Chapter.7 Affiliation And Friendship Complete Test Bank

Chapter 7

Affiliation and Friendship

Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)

Topic	Question Type	Remember the Facts	Understand the Concepts	Apply What You Know	Analyze It
7.1 What Is a Friend?	Multiple Choice	1, 8, 11, 14	3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18	2, 10, 17
	Short Answer		103, 105	104
	Essay				114
7.2 Getting Social Support	Multiple Choice	19, 20, 21, 36, 38	22, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 42, 46, 47	24, 26, 27, 34, 37, 40	23, 35, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45
	Short Answer		106, 108	107
	Essay		115, 116
7.3 Getting Information	Multiple Choice	51, 52	48, 49, 54, 55, 56, 57	50, 53, 58, 59, 60
	Short Answer		109, 110
	Essay
7.4 Gaining Status	Multiple Choice	67, 68	61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70
	Short Answer
	Essay			117
7.5 Exchanging Material Benefits	Multiple Choice	73, 76, 79, 81, 84	71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 100, 102	78, 85, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99	89, 97, 101
	Short Answer		112, 113	111
	Essay		118, 119		120, 121, 122

Chapter 7 Affiliation and Friendship

Multiple Choice Questions

1) According to Webster’s dictionary, a person who has affection for another person, but is not a relative or a lover, is a(n) __________.

A) colleague

B) peer

C) friend

D) acquaintance

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: What Is a Friend?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2) Salim and Bernand enjoy each other’s company, trust one another to act in each other’s best interest, and act themselves around one another. They are not related. They are __________.

A) brothers

B) acquaintances

C) peers

D) friends

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: What Is a Friend?

Difficulty Level: Apply

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

3) Participants in a study by Davis and Todd (1985) defined a __________ as someone with whom one participates as an equal, someone who helps in times of need, and someone one can trust.

A) father

B) coworker

C) friend

D) mother

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: What Is a Friend?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

4) Relationships with __________ are voluntary, whereas relationships with __________ are usually not voluntary.

A) family members; affiliates

B) friends; family

C) coworkers; friends

D) strangers; coworkers

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: What Is a Friend?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5) Technically, true friendships __________.

A) are platonic

B) are involuntary

C) involve legal rights

D) involve sexual intimacy

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: What Is a Friend?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

6) The reinforcement-affect model of affiliative behavior is based on the premise that __________.

A) we feel good when we affiliate with people

B) we affiliate with those people with whom we associate positive feelings

C) we like our family members better than non-family members

D) we tend to like agreeable people better than non-agreeable people

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7) The theory that we like people with whom we associate positive feelings and dislike those with whom we associate negative feelings is __________.

A) the reinforcement-affect model

B) the social-general model

C) affiliation conditioning

D) social learning conditioning

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8) Avoiding, and coming to dislike, people with whom we associate negative feelings is a central premise of the __________ model of affiliative behavior.

A) social learning

B) social cognitive

C) reinforcement-affect

D) affiliation-conditioning

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9) Which of the following attempts to explain a wide range of different behaviors according to a simple rule?

A) a domain-general model

B) a social-general model

C) affiliation conditioning

D) social learning conditioning

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10) Rashad is hanging out with a bright young man named Sean when Rashad learns that Sean also has made the Dean’s List. According to the __________ model, Rashad will probably start to like Sean more after this occurrence.

A) operant conditioning

B) similarity-liking

C) social exchange

D) reinforcement-affect

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

11) The reinforcement-affect model of affiliation, which attempts to explain all behavior with one simple rule, is known as a __________ model.

A) domain-general

B) classical

C) domain-specific

D) circumplex

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12) The theory about friendships that is derived from economic assumptions and emphasizes the motivation of individuals to maximize the ratio of benefits to costs is known as __________.

A) social cost theory

B) social comparison theory

C) social exchange theory

D) social support theory

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

13) Social exchange theory emphasizes that people are motivated to __________ in relationships.

A) use their strengths and avoid using their weaknesses

B) maximize the ratio of benefits to costs

C) ensure equality

D) avoid conflict

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14) Social exchange can be defined as __________.

