hall

d. John Oates

Page number: 193

28) The idea that unelected judges and justices might “legislate from the bench” refers most directly to which of the following concerns:

a. Judicial politicking

b. Judicial sovereignty

c. Judicial review

d. Judicial activism

Page number: 193-194

29) What would be an example of a check on the legislative branch by the judicial branch?

a. Judicial politicking

b. Judicial sovereignty

c. Judicial review

d. Judicial activism

Page number: 196

30) Which scholar described the concept of juristocracy?

a. Ran Hirschl

b. Viktor Frankl

c. Alfred Stepan

d. Louis Brandeis

Page number: 193

31) Arguing how “other institutions” operate within federal systems, such as how political parties are structured, is the substance of the scholarship of:

a. Riker

b. Hirschl

c. Stepan

d. Rodden and Wibbels

Page number: 189

32) Both Riker and Stepan offer analyses of this:

a. constitutionalism

b. Unitary systems

c. The emergence of federal systems

d. Judicial activism

Short Answer Questions

1. What is distinctive about the British constitution? Comment with specific reference to how the British constitution can be changed.
2. Identify three areas where federalism may lead to different outcomes than unitarism.
3. What is the principle of constitutionalism, and to what extent does it relate specifically to the existence of a constitution?
4. When an authoritarian regime replaces a democratic regime, in what ways might it handle the preexisting constitution?
5. What is the principle of parliamentary sovereignty and how does it relate to the judicial branch?
6. Define federalism and offer at least one characteristic that allows observers to distinguish a federal state from a unitary state.
7. Name one federal country on each the following continents: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.
8. What did William Riker believe to be the cause or origin of federal government, and what did Alfred Stepan note in response to Riker?
9. Are constitutions compatible with religious law, and why or why not?
10. Describe the logic through which decentralized government can lead to improved governance.
11. Identify several of the main features and purposes of constitutions.
12. Explain the meaning of the phrase judicial review.
13. Under what conditions might federalism be detrimental to an economy?
14. Summarize the argument of Towards Juristocracy, by Ran Hirschl.
15. Since constitutions typically make references to all branches of government—including executives and legislatures—why are judiciaries of particular importance for inclusion in a discussion of constitutions?

Essay Questions

1. Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of written and unwritten constitutions.
2. According to scholars, what are the major advantages of federal systems? What, if any, are the disadvantages? Should all polities adopt federalism? Why or why not?
3. What variables can account for the origins of federalism? Under what conditions might you expect a country today to move towards federalism, and why?
4. Discuss the difference, if any, between judicial review and judicial activism
5. Discuss how two major features of constitutional design—federalism/unitarism and judicial review—can have substantial impacts on individual rights. Use hypothetical or real-world empirical examples to illustrate your argument.

CHAPTER 9: LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 203

1) An assembly or body of representatives with the authority to make laws refers to:

a. The legislature

b. The judiciary

c. The electorate

d. The executive

Page number: 203-205

2) Which of the following is untrue of legislatures?

a. Many politicians start their careers in the legislature.

b. Legislatures are responsible for enforcing laws.

c. Interests groups and lobbyists work with the legislature to influence policy.

d. Legislatures often have the responsibility of executive oversight.

Page number: 204

3) Which of the following countries is an example of an authoritarian state with a legislature?

a. South Africa

b. Brazil

c. China

d. Denmark

Page number: 205-206

4) All contemporary democracies have:

a. Elected legislators

b. An executive head of government appointed by the legislature

c. A bicameral congress

d. Three branches of government, including a legislature elected separately from the executive

Page number: 204

5) To what does the term “horse trading” refer to in regards to legislation?

a. The redistricting that occurs in order to provide better electoral opportunities for a candidate

b. The act of blocking proposed legislation in the Senate

c. The law of interstate commerce that prohibits the smuggling of farm animals across state borders

d. The trades and compromises that take place between legislators to garner votes

Page number: 205

6) The power of the legislature to allocate resources is called:

a. The “pursers clause”

b. The “peddling of the purse strings”

c. The “clutch of power”

d. The “power of the purse”

Page number: 204

7) Which of the following is not an expectation of an elected legislator?

a. Committee participation

b. Bipartisanship

c. Lawmaking

d. Constituent service

Page number: 206

8) A legislature with two chambers or houses is called which of the following?

a. Unicameral

b. Duocameral

c. Bicameral

d. Multicameral

Page number: 206

9) Which aspect of the government is generally the most reflective of the political distribution of the population at large?

a. The lower house or chamber of the legislature

b. The upper house or chamber of the legislature

c. The elected executive

d. The judiciary

Page number: 206

10) The United States House of Representatives is an example of:

a. A lower chamber

b. An upper chamber

c. A unicameral legislature

d. A parliament

Page number: 206

11) Which of the following is not an example of an upper chamber?

a. The United States Senate

b. The German Bundesrat

c. The United Kingdom’s House of Commons

d. The Japanese House of Councillors

Page number: 206

12) Which of the following are most common in countries that have relatively homogeneous populations?

a. Upper chambers

b. Congresses

c. Unicameral legislatures

d. Bicameral legislatures

Page number: 206

13) Unicameral legislatures are most uncommon in which of the following regions?

a. Scandinavia

b. Latin America

c. Sub-Saharan Africa

d. The Middle East

Page number: 207

14) Congresses are typically associated with which of the following types of executives?

a. Monarchies

b. Prime Ministers

c. Theocrats

d. Presidents

Page number: 207

15) A type of legislature that is often associated with systems in which the legislators vote on the leadership of the executive branch and the formation of a government is called:

a. Monarchy

b. Parliament

c. Congress

d. Representative

Page number: 208

16) A geographical or territorial constituency is generally associated with what system?

a. Proportional representation system

b. Legislative-dominant system

c. Alternative vote system

d. District system

Page number: 209

17) Which parliament is generally considered the “mother of parliaments”?

a. U.S. Congress

b. British Parliament

c. European Union parliament

d. Russian Duma, also known as the Parliament of “Mother Russia”

Page number: 209

18) First-past-the-post winners receive:

a. A majority of the votes

b. A plurality of the votes

c. A minority of the votes

d. A multiplicity of the votes

Page number: 210

19) Which of the following electoral systems requires a majority?

a. Runoff vote

b. First-past-the-post

c. Proportional representation

d. Alternative vote

Page number: 211

20) In a pure proportional representation system, a party gaining 25 percent of the vote would expect to receive how many of 100 available seats?

a. No seats

b. 2 seats

c. 25 seats

d. 50 seats

Page number: 211

21) Which country uses proportional representation?

a. Russia

b. United States

c. India

d. China

Page number: 212-213

22) Which of the following voter procedures applies to the Single Transferable Vote system?

a. Choose preferred party; seats allocated to parties by vote percent

b. Choose candidate; top candidate is elected by most votes or runoff

c. Rank candidates; winners’ surplus votes reallocated until a slate is chosen

d. Rank candidates; votes of losers are reallocated until a winner is found

Page number: 209

23) Which of the following voter procedures applies to the Single-Member District system?

a. Choose preferred party; seats allocated to parties by vote percent

b. Choose candidate; top candidate is elected by most votes or runoff

c. Rank candidates; winners’ surplus votes reallocated until slate chosen

d. Rank candidates: votes of loser reallocated until winner found

Page number: 212-213

24) The Single Transferable Vote system is effective in:

a. Reducing the cases of voter fraud

b. Reducing the temptation of strategic voting

c. Reducing voter fatigue

d. Reducing the level of voter apathy in the youth

Page number: 215

25) How is the German Bundesrat elected?

a. Single-Member district

b. Alternative voting

c. Open-list proportional representation

d. By assemblies in the states (Lander)

Page number: 214-215

26) Which of the following is a power that a legislature may have over the executive?

a. Oversight

b. Removal

c. Requiring testimony

d. All of the above

Page number: 216

27) Scott Morgenstern and Benito Nacif observed that legislatures are more “reactive” than “proactive” in which region?

a. Scandinavia

b. Latin America

c. Sub-Saharan Africa

d. The Middle East

Page number: 215

28) The process of impeachment is found in what type of system?

a. Presidential

b. Parliament

c. Monarchical

d. Authoritarian

Page number: 219

29) The creation of districts of irregular shape or composition in order to achieve a desired political result is known as:

a. Gerrymandering

b. Meandering

c. Philandering

d. Mungojerrying

Page number: 220

30) In the United States Senate, how many Senators are needed to sustain a filibuster?

a. 25

b. 41

c. 51

d. 60

Page number: 222

31) Gary Cox and Matthew McCubbins argue that:

a. Committees are effectively “legislatures within legislatures” where the important decisions are made.

b. The U.S. House conducts business in ways that may be considered a “legislative cartel.”

c. Parties are considered “disciplined” if their members vote together.

d. Malapportionment leads to a deviation from the “one-person, one-vote” principle.