A) getting social support from a group

B) associating with those who increase your status

C) trading benefits in a relationship

D) liking those who make us feel good

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15) __________ is a state of affairs in which one person’s benefits and costs from a relationship are proportional to the benefits and costs incurred by his or her partner.

A) Equity

B) Dominance

C) Stress

D) Domain

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16) When one person’s benefits and costs in a relationship are similar to the benefits and costs experienced by a friend, the relationship may be characterized as one with __________.

A) high equity

B) high dominance

C) low stress

D) low incompatibility

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17) Madi’s best friend cancels on her all the time and often has an “attitude,” but Madi feels that her friend makes up for it all by always being willing to listen and letting Madi borrow her phone charger. Madi feels there is __________ in the relationship.

A) social exchange

B) equity

C) a reinforcement-affect effect

D) communality

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

18) Which of the following is a social goal that your textbook discusses in relationship to friendship and affiliation?

A) reducing social support

B) managing self-image

C) getting information

D) losing status

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals and Affiliation of Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology. 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

19) Assistance that one person provides another—whether it is emotional, material, or informational assistance—is known as __________.

A) social interaction

B) social support

C) social exchange

D) social hierarchy

Learning Objective: 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20) The study of behavioral and psychological factors that influence one’s physical and mental well-being is known as __________.

A) physiological psychology

B) health psychology

C) social psychology

D) cognitive psychology

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

21) Health psychology is __________.

A) the study of human being in work settings

B) the study of factors that influence one’s physical and mental well-being

C) the study and application of psychology for the purposes of understanding, treating, and diagnosing abnormal behavior

D) the study of how human beings learn in certain settings

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

22) Shaffer et al. (1987), who studied medical doctors who had described themselves as “loners” in medical school, found that these loners __________.

A) had less successful careers than non-loners did

B) had more friends later in life than non-loners did

C) had higher rates of cancer than non-loners did

D) were less upset by stressful events than non-loners were

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

23) According to research, people who have strong social ties __________ than people with weaker social ties.

A) are more upset by stressful life events

B) are less resistant to disease

C) live longer after being diagnosed with life-threatening diseases

D) experience more intense emotions

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze it

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

24) Shawn is quite introverted and tends to be a bit neurotic. According to the findings of Bolger and Eckenrode (1991) on the relationship between personality and social support, how is Shawn likely to react if he has many social contacts?

A) He will be less stressed than if he had fewer social contacts.

B) He will be more stressed than if he had fewer social contacts.

C) He will do more poorly on exams than if he had fewer social contacts.

D) Social contacts won’t matter, as personality completely determines stress.

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

25) Allen et al. (1991) found that women working on stressful tasks __________.

A) were less stressed when they had a friend present

B) were less stressed when either a friend or their pet dogs were present

C) were less stressed when their pet dogs were present

D) were more stressed when their pet dogs were present

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

26) Roberta is facing a high-anxiety and stressful situation. Which of the following situations is most likely to help reduce her physiological distress?

A) having a friend with her during the stressful situation

B) being alone during the stressful situation

C) having a stranger with her during the stressful situation

D) having her pet dog with her during the stressful situation

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

27) Joe, an elderly gentleman, lives alone. His friend Jake is the same age and is also single, but Jake has a pet dog. Who is likely to be healthier and to live longer?

A) Joe will live longer than Jake, because it’s a lot of trouble to take care of a dog.

B) Jake will longer than Joe, because dogs provide stress-reducing social support.

C) Neither will live long, because they are both unmarried.

D) Both will probably live long.

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

28) Shelley Taylor and colleagues (2000) have hypothesized that, during a stressful or dangerous situation, __________.

A) men and women both exhibit the “fight or flight” response

B) women exhibit the “fight or flight” response, but men exhibit the “tend and befriend” response

C) extroverted men and women exhibit the “tend and befriend” response, but introverted men and women exhibit the “fight or flight” response

D) men exhibit the “fight or flight” response, but women exhibit the “tend and befriend” response

Topic: Do Women Tend and Befriend While Men Fight or Take Flight?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

29) Women under stress are likely to secrete __________.

A) oxytocin

B) androgens

C) serotonin

D) estrogen

Topic: Do Women Tend and Befriend While Men Fight or Take Flight?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

30) When men are under stress, they tend to secrete __________.

A) oxytocin

B) androgens

C) serotonin

D) estrogen

Topic: Do Women Tend and Befriend While Men Fight or Take Flight?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

31) What happened in experiments in which men were given a dose of oxytocin?

A) They tended to become more aggressive.

B) They tended to become more cooperative.

C) They tended to become more agitated.

D) They tended to become more stressed.

Topic: Do Women Tend and Befriend While Men Fight or Take Flight?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

32) Research on gender and supportive relationships suggests that __________.

A) women are more supportive of men than of other women

B) men are more supportive of other men than women are of other women

C) women are more supportive of other women than men are of other men

D) men are as supportive of other men as women are of other women

Topic: Do Women Tend and Befriend While Men Fight or Take Flight?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

33) Research about social support suggests that __________.

A) men and women seek support at about the same frequency

B) men tend to seek support more than women do

C) college men have more same-sex friendships than college women do

D) women tend to seek more support than men do

Topic: Do Women Tend and Befriend While Men Fight or Take Flight?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

34) Grace is mad at her friend Becca and lashes out. According to research, how is Grace most likely to try to hurt Becca?

A) She will physically attack Becca.

B) She will exclude Becca from their social group.

C) She will verbally attack Becca in front of her family.

D) She will not allow Becca to play on her sports team.

Topic: Do Women Tend and Befriend While Men Fight or Take Flight?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

35) In a study by Wisman and Koole (2003), students who pondered their own deaths tended to prefer to __________, whereas students who pondered their feelings about watching TV tended to prefer to __________.

A) affiliate; isolate

B) isolate; affiliate

C) cry; show no emotion

D) laugh; show no emotion

Topic: Threats: Why Misery (Sometimes) Loves Company

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

36) What did William James call the cruelest of tortures?

A) affiliation

B) isolation

C) emotion

D) cognition

Topic: Threats: Why Misery (Sometimes) Loves Company

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37) A research participant is told she will have to act like various zoo animals in a study investigating perceptions of animal behavior. She is given the choice to practice with others or to practice alone. Which choice is she likely to make, and why?

A) She will prefer to wait with others because the situation implies impersonal danger.

B) She will prefer to wait alone because the situation implies impersonal danger.

C) She will prefer to wait alone because the situation implies embarrassment.

D) She will prefer to wait with others because the situation implies embarrassment.

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

38) In the classic Sarnoff and Zimbardo (1961) experiment, individuals were told they were about to suck on a pacifier or other similar object. They had the option of waiting alone or with others for the study to begin. The authors found that the participants __________.

A) preferred waiting alone to avoid potential embarrassment

B) preferred waiting with others to get social support

C) asked if they could withdraw from the study

D) asked if they could wear a mask

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

39) In which of the following situations is José least likely to desire emotional support?

A) an embarrassing situation

B) a situation involving impersonal dangers

C) a situation where Jose is socially isolated

D) a situation where the fear of painful shock is imminent

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

40) Teresa just moved to a new town and feels lonely. She feels uncomfortable around people and starts to avoid them entirely. She decides that she has no friends because everyone dislikes her. She gets depressed and talks only about negative topics. People begin to actively avoid her, and she feels even lonelier. Teresa is experiencing __________.

A) the self-perpetuating cycle of loneliness and depression

B) the self-concept defeating cycle

C) the sadness-loneliness cycle

D) the cycle of despair

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

41) Compared to non-depressed people, depressed people __________.

A) are more effective at coping with stress

B) are more likely to focus on positive events in their lives

C) are much more pleasant to be around

D) are more likely to seek out relationships with people who view them unfavorably

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

42) Individuals who are lonely tend to make __________ attributions for interpersonal problems.

A) internal and stable

B) external and stable

C) internal and unstable

D) external and unstable

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

43) Which statement is accurate regarding people who are lonely?

A) They cope with isolation in unhealthy ways.

B) They act in ways that make themselves more attractive.

C) They set very low expectations for themselves.

D) They lack a focus on self.

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

44) When lonely students do find themselves in social situations, they __________.

A) talk less about themselves than about others

B) change the topic more frequently

C) ask more questions about their conversational partners

D) rarely self-disclose

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

45) Which of the following is accurate regarding lonely people?