Page number: 225-226

32) Questions designed to get at what likely might happen under certain circumstances is called:

a. hypotheticals

b. counterfactuals

c. hinderances

d. analyticals

Short Answer Questions

1. What is typically the difference between a legislature called a “parliament” and one called a “congress”?
2. In a pure proportional representation system, what does an individual citizen vote for, and how are legislative seats allocated?
3. Describe how an electoral system might work in which voters rank candidates.
4. How does open-list PR differ from closed-list PR?
5. Offer one main advantage of proportional representation (as opposed to district-based elections) from the perspective of the quality or nature of representation.
6. Now offer one main disadvantage of proportional representation from the perspective of the quality or nature of representation.
7. Describe the electoral system used in New Zealand.
8. What is malapportionment and whom does it typically favor in federal systems?
9. What are the general implications of single-member districts?
10. What are the conditions that favor the development of two parties?
11. What are the conditions that favor the development of many parties?
12. In general, electoral systems and party systems are related. Which shapes the other more and why?

Essay Questions

1. What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of proportional representation and district-based systems, when viewed in terms of representation?
2. Explain how legislative-executive relations are likely to differ between parliamentary systems and presidential systems.
3. Explain how party discipline relates to electoral rules, using at least two different types of electoral systems to show what variations in discipline might be expected.
4. How does malapportionment affect representative outcomes and what might be changed in such a system to equalize representation? Use a hypothetical to demonstrate the proposed change.

CHAPTER 10: EXECUTIVES

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 231

1) Which of the following is not a role of the executive?

a. Execute laws

b. Create laws

c. Implement laws

d. Enforce laws

Page number: 231

2) Where do executives have substantial roles?

a. Determining which laws and policies pass

b. Running major offices and agencies in the bureaucracy

c. As heads of states and/or heads of government

d. All of the above

Page number: 231

3) Queen Elizabeth is a:

a. Chief Justice

b. Prime Minister

c. Head of Government

d. Head of State

Page number: 232

4) A significant difference between parliamentary and presidential systems are the kinds of:

a. Lobbyists

b. Executive-Legislative Relations

c. Populism

d. Coalition politics

Page number: 232

5) When a new President is sworn in, a new _________ begins.

a. Administration

b. Party

c. Congress

d. System

Page number: 232

6) Which of the following states is seen as the archetypal example of parliamentarism?

a. France

b. The United States

c. The United Kingdom

d. Germany

Page number: 233

7) A system in which the populace at large votes in elections for a chief executive is called:

a. Presidentialism

b. Parliamentarism

c. Democracy

d. Populism

Page number: 233

8) What is a veto?

a. A decision by an executive to approve passage of a bill

b. A decision by an executive to reject passage of a bill

c. A rejection of the passage of a bill by a proportion of senators

d. A passing of a bill by popular referendum

Page number: 234-235

9) A system in which the head of government is elected by and accountable to the legislature is called:

a. Presidentialism

b. Parliamentarism

c. Democracy

d. Populism

Page number: 234

10) Which of the following nations uses a “runoff” to determine the Presidency?

a. France

b. The United States

c. The United Kingdom

d. Germany

Page number: 233-234

11) Which of the following is not a role of the president of the United States?

a. Titular head of government

b. Commander-in-chief of the armed forces

c. Spiritual leader of the populace

d. Ceremonial head of state

Page number: 234

12) The election of the prime minister in parliamentary systems like that of the United Kingdom is best described as:

a. Popular

b. Unpopular

c. Direct

d. Indirect

Page number: 235

13) Which of the following is not a name for a head of government in a parliamentary system?

a. Chancellor

b. Premier

c. President

d. Prime Minister

Page number: 245

14) Which of the following statements is true of parliamentary systems in comparison to presidential systems?

a. They do not have terms of fixed length

b. They are more democratic

c. They are more representative of popular interests between elections

d. There are no checks or balances

Page number: 235-236

15) The abilities of an executive to veto or dissolve the legislature are examples of:

a. Formal powers

b. Informal powers

c. Partisan powers

d. Bipartisan powers

Page number: 236

16) An order made by a chief executive that determines how the bureaucracy should enact or interpret a law is called:

a. A veto

b. A decree

c. A filibuster

d. An executive order

Page number: 236

17) In presidential systems, the process by which a legislature determines whether an official should be removed from office is called:

a. Filibuster

b. Impeachment

c. Vote of no confidence

d. None of the above

Page number: 237

18) In which country does the parliament use the constructive vote of no confidence?

a. Germany

b. United States

c. Iran

d. Brazil

Page number: 238

19) An executive with a high level of partisan power would likely experience:

a. Relative ease in passing laws

b. Difficulty in passing laws

c. A high level of partisanship within the legislature

d. A divided government

Page number: 242

20) In a parliamentary system with three or more parties, when a party does not obtain a majority vote, what must happen for a government to be formed?

a. Parties must negotiate and compromise.

b. Party leaders decide they would rather participate in a coalition than be in the opposition.

c. A vote of no confidence in the new coalition government will cause a new election to be called.

d. All of the above

Page number: 238-239

21) Coalitions are most likely to form under what electoral system?

a. Single-member districts

b. First-past-the-post

c. Indirect voting

d. Proportional representation

Page number: 241

22) Any governing coalition that contains no surplus parties beyond those required to form a government is known as:

a. A maximum connected winning coalition

b. A maximum winning coalition

c. A minimum connected winning coalition

d. A minimum winning coalition

Page number: 241

23) A minimum connected winning coalition is defined as:

a. No extra or surplus parties that are needed to govern

b. Minimum winning and parties are “connected” on policy spectrum

c. Fewest number of parties needed to form majority

d. Minimum number of “spaces” between parties on a policy spectrum

Page number: 241

24) A minimum range coalition is defined as:

a. No extra or surplus parties are needed to govern.

b. Minimum winning and parties are “connected” on policy spectrum.

c. Fewest number of parties needed to form majority.

d. Minimum number of “spaces” between parties on a policy spectrum.

Page number: 242

25) Times of crisis can lend themselves to the formation of which extraordinary coalitions?

a. A minimum winning coalition

b. A minimum connected winning coalition

c. A grand coalition

d. A bicameral coalition

Page number: 243

26) To what does the “bully pulpit of the presidency” refer?

a. The ability of the president to use communication as a means to shape public opinion

b. The power of the president to use congressional funds for campaigning

c. The right of a president to remove cabinet members

d. The tendency of the president of the United States to commandeer the decision-making process in regards to international affairs

Page number: 243

27) Which is an extraordinary power of some presidents, considered to be a hallmark of poor governance?

a. The legal authority to shape public opinion.

b. The ability to suggest new legislation.

c. Appoint party members to government positions.

d. The use of patron-client politics to provide jobs or other benefits to supporters.

Page number: 238-243

28) Which of the following is an example of a partisan power?

a. Influencing public opinion and public debate

b. Issuing decrees and executive orders

c. Appointing party members to executive office

d. Campaigning for individuals or causes

Page number: 245

29) Juan Linz argues that:

a. Parliamentary systems are better for democracy than presidencies.

b. Presidencies are better for democracy than parliamentary systems.

c. Presidentialism makes clear that the executive heads the government.

d. Parliamentary systems make it difficult to change an unpopular government.

Page number: 244-245

30) In which of the following regions are parliamentary systems of government most common?

a. Latin America

b. Western Europe

c. Central Africa

d. West Africa

Page number: 246

31) Which of the following countries has a parliamentary system?

a. Brazil

b. India

c. China

d. United States

Page number: 247

32) Who coined the term “delegative democracy”?

a. Guillermo O’Donnell

b. Scott Mainwaring

c. Sinead O’Connor

d. Juan Linz

Page number: 247

33) A political approach in which leaders make direct appeals to “the people” and seek to develop direct political ties with the masses is known as:

a. Popularism

b. Populationism

c. Populism

d. None of the above

Page number: 250

34) Arend Lijphart demonstrates the theory of consociational democracy in which:

a. Different groups share access to power in a government.

b. One group has a monopoly on power in a government.

c. The executive and the legislative share power in a government.

d. The executive maintains all power in a government.

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the difference between a head of state and a head of government?
2. In what sense can it be said that legislative and executive power are fused in parliamentary systems?
3. What is a vote of no confidence and what is typically the result if such a vote passes?
4. What are some ways an executive leader might have power over a legislature?
5. Name as many as possible of the five reasons offered by Juan Linz for why presidentialism is problematic.
6. Identify two countries that have shown presidential power can be problematic, and explain what the two examples illustrate.
7. What problem is Germany’s “constructive” variant of the vote of no confidence intended to solve?
8. Identify the difference between a minimum winning coalition and a minimum connected winning coalition.
9. What is a minimum size coalition?
10. What incentive is typically offered do minority parties to induce them to participate in a coalition?
11. What are the major arguments in favor runoff elections for chief executives?
12. What is the difference between the formal and partisan powers of an executive?
13. In a presidential system, what does the executive consist of besides the president himself or herself?
14. Describe the phenomenon of populism and how it relates to the executive branch of government.
15. Summarize Arend Lijphart’s discussion of “consociational” government.

Essay Questions

1. Summarize Juan Linz’s argument on the relative merits of presidential and parliamentary government, as well as the critique of Linz by Mainwaring and Shugart. Discuss both the theoretical and empirical bases for this critique.
2. Explain why many of the types of coalitions formed in governments around the world are “minimum coalitions” rather than “maximum coalitions.” Why would the parties forming coalitions seek a “minimum” rather than a “maximum”?
3. Using examples, show how chief executives draw upon different types of powers—including formal powers and partisan powers—to achieve their political goals.
4. Many of the theoretical works on presidentialism emphasize its drawbacks and problems, as contrasted with the virtues of parliamentarism. Make the most compelling case you can for why presidentialism should be preferred to parliamentarism. Base your argument on a theoretical premise and use empirical examples as possible.
5. Explain why a comparativist must take care in choosing what countries to use as cases in their studies. What rules should guide these decisions? Give examples, with details, of reasonable and unreasonable comparisons.

CHAPTER 11: POLITICAL PARTIES, PARTY SYSTEMS, AND INTEREST GROUPS

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 267

1) Which of the following would not be considered a dominant-party state as of 2015?

a. Ghana

b. Chad

c. Ethiopia

d. South Africa

Page number: 257

2) A political organization that seeks to influence policy through getting candidates and members elected or appointed to public office is called:

a. An interest group

b. A political party

c. A coalition

d. A party system

Page number: 257

3) Which of the following statements is true of party platforms?

a. They define a party’s particular set of principles

b. They are not subject to change

c. They do not represent the will of the party

d. They are generally the same from party to party

Page number: 257

4) What is an example of a party system?

a. Authoritarian

b. Pseudo-democratic

c. Single-party

d. Uncompetitive

Page number: 259

5) The National Rifle Association is an example of:

a. An interest group

b. A political party

c. A coalition

d. A party system

Page number: 258

6) What is the main way that interest groups influence policy?

a. Through boycott

b. Through campaign donations

c. Through private fundraising

d. Through lobbying

Page number: 259

7) Civil society is made up of:

a. Interest groups

b. Volunteer organizations

c. Social organizations

d. All of the above

Page number: 259

8) What is the process by which individuals’ preferences are brought together to make collective decision, often through political parties and the party system?

a. Interest articulation

b. Interest aggregation

c. Mass parties

d. Catch-all parties

Page number: 260

9) The Communist Party in China is what type of party?

a. Elite party

b. Catch-all party

c. Mass party

d. Common party

Page number: 260

10) What is a catch-all party?

a. A party that aims to attract support from a broad range of interest groups and voters

b. A party consisting of large numbers of citizens as members that undertake massive political mobilization

c. A party that attracts all voters of a specific demographic or background

d. A party in which membership and scope were largely restricted to a small number of political elites

Page number: 261

11) Which scholar is noted for his critique on the oligarchic nature of political parties?

a. David St. Hubbins

b. Robert Nozick

c. Michael Moore

d. Robert Michels

Page number: 261

12) Which of the following statements is true of dominant-party systems?

a. Only one party participates meaningfully

b. Only occur in authoritarian countries

c. Only one party can compete

d. Only occur in hybrid regimes

Page number: 259

13) China, North Korea, and Cuba are all current examples of what specific type of party system?

a. Single-party system

b. Divided party system

c. Multiparty system

d. Two-party system

Page number: 262

14) Which of the following claims has recently been used in defense of single-party systems?

a. Voters cannot be trusted to elect effective leaders

b. Justification of a regime’s continuation in power

c. Multiparty systems can be divisive

d. One party is inherently more effective that multiple parties

Page number: 262

15) Which country is home to the most influential and important dominant-party system in the world?

a. Afghanistan

b. Brazil

c. China

d. Russia

Page number: 261-262

16) Which of the following is a defining characteristic of dominant-party systems?

a. Lack of competitiveness in elections

b. Lack of free and fair elections

c. Lack of citizen voting rights

d. Lack of campaign funding for opposition parties

Page number: 263-264

17) Single-member districts are likely to lead to which type of party system?

a. Single-party system

b. Dominant-party system

c. Multiparty system

d. Two-party system

Page number: 264

18) A multiparty system with many small parties would be considered:

a. Concentrated

b. Bloated

c. Democratic

d. Fragmented

Page number: 265

19) The measure designed to capture the number of meaningful parties in a party system is called:

a. Cumulative party metrics

b. Aggregate effective parties

c. Effective number of parties

d. Gini index of party representation

Page number: 266

20) Which of the following is an aspect of party system institutionalization?

a. The internal stability of parties over time

b. The cohesiveness and coherence of party platforms over time

c. The persistence and electoral success of parties over time

d. All of the above

Page number: 267

21) What is it called when there is a formal, established relationship between certain interest groups and state power?

a. Capitalism

b. Pluralism

c. Cronyism

d. Corporatism

Page number: 267

22) To what term does the idea that interest groups compete in a “marketplace of ideas” refer?

a. Capitalism

b. Pluralism

c. Cronyism

d. Corporatism

Page number: 268

23) Russia has what kind of party system?

a. A strongly institutionalized party system

b. A corporatist party system

c. An inchoate multiparty system

d. A poorly institutionalized party system with authoritarian tendencies

Page number: 269

24) Which Latin American country was noted for an authoritarian form of corporatism that lasted for over half of the twentieth century?

a. Brazil

b. Argentina

c. Cuba

d. Mexico

Page number: 270

25) Why would a proportional representation election system generally lead to a multiparty system?

a. Proportional representation favors large parties that can win a plurality of the votes

b. Proportional representation exacerbates divisions within society

c. Proportional representation reflects the overall distribution of support for multiple parties

d. It would not

Page number: 271

26) To what does “Duverger’s Law” refer most directly?

a. Multiparty systems tend to emerge where elections are based on proportional representation.

b. Multiparty systems tend to emerge where elections are based on a simple plurality vote.

c. Two-party systems tend to emerge where elections are based on proportional representation.

d. Two-party systems tend to emerge where elections are based on a simple plurality vote.

Page number: 271

27) Which scholar argued that different party systems emerge in part due to differences in ideology?

a. Giovanni Sartori

b. Mancur Olson

c. Girolamo Savonarola

d. Jean-Paul Sartre

Page number: 272-273

28) The median voter is also known as:

a. The swing vote

b. The base vote

c. The strategic vote

d. The aggregate vote

Page number: 273

29) Which of the following is an example of strategic voting?

a. John refrains from voting in boycott of the candidates.

b. John votes for his second-favorite candidate who might win, rather than his preferred candidate who has little chance.

c. John votes for his preferred candidate to win the seat, despite the fact that his second-favorite candidate has a better chance.

d. John votes for his least-favorite candidate in the hopes that this will discipline the party of his most-favored candidate.

Page number: 274

30) Anthony Downs’s work on the median voter model influenced the study of what theory?

a. Structured voting theory

b. Party allegiance theory

c. Rational choice theory

d. Irrational choice theory

Page number: 276

31) The work of Mancur Olson focuses on the study of which of the following themes?

a. Party-system development

b. Strategic voting

c. Collective action

d. Party action and partisan reaction

Page number: 277

32) A passage in which famous American work argued that it is natural for people to form different “factions”?

a. The Federalist Papers

b. The Emancipation Proclamation

c. The Sixth Amendment

d. None of the above

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the distinction between a dominant-party state and a single-party state?
2. How do peak organizations work to facilitate bargaining?
3. According to Robert Michels, what is the tendency of all political parties?
4. Define elite parties, mass parties, and catch-all parties.
5. Give two examples of a current dominant-party system plus one example of a country that was once a dominant-party system, but is no longer.
6. What is Duverger’s Law?
7. Explain the significance and meaning of the median voter theorem.
8. Explain what it means if a party system is characterized as a “two-and-a-half” party system?
9. What is the difference between an interest group and a political party?
10. Define pluralism and identify at least one prominent scholar associated with this perspective.
11. Define corporatism and give an example of one country where it may be found.
12. Give one example of a scholar who has brought a rational choice approach to questions of party systems and interest groups, and state what the rationalist argument is.
13. In what ways can the work of Mancur Olson be seen as a critique of pluralism?

Essay Questions

1. Explain the conceptual difference between pluralism and corporatism, and identify the relative advantages and disadvantages of each model.
2. What arguments have been used and are used today to legitimate or justify single-party systems? Using examples, argue why one of these arguments is most compelling, or show why none can be supported.
3. Describe the key features of an institutionalized party system, with a particular emphasis on the characteristics of political parties in such systems. Discuss whether there might be any disadvantages from a party system that is highly institutionalized.
4. Offer two distinct perspectives on what gives rise to different types of party systems. In doing so, draw upon the arguments of Maurice Duverger and Giovanni Sartori.
5. Consider the relationship between party systems and patterns of interest group representation. By your logic, is pluralism especially well-suited for representation in certain types of party systems, and corporatism well suited for representation in other types of systems? Elaborate on your reasoning and why you find certain patterns of interest group representation to be optimal in certain types of party systems, or why you find there to be no connection. You may use country examples to illustrate your answer.