A) They set unrealistically high expectations for themselves.

B) When around others, they may act in ways that make them more attractive.

C) They set low expectations for others.

D) They seek out relationships with people who view them positively.

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

46) According to longitudinal research on attachment, infants who are securely attached to their mothers tend to __________.

A) be more dependent on their parents

B) be less socially skilled later in life

C) have an unhealthy focus on their relationship with their mothers

D) have more skill in dealing with their peers later in life

Topic: Attachment and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

47) Having good emotional support from parents during college __________.

A) prevents students from feeling anger

B) doesn’t help decrease feelings of loneliness

C) increases negative mood

D) causes lower grades

Topic: Attachment and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

48) Festinger’s (1954) social comparison theory suggests that we have a drive to assess our opinions and abilities and that we do this by __________.

A) comparing ourselves to others

B) comparing ourselves to objective standards of performance

C) comparing our current behavior to our past behavior

D) comparing our behavior with what our parents think we should do

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Social Comparison and Liking for Similar Others

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

49) Festinger’s (1954) social comparison theory suggests that we have a drive to assess our opinions and abilities, and we prefer to compare ourselves with __________.

A) our parents

B) similar others

C) dissimilar others

D) people who are worse off than we are

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Social Comparison and Liking for Similar Others

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

50) Barry is in training for the Olympics and wants to compare his workout routine to those of others to see if he is training hard enough. According to social comparison theory, to which of the following is he most likely to compare?

A) his brother, who doesn’t work out at all

B) his best friend, who is in training for a different Olympic event

C) a friend who is in training for the same Olympic event

D) his own previous performance

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Social Comparison and Liking for Similar Others

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

51) The sharing of intimate information about oneself to another is known as __________.

A) self-exposure

B) self-concept confirmation

C) social comparison

D) self-disclosure

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Self-Disclosers and Nondisclosers

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52) Self-disclosure is __________.

A) the sharing of intimate information about oneself to another

B) the positive and negative view that one has of others

C) the things one says about another in public

D) the view others have of one that they share privately

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Self-Disclosers and Nondisclosers

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53) You meet someone in a bar. You find yourself telling this person intimate details about yourself for about a half an hour. How are you likely to feel about this person at the end of the conversation?

A) You will feel close to the person because you self-disclosed.

B) You will not like the person because you met in an impersonal situation.

C) You will feel merely neutral toward the person, because it’s unlikely you will ever see the person again.

D) You will be embarrassed and will begin disliking them.

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Self-Disclosers and Nondisclosers

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

54) When a situation is uncertain or when information is difficult to obtain, what happens to our desire for social comparison?

A) We are more likely to want to compare with others.

B) We are less likely to want to compare with others.

C) We prefer to be completely alone.

D) We want to compare, but only with dissimilar others.

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Uncertainty About Important Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

55) According to the study by Kulik and Mahler (1990), with which of the following people would individuals awaiting coronary bypass surgery prefer to share a room?

A) someone awaiting a liver transplant

B) someone who is also awaiting a bypass operation

C) someone who is similar to them in personality

D) someone who is recovering from a bypass operation

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Similarity to Us

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

56) One intriguing study found that students talking with a confederate tended to like the confederate more if the confederate mimicked the movements of the student. The researchers concluded that __________.

A) the students in the experiment were low in self-awareness

B) people almost always prefer flattering information over accurate information in social interactions

C) the impact of similarity on liking works at a nonverbal and even nonconscious level

D) the mimicking of our behavior by others tends to increase our self-esteem

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Similarity to Us

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

57) The idea that people desire social interaction for the purpose of obtaining a positive evaluation of themselves is the main tenet of __________.

A) social comparison theory

B) balance theory

C) self-evaluation maintenance theory

D) affiliation theory

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: When Dissimilarity Can Save Self-Esteem

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

58) Judy’s sister has just won a beauty contest. Joann entered many such contests when she was younger but never won. According to self-evaluation maintenance theory, what will likely be Joann’s reaction to her sister’s victory?

A) She will be happy because it suggests that good looks run in the family.

B) She will feel bad about herself because it reminds her that she never won.