CHAPTER 12: REVOLUTIONS AND CONTENTION

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 281

1) Where did the “Arab Spring” begin?

a. Syria

b. Tunisia

c. Egypt

d. Libya

Page number: 282-283

3) Social revolutions, insurgencies, and terrorism are forms of what?

a. Contention

b. Causation

c. Coercion

d. Communism

Page number: 283

4). Which of the following might be an example of an “everyday form of resistance”?

a. Terrorism

b. Insurgency

c. Letter-writing campaign

d. Work slowdown

Page number: 283-287

5) Which of the following is the strongest example of a social movement?

a. A flash mob organized via social media

b. A quiet riot in response to government decisions about taxes

c. An anarchists’ revolt with no clear leader

d. A set of pro-life or anti-abortion organizations organizing over time

Page number: 283

6) Where do social movements occur?

a. In the space created by civil society

b. In the space created by democracy

c. Within formal institutions

d. During revolutions

Page number: 284

7) The spread of information about protests in Iran in 2009-2010 is a use of _________ in order to organize a social movement.

a. Civil society

b. Formal institutions

c. Social media

d. None of the above

Page number: 284

8) The Occupy Movement could be considered what kind of social movement?

a. Transparent

b. Transitive

c. Transitional

d. Transnational

Page number: 285

9) The Landless Workers Movement has had success as a contentious appeal for equality in which Latin American country?

a. Argentina

b. Brazil

c. Colombia

d. Dominican Republic

Page number: 285

10) What does the “iron law of oligarchy” suggest about social movements?

a. Oligarchic social movements have the highest success rate

b. Social movements always start against the oligarchy

c. Collective action always produces new elites

d. Existing elites always block collective action

Page number: 285

11) What would be an example of mobilization?

a. Personal boycott

b. Organized strike

c. Writing a letter

d. All of the above

Page number: 286

12) The Montgomery Bus Boycott during the American Civil Rights Movement is an example of what?

a. Grassroots activism

b. Passive activism

c. Top-down organizing

d. Oligarchic demonstration

Page number: 288

13. What is true of revolutions and social movements?

a. We cannot distinguish between them

b. We can distinguish between them only in some countries

c. We can distinguish between them based on our preferences

d. We can distinguish between them based on differences in goals and /or consequences

Page number: 288

14) The Russian Revolution of 1917 was what kind of revolution?

a. Alternative revolution

b. Third World Revolution

c. Political revolution

d. Social revolution

Page number: 288-289

15) Which country was, according to some, home to the “first modern revolution”?

a. France

b. Iran

c. Tunisia

d. Mexico

Page number: 288

16) The use of force or threat of force, typically by the military, to impose a non-electoral change in government is called what?

a. Coup d’état

b. Blitzkrieg

c. Insurgency

d. Feng shui

Page number: 289

17) Why do some scholars believe that “Third World Revolutions” should be a unique category?

a. Third World Revolutions only take place between former colonizers and their former colonies.

b. Third World Revolutions have violent conflict.

c. Third World Revolutions deal with complex inequalities rooted in the international system.

d. They do not believe that.

Page number: 290-291

18) Which of the following statements is untrue?

a. Insurgencies can become revolutions.

b. Insurgencies do not involve military action.

c. Insurgencies are led by non-state actors.

d. Insurgencies can sometimes look like or ally with social movements.

Page number: 291-292

19) Relatively “broad definitions” of terrorism hold which of the following to be true?

a. Terrorism can be perpetrated by states.

b. Terrorism includes attacks on uniformed or military personnel.

c. Terrorism can have multiple goals and aims beyond instilling fear for political purposes.

d. All of the above

Page number: 293

20) According to the text, why is “everyday resistance” used when social movements exist as forms of contention?

a. Certain groups and cultures are by nature incapable of coordination and mobilization.

b. There may be barriers to participation in or coordination of social movement activity.

c. Some individuals refuse to participate in formal structures due to plain stubbornness.

d. All of the above

Page number: 294-295

21) What does the strain theory of contention suggest?

a. Major social change causes social “strain” that decreases unification in civil society.

b. Major social change causes social “strain” that increases the likelihood of violent crackdowns.

c. Major social change causes social disequilibrium that increases demand for revolution.

d. Major social change causes social “strain” that decreases opportunity for revolution.

Page number: 296

22) Which scholar(s) have argued that “ascending or inspiring groups and rigid or inflexible institutions are the stuff of which revolutions are made”?

a. Samuel Huntington

b. Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson

c. Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar

d. Steven Levitsky

Page number: 297

23) What was the most important way in which the Chinese Revolution differed from the Russian Revolution?

a. The extent and nature of the peasantry's role

b. Decade

c. Geographical attributes

d. Language

Page number: 297

24) Which scholar defends the “structuralist” theory of revolutions in which social structures make the biggest impact on revolutions?

a. Mark Sageman

b. Mark Lichbach

c. Neil Smelser

d. Theda Skocpol

Page number: 298

25) The “free rider” concept helps to explain what about revolutions?

a. It is rational to participate in the revolution because it betters the revolution’s chances for success.

b. It is not rational to participate in the revolutions lead to a mob mentality.

c. It is rational to not participate in the revolution because you are not at risk, but can still reap the benefits of success.

d. It is rational to participate in the revolution because revolutions are necessary for democracy.

Page number: 300

26) Which country defied the idea that most revolutions are “left wing”?

a. Syria

b. Iran

c. Afghanistan

d. Tunisia

Page number: 301

27) Which of the following would likely increase the likelihood of successful contention?

a. Unified organizational leadership

b. New methods of communication

c. Pre-existing grievances in the citizenry

d. All of the above

Page number: 285-286

28) The efforts by organized groups and individuals in the 1960s in support of civil rights would be considered an example of what kind of contention?

• 1. Terrorism
  2. Insurgency
  3. Social Revolution
  4. Social Movement

Page number: 293

29) Which of the following would be an example of “everyday resistance”?

1. Workers violating rules and engaging in “slowdowns”
2. An organized effort to seize control of the state
3. Forming a political party and attempting to take power
4. Systematic efforts to terrorize a population through violence

Page number: 291-292

30) Which of the following acts might, by some definitions, be considered examples of terrorism?

1. A state’s use of extraordinary violence against a population it aims to keep outside of politics
2. A militant group’s bombing of civilians to influence them to change the policies of their state
3. Neither (a) nor (b)
4. Both (a) and (b)

Page number: 296

31) Which of the following scholars argues that modernization causes disturbances that can provoke revolutions?

1. John Foran
2. Donald Black
3. Samuel Huntington and Ted Gurr
4. The Marques de Pombal

Page number: 297

32) Which of the following scholars argues that state breakdown and peasant mobilization are the key features of social revolutions?

1. Misagh Parsa
2. Said Arjomand
3. Samuel Huntington
4. Theda Skocpol

Page number: 289

33) Which of the following scholars is most associated with the idea of “third world revolutions” or “anti-colonial revolutions”?

1. Henry Kissinger
2. John Foran
3. Nate Silver
4. Neil Smelser

Page number: 305

34) Saudi Arabia is important as a “deviant case” because:

a. It is a religious regime in the Middle East that has not experienced economic discontent and contention or revolution.

b. It helps comparativists to understand the importance of individual factors relevant to explaining the Arab Spring.

c. The case is critical to hypotheses suggested by framing and relative deprivation theories.

d. All of the above

Short Answer Questions

1. Why might some scholars consider the Latin American wars of independence to be revolutions, and others consider them civil wars?
2. What is the basic difference between a social revolution and a political revolution?
3. What is the main difference between a revolution and a social movement?
4. What is the main difference between a social movement and a political party?
5. What are the major points of disagreement among scholars about how to define terrorism?
6. What do resource mobilization, political opportunities, and rational choice theories of contention have in common?
7. What do disequilibrium theories and cultural theories of revolution have in common?
8. How are resource mobilization theories of contention different from rational choice theories of contention?
9. How are disequilibrium theories of revolution and cultural theories different?
10. What is the major difference between “supply side” and “demand side” theories of revolution?
11. Can a revolution use social movement tactics and remain a revolution?
12. Can a social movement use terrorist tactics and remain a social movement?

Essays Questions

1. Analyze the American Revolution against the background of the four major theories considered in this chapter. Which theory or theories can best account for the historical sequence witnessed at the birth of the United States? Explain your answer carefully and be sure to provide evidence in support of your claims.
2. Is the American Civil Rights Movement (or, in contrast, the Feminist Movement) an example of a revolution or a social movement? How do you justify your answer? What constitutes the most important difference between revolutions and social movements as revealed by this example?
3. Consider the major theories of terrorism discussed in this chapter. Which do you find most intuitively plausible. Explicate this definition and compare it to the alternatives and justify your choice.
4. Huntington and Gurr, Skocpol, and Lichbach all developed theories of why people rebel. Because individual theories don’t explain the entire world of events, each suffers criticism for what it doesn’t explain. One is too broad, one is too mechanistic, one is too focused on rational self-interest. Choosing either the Russian or Chinese Revolution, apply one of these three theories and explain why you think it’s the best theory to use and why the other two are inadequate.

CHAPTER 13: NATIONALISM AND NATIONAL IDENTITY

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 310

1) Which is not part of a definition of identity?

a. Social labels applied to individuals and groups, broadly placing them within society.

b. They are constructed on the basis of social sources.

c. They are cultural, historical, and political in nature.

d. They are never changeable.

Page number: 310

2) What does social identity theory argue?

a. Personal identities are partially derived from group identities.

b. Personal identities are developed separately from group identities.

c. Group identities are determined by individual identities within the group.

d. Group identities are constantly evolving because of the pursuit of material interest.

Page number: 311

3) What is the name (according to Anthony Smith) of the view that something akin to national identity is present in virtually all societies for many centuries or more?

• 1. Modernism
  2. Primordialism
  3. Structuralism
  4. Institutionalism

Page number: 311

4) Which of the following is not generally true of nations?

a. Nations are groups that are sovereign or wish to claim sovereignty.

b. Nations are groups that are geographically bounded.

c. Nations are groups that are apolitical.

d. Nations are groups that claim their members are equal in at least some sense.

Page number: 311

5) When do most “modernist” scholars say that nationalism emerged?

• 1. 10,000 BC
  2. Late medieval Europe
  3. The late eighteenth century
  4. The early twentieth century

Page number: 311

6) Which of the following is true of nationalism and national identity?

a. Nationalism is the view that we value our nation above all others, while national identity says that we identify with our fellow citizens through civil society interaction.

b. Nationalism is the view that we are inherently bound to our country, while national identity says that we are members of separate and unequal nations.

c. Nationalism is the view that we all have an important national identity, while national identity says that we are members of sovereign and equal nations.

d. None of the above

Page number: 311

7) Which of the following is not one of the three labels given by Anthony Smith to group theoretical approaches of nationalism?

a. Modernists

b. Ethnographists

c. Perennialists

d. Primordialists

Page number: 311

8) Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology aim to explain almost all of human behavior and society in terms of what theory?

a. Evolutionary theory

b. Social theory

c. Modernization theory

d. Collective identity theory

Page number: 311

9) Which of the following is true of the theory of perennialism?

a. National identity is neither exclusively modern nor fully continuous with pre-historical forms of identity.

b. National identity is continuous with pre-historical forms of identity.

c. National identity is dependent on evolutionary theory.

d. National identity is based upon ancestry.

Page number: 314

10) Which “type” of nationalism is essentially synonymous with “civic” nationalism?

• 1. Territorial nationalism
  2. Ethnic nationalism
  3. Primordialism
  4. Constructivist nationalism

Page number: 314-315

11) Germany and France are presented as exhibiting contrasting types of nationalism, which are (in order):

a. Western and Eastern

b. Civic and ethnic

c. Ethnic and civic

d. Territorial and Sovereign

Page number: 314

12) “Western nationalism” is to civic nationalism as “Eastern nationalism” is to _________.

a. Geographic nationalism

b. Cultural nationalism

c. Ethnic nationalism

d. Primordial nationalism

Page number: 318-319

13) What do some theorists say contributes most to inter-group violence?

• 1. Predatory states controlled by elites
  2. Strong, exclusionary symbolic boundaries
  3. Resentments due to ethnic group inequalities
  4. Some scholars point to each of these factors.

Page number: 308

14) Which of the following is not a key aspect of national identity according to the modernist approach?

a. The nation cannot just be some small elite.

b. The members of society are necessarily grouped by ancestry.

c. The members of society are all equal in some way.

d. The nation is sovereign or claims the right of sovereignty.

Page number: 312-313

15) 25) Which of the following is true of the constructivist approach to nationalism?

a. Nationalism is an idea.

b. Nationalism is invented.

c. Nationalism can change.

d. All of the above

Page number: 312

16) What does Ernest Gellner argue in his work Nations and Nationalism?

a. Ethnic divisions produce nationalism in part through the process of majority domination.

b. Class divisions produce nationalism in part through income inequality.

c. Industrial capitalism produces nationalism in part using the state as an instrument.

d. Economic growth produces nationalism in part through state investment.

Page number: 314-315

17) Which of the following is true of ethnic nationalism?

a. Ethnic nationalism defines nationality by ancestry (real or imagined).

b. Ethnic nationalism defines nationality by citizenship (real or imagined).

c. Ethnic nationalism defines nationality by birthplace (real or imagined).

d Ethnic nationalism defines nationality by religion (real or imagined).

Page number: 314-315

18) Which of the following is true of civic nationalisms according to scholars like Liah Greenfeld?

a. Civic nationalisms are always collectivist.

b. Civic nationalisms are always individualistic.

c. Civic nationalisms can be collectivist or individualistic.

d. Civic nationalisms are neither collectivist nor individualistic.

Page number: 316-317:

19) If your grandparents were born in Ireland, but you were born in the U.S. and grew up there, you may become an Irish citizen. The legal term for this basis of citizenship is:

a. Jus Sanguinis

b. Jus Soli

c. Jus Dispositivum

d. Jus Publicum

Page number: 317

20) Societies that are constructs of many immigrant groups, such as the U.S., typically grant citizenship to anyone born there. The legal term for this basis of citizenship is:

a. Jus Sanguinis

b. Jus Solis

c. Jus Dispositivum

d. Jus Publicum

Page number: 316

21) Jus Sanguinis is linked to this concept of citizenship in a nation or state:

a. Citizenship is granted based on place of birth.

b. Citizenship is granted based on descent/ethnicity.

c. Citizenship is granted based on where you currently live.

d. None of the above

Page number: 315-316

22) According to Liah Greenfeld, Nazi Germany is an example of what kind of nationalism?

a. Civic and individualistic

b. Civic and collectivistic

c. Ethnic and individualistic

d. Ethnic and collectivistic

Page number: 313

23) Liah Greenfeld argues that nationalism needs to be understood as an imaginative response to social conditions because it is fundamentally ________.

a. Anthropological

b. Biological

c. Cultural

d. Deductive

Page number: 319-321

24) Which group believes that a nation is an imagined kinship group, or a big family, like the groups implied by any other collective identity?

a. Perennialists

b. Modernists

c. Primordialists

d. No group

Page number: 319, 322

25) Instrumentalists analyze causes of conflict as related to:

a. Unchanging, irrational attachments to a particular group.

b. Political entrepreneurs manipulating ethnic populations in the pursuit of their own ends.

c. A strategic view of inside and outside identity groups.

d. The disaggregation of communal groups.

Page number 322:

26) A potential solution to the criticism of instrumentalism as over-simplified is provided by George Akerlof and Rachel Kranton’s idea of “identity utility”. They argue:

a. Ethno-national chauvinism is shaped by preferences for both material and nonmaterial payoffs.

b. The strategic calculus of actors can be analyzed mathematically.

c. There is a “tipping point” beyond which actors are not rational.

d. Risks of between-group sanctioning is minimized.

Page number: 323

27) What does David Laitin say accounts for why some people join secessionist movements?

• 1. Since the dawn of time, people have formed groups.
  2. What really matters are the symbolic boundaries drawn between groups.
  3. Rational assimilation occurs when many members of a group participate together.
  4. Group attachments are irrational, and we will never understand them.

Page number: 324

28) Which author is most closely associated with the view that social-psychological factors and resentments shape inter-group violence?

• 1. Irving Louis Horowitz
  2. Donald L. Horowitz
  3. Ted Gurr
  4. Irving Louis Gurr

Page number: 320-324

29) Primordial bonds, material interests, and social psychology are all elements of:

a. Types of ethno-national conflict

b. Explanations of ethno-national conflict

c. Results of ethno-national conflict

d. Instruments of ethno-national conflict

Page number: 322-323

30) How do rational choice explanations of ethno-national conflict differ from other instrumental explanations?

a. Their general emphasis on emotion

b. Their typical use of mathematical or formal models

c. Their reliance on strategy

d. All of the above

Page number: 324

31) Which scholar’s account of ethnic conflict emphasizes group resentment?

a. Benedict Anderson

b. Robert H. Bates

c. Ernest Gellner

d. Donald L. Horowitz

Page number: 324

32) The idea that collectively held or group feelings and resentments lie behind conflict refers to what approach?

a. Material interests

b. Rational calculation

c. Social psychology

d. Primordial bonds

Page number: 325

33) One of the reasons that institutional approaches to ending ethnic and national violence are appealing is that:

a. Institutions can be engineered, such as by developing federal systems.

b. Institutions resolve differences between ‘us’ and ‘them’.

c. Institutions engender positive group inter-relations.

d. Political scientists just like institutions.