C) She will think more highly of herself because she is in a happy mood.

D) She will be happy that her sister was able to do something she had failed to accomplish.

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: When Dissimilarity Can Save Self-Esteem

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

59) How is Tal likely to react to the knowledge that Mallory is better than Tal is in math?

A) Tal’s self-esteem will be decreased but only if math is central to her self-concept.

B) Tal’s self-esteem will be increased but only if Mallory is a close friend.

C) Tal’s self-esteem will be unchanged because people don’t value math ability.

D) Tal’s self-esteem will be decreased but only if math is peripheral to her self-concept.

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: When Dissimilarity Can Save Self-Esteem

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

60) Khalid, who is generally happy, scored lower than his friend Jacob did on a psychology test. Afterward, Khalid likely __________.

A) lowered his self-appraisal

B) raised his self-appraisal

C) was angry at Jacob

D) stopped self-disclosing to Jacob

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: When Dissimilarity Can Save Self-Esteem

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

61) In comparison to female adolescents’ friendships, male adolescents’ friendships __________.

A) tend to involve more intimacy

B) are more likely to involve the discussion of activities

C) are more likely to include individuals outside school

D) are more likely to be important for their self-esteem

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Men’s Friendships Are More Hierarchical

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

62) Relationships between men are more likely to be based on __________, whereas relationships between women are based more on __________.

A) status seeking; instrumentality

B) intimacy; respect

C) empathy; hierarchy

D) hierarchy; emotional support

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Men’s Friendships Are More Hierarchical

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

63) What types of relationships are most likely to develop along status lines?

A) relationships among female friends

B) relationships in social clubs

C) relationships at work

D) relationships among graduate students

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Status by Association

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

64) In work settings, if one person in a conversation begins to act dominant in nonverbal ways, the other person is likely to __________.

A) also engage in nonverbally dominant behavior

B) behave in a submissive fashion

C) try to assert dominance in verbal ways

D) none of the above

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Status by Association

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

65) What was the main finding of Nakao’s study (1987) of status and relationships in Japan versus the United States?

A) Status is more important in the United States than in Japan.

B) People in U.S. companies liked people of their own status the best.

C) People in Japanese companies liked people of lower status the best.

D) Both Japanese and U.S. workers liked people of higher status the best.

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Status by Association

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

66) If an association with a particular person might reflect poorly on us, how are we likely to deal with the situation?

A) by distancing ourselves from that person

B) by coming to that person’s defense

C) by strengthening our association with that person

D) by trying to seem similar to that person

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Status by Association

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

67) Why didn’t some participants in the Snyder et al. study (1986) want to wear the “blue badge” representing their team?

A) They didn’t like the other members of the team.

B) They thought the blue badges were silly.

C) They were angry at their teammates.

D) They wanted to distance themselves from the team’s failure.

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Status by Association

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

68) In the Snyder et al. study (1986), members of a team who were informed that they had failed __________ because they wanted __________.

A) were more likely to wear a team badge; to bask in reflected glory

B) were less likely to wear a team badge; to bask in reflected glory

C) were less likely to wear a team badge; to cut off reflected failure

D) were more likely to wear a team badge; to cut off reflected failure

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Status by Association

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

69) By talking about their success in school, highly motivated students __________.

A) gain the respect of their peers

B) are likely to be very high status

C) may end up eroding their social support

D) have better social support networks than their less motivated peers

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status/

Topic: Men’s Status-Seeking May Erode Social Support

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

70) Research on cross-sex friendships has found that __________.

A) men are more directly appreciative of their friends than women

B) men generally do not prefer to have female friends

C) women generally prefer to spend time with their male friends over their female friends

D) both men and women tend to search for females in times of stress

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Men’s Status-Seeking May Erode Social Support

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

71) Members of ancient hunter-gatherer societies were likely to share their food with other members because __________.

A) there was always plenty of food for everyone

B) they were forced to share

C) they had no norm of reciprocity

D) if they did not share, they might perish

Learning Objective: 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Topic: Exchanging Material Benefits

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

72) According to Fiske, communal sharing, authority ranking, and __________ are all fundamental types of relationships.