Page number 325-326

34) The observation that the geographic distribution of violence is in India is tied to its vibrant civic life, particularly in urban areas, leads to Varshnay’s idea that the way to end conflict in India is to:

a. Hold community symposia to discuss civil society relationships.

b. Create and strengthen non-ethnic associations within civil society.

c. Rely on historical evidence to find solutions to conflict.

d. All of the above

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the difference between primordialist and perennialist theories of nationalism?
2. What is the difference between primordialist and modernist theories?
3. How do theories that explain ethnonational conflict in relation to political institutions relate to those theories that explain it in relation to economic factors?
4. How do primordialist theories of nationalism explain inter-group violence?
5. What do critics of the “ethnic-civic” typology in nationalism studies say?
6. What are the major schools of thought about national identity’s emergence?
7. What are the major theories of inter-group conflict?
8. What are the major policy responses to inter-group conflict discussed in the chapter?
9. What is a “large-n” study, and how do Fearon and Laitin use this type of analysis to shed light on intergroup conflict?
10. How would Fearon and Laitin criticize Donald Horowitz’s approach to explaining inter-group conflict?
11. Are rational choice and cultural constructivist theories of nationalism reconcilable?
12. Can instrumentalism be reconciled with social psychological theories?

Essay Questions

1. Take the difference between French and German nationalism. How would each of the theories of nationalism’s emergence explain the histories of these cases? What might each theory say about why French nationalism is often considered “civic” and German nationalism “ethnic”?
2. Which of the major theories of inter-group conflict do you find most plausible, and why? Which cases do you think this theory can explain well?
3. If you had to advise the United Nations on an initiative to prevent genocide after reading this chapter, what would you tell them? How would you justify your policy recommendations?

CHAPTER 14: RACE, ETHNICITY, AND GENDER

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 329

1) Which Latin American country has not recently elected a female president, as of 2015?

a. Argentina

b. Brazil

c. Chile

d. Uruguay

Page number: 331

2) South African apartheid was an example of which of the following?

a. Racial inequality

b. Regional inequality

c. National inequality

d. Native inequality

Page number: 331

3) Which of the following is true of gender?

a. Gender is biological, while sex is cultural.

b. Gender is cultural, while sex is biological.

c. Gender is static, while sex can be changed.

d. All of the above

Page number: 331

4) According to most social scientists, the idea that women should be feminine is a product of what?

a. Social construction

b. Biological determinism

c. Sexual orientation

d. Biological gender

Page number: 332

5) What is “heteronormativity”?

a. The presumption that heterosexuality is the “norm.”

b. The presumption that homosexuality is the “norm.”

c. The presumption that heterosexuality the only biological option.

d. The presumption that homosexuality is not biological.

Page number: 332

6) Which of the following may be a reason for discrimination?

a. Ethnicity

b. Gender

c. Sexual orientation

d. All of the above

Page number: 332

7) Which of the following statements is true of race and ethnicity?

a. Race and ethnicity are conceptually indistinguishable

b. Race and ethnicity are biologically determined

c. Race and ethnicity are socially constructed

d. None of the above

Page number: 333

8) What is the process through which ideas of race are constructed and developed over time?

a. Racialism

b. Racialization

c. Racial separation

d. Biological determinism

Page number: 333

9) Which of the following phenomena most closely relates to ethnic groups?

a. Group biological differences

b. National identity

c. A sense of shared cultural background

d. The state

Page number: 345

10) Which of the following might lead to the empowerment of a disadvantaged group?

a. A legislative quota system

b. There is nothing to be done about such problems

c. This is no longer a problem in the twenty-first century

d. All of the above

Page number: 335

11) The state plays a role in the ongoing construction of ethnicity by doing which of the following?

a. Making “official” decisions about how to use ethnic categories in political life and laws

b. Making “official” proclamations about whether race or ethnicity is more salient in political life

c. Demanding the formation of “official” ethnic parties in the legislature

d. States do not play a role in the ongoing construction of ethnicity

Page number: 335

12) What does an audit study of the kind discussed in Chapter 13 measure?

a. Racial composition

b. Income distribution

c. Discriminatory practices

d. Minority-group identification

Page number: 336-337

13) An equally qualified woman being paid less than a man for the same work is an example of what kind of discrimination?

a. Implicit cultural discrimination

b. Explicit cultural discrimination

c. Implicit gender discrimination

d. Explicit gender discrimination

Page number: 337, 349

14) In countries where women have long enjoyed suffrage, women do not:

a. Have equal political representation in legislatures.

b. Debate their strengths and weaknesses.

c. Stand on the sidewalks with protest signs.

d. Suffer fools.

Page number: 336

15) Which of the following is true of jobs traditionally gendered as male?

a. They tend to have higher wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female.

b. They tend to have lower wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female.

c. They tend to have equal wages with jobs traditionally gendered as female.

d. Jobs are not gendered in a free labor market.

Page number: 336

16) Which of the following is not an additional burden for women in the workforce?

a. Women are less likely than men to receive promotions due to assumptions about tradeoffs between work and family life

b. The labor market is gendered and traditionally female jobs are lower paid than traditionally male jobs

c. Discriminatory and erroneous attitudes about women’s abilities and competencies

d. All of the above apply

Page number: 337

17) Which of the following is true of women in political office?

a. There are more women are than men in the U.S. House of Representatives.

b. Women are less likely than men to hold political office.

c. Women can only hold office in democracies.

d. Women are more likely than men to hold political office.

Page number: 338-339

18) The expansion of the socially defined capability of a group is called:

a. Support

b. Empowerment

c. Participation

d. Appreciation

Page number: 338

19) What is providing microfinance loans to women in the developing world an example of?

a. Economic empowerment

b. Symbolic empowerment

c. Feminism

d. None of the above

Page number: 339

20) The LGBT movement in the United States is an example of what kind of empowerment?

a. Economic empowerment

b. Symbolic empowerment

c. Revolutionary empowerment

d. Ethnic empowerment

Page number: 339

21) What is “state feminism”?

a. The occurrence of a majority female legislature inside a state

b. The process through which ideas of gender are constructed inside a state

c. The increase in the political capabilities of women inside a state

d. The advocacy of women’s movement goals inside a state

Page number: 340-341

22) What is the most important process through which women and minority groups can be empowered?

a. Economic empowerment

b. Social revolutions

c. “Everyday Resistance”

d. Social movement mobilization

Page number: 341

23) According to Joane Nagel, social movement activity helped cause an increase in the number of persons claiming what kind of identity in the late twentieth-century United States?

a. American Indians

b. African Americans

c. Asian Americans

d. Irish Americans

Page number: 342

24) Which of the following is not one of Manuel Castells’s three main kinds of political identities?

a. Resistance identities

b. Legitimizing identities

c. National identities

d. Project identities

Page number: 343

25) According to Donna Lee Van Cott, what did Bolivia and Ecuador have in common that led to the successful creation of ethnic parties?

a. Relatively homogeneous populations

b. Large indigenous populations

c. Multiethnic populations

d. Discriminated populations

Page number: 344

26) Why might ethnic minorities in the United States encounter obstacles if attempting to establish ethnic parties?

a. Nobody knows

b. The nature of the first-past-the-post electoral system discourages it

c. They are minorities, so there are not enough to make it rational

d. b and c

Page number: 344

27) An ethnic party is most likely to influence the political process in what type of electoral system?

a. Autocratic

b. Proportional representation

c. First-past-the-post

d. None of the above

Page number: 344

28) Which of the following countries has seen the most noteworthy political success for ethnic-group-affiliated parties?

a. Mexico

b. United States

c. India

d. France

Page number: 345

29) What is Mala Htun’s reasoning for why ethnicity-based political groups are more likely to form than gender-based political groups?

a. Ethnicity-based groups do not alienate the other half of the electorate like gender-based groups do.

b. Ethnicity-based groups face more discrimination than gender-based groups.

c. Ethnicity tends to coincide with other forms of cleavages, whereas gender tends to crosscut them.

d. Ethnic tends to crosscut with other forms of cleavages, whereas gender tends to coincide with them.

Page number: 345

30) Which of the following is the best example of an effort to empower an underrepresented group through institutional design?

a. State feminism

b. Social movement mobilization

c. Quota system

d. Ethnicity-based political parties

Page number: 347-349

31) Which is the best measure of women's advancing rights?

a. GEM

b. Percentage of women in the legislature

c. It depends on the question one is asking

d. Political scientists have stopped trying to measure this

Page number: 347

32) It is important to select the right variable with which to measure some phenomenon. A good measure must:

a. Be true to the underlying concept you’re researching.

b. Defined so that any other researcher can repeat it.

c. Both a and b

d. Neither a nor b

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the basic difference between the concepts of race and ethnicity?
2. What is “empowerment”?
3. According to Chapter 14, what are three ways in which disadvantaged groups can achieve increased empowerment?
4. How do some political scientists explain the fact that political parties based on ethnicity are much more common than political parties based on gender?
5. What are the major types of quota systems used in elections to ensure representation of disadvantaged groups? Briefly describe how each of these types of quotas operates.
6. Describe the approach and usefulness of an audit study in the context of discrimination.
7. According to Donna Lee Van Cott, why did ethnic parties begin to thrive in recent decades in parts of Latin America?
8. For what reasons might political parties based on ethnicity be more common across countries than political parties based on gender?
9. Why would some argue that political empowerment has to come before other forms of empowerment?
10. Why might some argue that “symbolic empowerment” must come first?
11. Is it fair to say that inequalities based on race, ethnicity, and gender are not important in modern politics? Why or why not?
12. According to Mona Lee Krook, what conditions are conducive to the adoption of gender quotas?
13. According to Manuel Castells, what is the “movement against patriarchy”?

Essay Questions

1. If you were in charge of an NGO responsible for making recommendations about how to increase women’s representation in global politics, what would your main recommendations be and why?
2. If you were in charge of an NGO responsible for making recommendations about how to increase the representation of minority ethnic and racial groups in global politics, what would your main recommendations be and why?
3. If you were put in charge of a presidential commission to try to redesign political institutions in the United States to expand the representation of women, what would you recommend?

CHAPTER 15: IDEOLOGY AND RELIGION IN MODERN POLITICS

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 353

1) Which of the following characteristics is not typically considered a key and definitional feature of modernization processes?

• 1. Societies come to pursue sustained economic growth.
  2. States develop.
  3. Religion becomes more important.
  4. Religion’s role in public life often changes.

Page number: 354

2) Which of the following is not typically considered a major modern ideology?

• 1. Fascism
  2. Christianity
  3. Socialism
  4. Liberalism

Page number: 354

3) Which of the following is not true of ideologies?

a. Ideologies are explicitly political in their orientation.

b. Ideologies just like religions and are apolitical.

c. Ideologies are part of political culture.

d. Ideologies are beliefs.

Page number: 354

4) Which of the following is an example of ideology?

a. A person’s opinions on music

b. A person’s religious beliefs

c. A person’s systematically elaborated political opinions

d. All of the above

Page number: 355

5) Which of the following is not typically considered a major political ideology in and of itself?

a. Secularism

b. Socialism

c. Fascism

d. Liberalism

Page number: 354

6) Which of the following is the best substantive definition of religion, as it relates to politics?

a. Religions are systems of belief that give prominence to some transcendent force or good.

b. Religions are systems of belief that give prominence to God.

c. Religions are systems of belief that create a sense of order through history and cosmogonical myths.

d. Religions are systems of belief that motivate collective action among those who share common beliefs.

Page number: 352

7) What is the process through which societies become less religious as they become more modern?

a. Atheization

b. Institutionalization

c. Secularization

d. Ratiocination

Page number: 355

8) Which region would likely be considered the most “secular” among the following?

a. Northern Africa

b. Central America

c. Southeast Asia

d. Western Europe

Page number: 355-356

9) What might explain a future increase in global religiosity?

a. The Mayan Calendar predicted the end of the world is coming.

b. Societies with the highest birthrates tend to be more religious.

c. There has been an increase in theocratic states.

d. Global religiosity is decreasing.

Page number: 356

10) Which of the following countries has privatized religion most fully?

a. Saudi Arabia

b. France

c. Iran

d. Italy

Page number: 357

11) What is the name for the ideology that emphasizes individual freedoms, representative democracy, and the market economy?

a. Keynesianism

b. Capitalism

c. Social Democracy

d. Liberalism

Page number: 357

12) Which of the following is not a key part of classical liberal ideology?

a. Individuals are more important than groups.

b. Individuals’ relationships with the state should be organized through democratic citizenship.

c. State-controlled markets are the most natural way of organizing the economy.

d. A democratic political system should be representative.

Page number: 358

13) Which country was the birthplace of both orthodox liberalism and Keynesianism?

a. France

b. United States

c. United Kingdom

d. Canada

Page number: 358-359

14) Where was fascism not prominent in the twentieth century?

a. Finland

b. Italy

c. Germany

d. Spain

Page number: 358-359

15) How does fascism differ from liberalism?

a. Fascism values the state above the individual.

b. Fascism values individual rights less than liberalism.

c. Fascism is decidedly militaristic.

d. All of the above

Page number: 359-360

16) Who is generally considered the most influential socialist?

a. Francisco Franco

b. Groucho Marx

c. Benito Mussolini

d. Karl Marx

Page number: 359

17) Which of the following is the most direct goal of socialist ideology?

a. Economic growth

b. Economic equality

c. Political representation

d. Political transparency

Page number: 360

18) Which country(s) developed the most important socialist regime of the twentieth century?

a. Russia

b. China

c. Vietnam

d. Both a and b

Page number: 361

19) Which of the following societies is most often identified as a “lay state” or associated with the idea of laïcité?

• 1. France
  2. Iran
  3. The United States
  4. Due to the global tide of fundamentalism, there are no more “lay states.”

Page number: 361

20) Which of the following states is not a laicist state?

a. United States

b. Cuba after Castro

c. France

d. Iran

Page number: 361

21) What is the name for religions that are granted official status and support by the state?

a. Institutionalized religions

b. Polity religions

c. Established religions

d. Formal religions

Page number: 361

22) Which of the following is true of what is referred to in the text as a “lay” or “laicist” state?

a. A lay state has one religious organization within civil society.

b. A lay state has an official religion.

c. A lay state seeks complete privatization of religion.

d. A lay state has no separation between church and state.

Page number: 362

23) Which of the following is not a belief of José Casanova?

a. Privatization of religion is absent in some modern societies.

b. Religion can play a part in public life in a modern society.

c. It is possible for the social position of religion to change in a modern society.

d. Secularization is a simple concept long understood by social science.

Page number: 362

24) Which of the following states would be the best example of a religious state?

a. France

b. Iran

c. Cuba

d. Italy

Page number: 360-361

25) Which of the following best describes the prevailing relationship between economics and religion’s role in politics?

a. An increase in economic development is often associated with a decrease in religious belief.

b. A decrease in economic development is usually caused by a decrease in religious belief.

c. An increase in economic development tends to lead to an increase in religious belief.

d. There is no relationship between economics and religion’s role in politics.

Page number: 363-364

26) A society with strong religious denominationalism shares which of these characteristics?

a. Accepts religious pluralism

b. Membership is voluntary

c. Unlike laicist societies, politics is not off-limits

d. All of the above

Page number: 363

27) Which scholars argues that distinguishes assertive secularism from passive secularism, and that path dependence helps explain the patterns.

a. Ahmet Kuru

b. Adida and colleagues

c. Casanova

d. Eisenstat

Page number: 365

28) Which of the following scholars is associated with the idea of the “End of History” because only Liberalism was left standing after the fall of the Soviet Union?

• 1. José Casanova
  2. Francis Fukuyama
  3. Samuel Huntington
  4. Rodney Stark

Page number: 366

29) Which if the following scholars is most closely associated with the idea of the “Clash of Civilizations”?

• 1. José Casanova
  2. Francis Fukuyama
  3. Samuel Huntington
  4. Rodney Stark

Page number: 366

30) What country is best known for the ideology of “twenty-first-century socialism”?

a. Colombia

b. Argentina

c. Chile

d. Venezuela

Page number: 367

31) Which of the following scholars is most closely associated with the idea of “multiple modernities”?

• 1. José Casanova
  2. Francis Fukuyama
  3. Samuel Huntington
  4. S.M. Eisenstadt

Page number: 367

32) To what does the label of “multiple modernities” refer?

a. There are multiple available modernization processes

b. The United States and Western Europe are the models of modernization.

c. Modernity is simply a matter of economic development

d. None of the above

Page number: 366

33) Which of the following countries is often considered part of Latin America’s more radical left?

a. Cameroon

b. Brazil

c. Bolivia

d. Colombia

Page number: 367-368

34) Why might a comparativist construct a typology?

a. Because it is just fun to sort regimes into categories

b. To help organize cases into patterns that can be explained

c. To create a category is to provide an explanation

d. Political scientists no longer do this.

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the difference between a denominational society and a laicist one?
2. What is the difference between a denominational society and a society with a religious state?
3. What is the difference between a denominational society and a religious state?
4. What is the difference between a lay state and a religious state?
5. Why do scholars in the “religious economies” school think that religious pluralism might increase religiosity?
6. Why do some scholars argue that religious pluralism can be expected to reduce religiosity?
7. Is the question of religious pluralism’s relationship with religiosity settled science?
8. Why did some scholars argue that ideology or history had “ended”?
9. What does the idea of “multiple modernities” mean?
10. What is “twenty-first-century socialism” and how, if at all, is it different from earlier forms of socialism?
11. How do the ideas in “End of History” differ from that in the “Clash of Civilizations”?
12. Is religion an ideology? Is ideology a religion?