A) authoritarian pairing

B) intimacy sharing

C) equality distributing

D) equality matching

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

73) __________ is a form of exchange in which members of a group share a pool of resources, taking when they are in need and giving when others are in need.

A) Communal sharing

B) Authority ranking

C) Equality matching

D) Market pricing

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

74) Communal sharing is __________.

A) a form of exchange in which members of a group share a pool of resources, taking when they are in need and giving when others are in need

B) a form of exchange in which everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in

C) a form of exchange in which each person gets the same as the others

D) a form of exchange in which goods are divided according to each person’s status in the group

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75) In a(n) __________ relationship, all members of a group take things as they need them and depend on one another completely.

A) mutual exchange

B) authority ranking

C) equality matching

D) communal sharing

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

76) __________ is a form of exchange in which goods are divided according to a person’s status in the group.

A) Intimacy Sharing

B) Authority ranking

C) Equality matching

D) Market pricing

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

77) Authority ranking is __________.

A) a form of exchange in which members of a group share a pool of resources, taking when they are in need and giving when others are in need

B) a form of exchange in which everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in

C) a form of exchange in which each person gets the same as the others

D) a form of exchange in which goods are divided according to each person’s status in the group

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78) A firefighter squad, in which the fire captain makes all the decisions unilaterally and gives advice to those who serve in the squad, is an example of a(n) __________.

A) authority ranking relationship

B) communal sharing relationship

C) mutual benefit relationship

D) market pricing relationship

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

79) __________ is a form of exchange in which each person gets the same as the others.

A) Market pricing

B) Authority ranking

C) Equality matching

D) Communal sharing

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80) Equality matching is __________.

A) a form of exchange in which members of a group share a pool of resources, taking when they are in need and giving when others are in need

B) a form of exchange in which everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in

C) a form of exchange in which each person gets the same as the others

D) a form of exchange in which goods are divided according to a person’s status in the group

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81) __________ is a form of exchange in which everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in.

A) Market pricing

B) Authority ranking

C) Equality matching

D) Communal sharing

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

82) An equality matching relationship is one in which __________.

A) each person takes as much as he or she needs

B) everyone takes turns and shares equally

C) the highest-ranking individual is entitled to greater respect and resources

D) individuals take benefits in proportion to what they put in

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

83) Market pricing is __________.

A) a form of exchange in which members of a group share a pool of resources, taking when they are in need and giving when others are in need

B) a form of exchange in which everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in

C) a form of exchange in which each person gets the same as the others

D) a form of exchange in which goods are divided according to a person’s status in the group

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84) A relationship in which individuals trade according to self-interest and take according to how much they contribute is a(n) __________.

A) authority ranking relationship

B) communal sharing relationship

C) mutual benefit relationship

D) market pricing relationship

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

85) Which of the following is a relationship with a market pricing pattern of social exchange?

A) a child’s relationship with their mother

B) a boss’s relationship to her employee

C) a waitress’s relationship to her customer

D) a group of children on a playground

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

86) People who have a(n) __________ orientation toward social exchange believe each person in a relationship should give whatever is necessary to satisfy the needs of others in the relationship.

A) equality

B) egalitarian

C) individualistic

D) communal

Topic: Individual Differences in Communal Orientation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

87) People with a __________ orientation are upset if they are not in an equitable relationship.

A) low communal

B) high communal

C) low authoritarian

D) high authoritarian

Topic: Individual Differences in Communal Orientation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

88) In research by Chen et al. (2001), communally oriented individuals who thought about power __________.

A) became more self-interested

B) became power-oriented

C) became more isolated

D) became more socially responsible

Topic: Individual Differences in Communal Orientation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

89) Which individual is least likely to keep track of inputs and outputs in a relationship?

A) Allison, who has a low communal orientation

B) Chantel, who has a high communal orientation

C) Megumi, who has a high market-value orientation

D) Serena, who has a high power orientation

Topic: Communal and Exchange Relationships

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

90) In a(n) __________ relationship, people keep close track of costs and benefits, whereas in a(n) __________ relationship, benefits are provided according to need.

A) exchange; authoritarian

B) exchange; communal

C) communal; exchange

D) communal; market-based

Topic: Communal and Exchange Relationships

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

91) The idea that people are more likely to become friends with those who live or work nearby is known as the __________.