Essay Questions

1. Is social democracy a liberal or a socialist idea? State and defend your position on this question.
2. Which account of contemporary political-cultural differences is more useful, that of Huntington (the “Clash of Civilizations”) or that of Eisenstadt (“multiple modernities”)? Explain clearly both views and defend your answer.
3. Was Fukuyama right about the “End of History”? Bring two other theories discussed from this chapter into your answer to this question.
4. Analyze the various reasons why modernization theory and the religious economies school have such different accounts of religion’s role in contemporary societies. Why and in what respects are these theories so different?
5. Three of the theories we considered about religion’s role in society conceptualize very differently the phenomenon they are trying to explain. Analyze these differences and explicate their implications for the theories more generally.
6. Following “Thinking Comparatively” in Chapter 15, analyze the implications of modern populism in the United States. Compare it with Populism in another country. Do you think populism is developing into an ideology in the U.S.? Why or why not?

CHAPTER 16: COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Multiple Choice Questions

Question Types

Page number: 374

1) What event spurred the process of unification in Europe that led to the formation of the European Union?

a. World War I

b. World War II

c. The Cold War

d. The Franco-Prussian War

Page number: 374-375

2) Which of the following is not true of the European Union as of 2015?

a. There are 28 nations in the European Union

b. All EU nations use the Euro

c. EU nations maintain sovereignty

d. Germany is the largest economy

Page number: 374

3) Which of the following countries is not a member of the European Union?

a. Portugal

b. Greece

c. Turkey

d. Austria

Page number: 374

4) What is the common currency of the majority of member states of the European Union?

a. Pound

b. Lira

c. Euro

d. Dollar

Page number: 375

5) What is the study of how the economic relations between countries affect politics and how political relations affect economies?

a. International Political Economy

b. Free Trade

c. International Monetary Fund

d. Foreign Policy

Page number: 376

6) What term refers to the increasing action, both economic and cultural, between peoples and societies across national borders?

a. Free trade

b. Modernization

c. Immigration

d. Globalization

Page number: 377

7) What is outsourcing?

a. The practice of an economic actor contracting out to other actors, often abroad

b. The practice of an economic actor selling some of its services or processes abroad rather than in its domestic market

c. The practice of skilled and educated members of a population emigrating

d. The practice of sending cash or resources to a home country

Page number: 378

8) What does comparative advantage allow for between two or more different economies?

a. Protectionism

b. Transnational associationism

c. Specialization

d. None of the above

Page number: 378

9) What is the logic behind comparative advantage?

a. Through specialization and trade, one country will always prevail.

b. Through specialization and trade, two or more countries are made better off.

c. Through specialization and trade, global resources are preserved.

d. Through specialization and trade, technological advances are promoted.

Page number: 380

10) What is the practice of a country giving favor to its own domestic producers?

a. Neoliberalism

b. Protectionism

c. Neoclassicism

d. Privatization

Page number: 380

11) How many countries are necessary (as a minimum) for multilateral cooperation?

a. One

b. Two

c. Three

d. Four

Page number: 380

12) Among the following, what is the most comprehensive major global institution, with the most country members and widest scope of action?

a. The World Bank

b. The World Trade Organization

c. The International Monetary Fund

d. The United Nations

Page number: 380

13) What type of organization is the United Nations?

a. Intergovernmental organization

b. Civil society organization

c. Multinational corporation

d. Global association

Page number: 380

14) Which of the following was not a recommendation of the Washington Consensus?

a. Free markets

b. Protectionist policies

c. Low state intervention

d. Privately owned enterprise

Page number: 382

15) Which of the following is not a characteristic that helps to endow the United States with the title of the “indispensable nation”?

a. Historical origins

b. Economic Significance

c. Cultural Power

d. Dominant military

Page number: 374-375

16) In what way do nations in the European Union maintain sovereignty?

a. All nations retain their own currencies

b. Major decisions require unanimous consent

c. Nations can choose not to adopt policies and still be EU members

d. They do not

Page number: 384

17) What is a political attitude that seeks to protect established groups of residents in a given country against the interest of more recent immigrants?

a. Assimilation

b. Regionalism

c. Nativism

d. Naturalism

Page number: 385

18) The emigration of doctors is most clearly an example of what phenomenon?

a. Free Rider

b. Brain Drain

c. Gravy Train

d. None of the above

Page number: 385

19) What aspect of international relations does the tragedy of the commons deal with?

a. Sustainability

b. Immigration

c. Nuclear Threats

d. Transnational Networks

Page number: 389

20) Which of the following is not one of Moisés Naím’s five “wars” of globalization?

a. Arms trafficking

b. Piracy

c. Property theft

d. Drug trafficking

Page number: 389, 390

21) Which of the following countries does not have confirmed nuclear weapons as of 2012?

a. United States

b. Iran

c. France

d. India

Page number: 389

22) The expansion of the number of actors possessing nuclear technology is known as what?

a. Radiation

b. Proliferation

c. Expansion

d. Chaos

Page number: 389-390

23) Which of the following statements is not true of terrorism?

a. Terrorism is always transnational

b. Terrorism can be committed by state or non-state actors

c. Terrorism involves the use or threat of violence

d. Conventional war is distinct from terrorism

Page number: 392-393

24) Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, and Kenneth Waltz were all proponents of what theoretical approach to international relations?

a. Realism

b. Liberalism

c. Constructivism

d. Marxism

Page number: 392

25) What is the Prisoner’s Dilemma an example of??

a. A distribution of power model

b. An offensive realist model

c. A game theoretic model

d. None of the above

Page number: 393

26) What is the situation called when the distribution of power in the international system results in one dominant state?

a. Anarchy

b. Bipolar distribution of power

c. Multipolar distribution of power

d. Unipolar distribution of power

Page number: 394-395

27) The concept of democratic peace, where countries will rarely if ever go to war with one another, is generally associated with which theoretical approach to international relations?

a. Realism

b. Liberalism

c. Constructivism

d. Marxism

Page number: 395

28) Which theoretical approach to international relations holds that decisions made by states need to be understood in the broad context of social and political interactions?

a. Realism

b. Liberalism

c. Constructivism

d. Marxism

Page number: 395-396

29) Which school of thought was seen as the primary alternative to realism and liberalism in international relations before the emergence of constructivism?

a. Capitalism

b. Marxism

c. Communism

d. All of the above

Page number: 392-393

30) Which theory of international relations argues that states almost always rationally pursue their own interests?

• 1. Constructivism
  2. Social construction
  3. Realism
  4. Pragmatism

Page number: 395-396

31) Which theory of international relations holds that the international arena is fundamentally about capitalist economic exploitation?

1. Constructivism
2. Social construction
3. Realism
4. Marxism

Page number: 396

32) Which of the following theorists of international relations is considered a constructivist?

1. Otto von Bismarck
2. Alexander Wendt
3. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
4. Daniel Libeskind

Page number: 387

33) What is the name that many social scientists give to a situation in which it is difficult to achieve collective action to preserve some shared good (including environmental goods)?

1. The Prisoner’s Dilemma
2. The Rebel’s Dilemma
3. The Tragedy of the Commons
4. The Tragedy of Sharing

Page number: 387-388

34) Which of the following is least likely to be described as a transnational network?

a. al Qaeda

b. ISIS

c. The Red Cross

d. The U.S. State Department

Page number: 395

35) Which scholar formulated the Democratic Peace Theory, which, based on Kant, says that “’perpetual peace’ will emerge between liberal republics.”

a. Wendt

b. Waltz

c. Doyle

d. Naim

Short Answer Questions

1. Do all social scientists agree that preserving the global environment poses an unsolvable collective action problem? Why or why not?
2. Explain the logic of comparative advantage.
3. Give at least two examples of transnational issues that may generate either more conflict or cooperation between countries. Say whether you expect these issues to generate more international cooperation, conflict, or both, and why.
4. In what ways is contemporary terrorism different from traditional conflicts studied in international relations, and in what ways is it similar?
5. Describe how realist theorists of international relations view the behavior of states. What are the preferences of states, and how do states behave, according to realist theory?
6. Articulate the key differences between realism and liberalism.
7. Articulate the key differences between realism and constructivism.
8. Are there certain sorts of events and circumstances in international relations that realism might be better prepared to explain than liberalism, or that liberalism is better prepared to explain than liberalism? If so, what are these?
9. Identify any key similarities you see between liberalism and constructivism as theories of international relations.
10. To what extent is Marxism still a useful theory for international relations after the fall of the Soviet Union? What outcomes or trends, if any, might Marxist theories still be able to explain?
11. Name three of the most important transnational phenomena in the contemporary world.
12. Does globalization mean that states no longer matter? Why or why not?
13. Are there any solutions to the “tragedy of the commons”? If so, what are the possible solutions?
14. Describe the levels of analysis and provide an example of how they are used as an analytical tool.

Essay Questions

1. Articulate a constructivist critique of realist and/or liberal theories of international relations. Make the strongest possible case.
2. Articulate a realist or liberal critique of constructivist theories of international relations. Make the strongest possible case.
3. The rise of transnational issues and transnational networks has led some to conclude that the power of nation-states is on the decline. Identify some major transnational issues and actors that might demonstrate the limitations of state power. Considering these issues, would you argue that the twenty-first century will be an era in which nation-states become less powerful? Why or why not?
4. Can international relations be studied without taking comparative politics into account? What would representatives of each of the international relations theories discussed in this chapter say in response to this question?