A) similarity-attractiveness principle

B) balance principle

C) proximity-attraction principle

D) equality-attraction principle

Topic: Proximity and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

92) According to the proximity-attraction principle, with whom are you most likely to become friends?

A) someone who has the same job as you but works across town

B) someone who owned your house before you did

C) someone who delivers your mail

D) someone who works in the office next to yours

Topic: Proximity and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

93) Feeling positively toward people simply because one has seen them many times is described by the __________.

A) mere exposure effect

B) simple proximity effect

C) associative effect

D) close association effect

Topic: Proximity and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

94) Every day Bob walks into the coffee shop and orders a tall nonfat latte from the same woman. Over time, he finds that he really likes this woman. This is probably due to the __________.

A) caffeine effect

B) simple proximity effect

C) mere exposure effect

D) close association effect

Topic: Proximity and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

95) Assets that can be drawn from one’s network of personal relationships are known as __________.

A) relational resources

B) friendship benefits

C) social capital

D) exchange materials

Topic: Proximity and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96) Technological advances have resulted in people becoming __________.

A) closer to their family and friends

B) less likely to have face-to-face dinners with family

C) more likely to have friends over

D) less likely to watch programs on their televisions or other devices

Topic: Distant Friends: Television, Social Media, and the Internet

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

97) Which statement is accurate regarding relationships in Western societies?

A) Relationships tend to be individualistic.

B) Relationships tend to be chosen for you.

C) Relationships tend to be permanent.

D) Most relationships are between family members.

Topic: Are Exchange Relationships Different in Western and Non-Western Cultures?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

98) Myra has many friends who live all over the country. She has moved five times in the past 15 years and doesn’t see her family much. Myra probably lives in a __________ society.

A) collectivistic

B) traditional

C) Western

D) semi-structured

Topic: Are Exchange Relationships Different in Western and Non-Western Cultures?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

99) Two people become friends because they have the same interests and similar personalities. They are not related and do not live near one another. This relationship has the characteristics of a relationship in a(n) __________ society.

A) individualistic

B) collectivistic

C) traditional

D) continuous

Topic: Are Exchange Relationships Different in Western and Non-Western Cultures?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

100) Which statement is true regarding relationships in traditional cultures?

A) Relationships tend to be individualistic.

B) Relationships are mostly voluntary.

C) Relationships tend to be transient.

D) Relationships tend to be permanent.

Topic: Are Exchange Relationships Different in Western and Non-Western Cultures?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

101) Relationships in individualistic cultures tend to follow a/an __________ system of social exchange.

A) personalized

B) communal

C) market-based

D) authority ranking

Topic: Are Exchange Relationships Different in Western and Non-Western Cultures?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

102) One of the reasons that modern cultures differ so greatly from traditional cultures is that __________.

A) more money is available and therefore newer cultures are more market-based

B) the structure of modern urban life has drastically changed the frequency of different kinds of social relationships

C) modern societies are “smarter” and have figured out better ways to live

D) modern urban dwellers have a fundamentally different nature than do members of traditional cultures

Topic: Are Exchange Relationships Different in Western and Non-Western Cultures?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Short Answer Questions

103) What is a friend, and what are the features of friendship?

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

104) Define domain-general models and give an example of one.

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

105) Describe the social exchange theory of relationships. What assumption of this model is shared with the reinforcement-affect model?

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

106) How do men and women differ in their behavioral responses to imminent danger, and what are these responses? What hormones are involved for each sex?

Topic: Do Women Tend and Befriend While Men Fight or Take Flight?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

107) Describe a condition under which people who are not lonely may push away or avoid social support, and explain why they may do this. Provide an example.

Topic: Pushing Support Away

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

108) What is the relationship between infant maternal attachment and later interpersonal relationships?

Topic: Attachment and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

109) What is Festinger’s social comparison theory?

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: Social Comparison and Liking for Similar Others

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

110) What is self-evaluation maintenance theory, and when does it say we are likely to feel better about the success of others?

Learning Objective: 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Topic: When Dissimilarity Can Save Self-Esteem

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

111) Define authority ranking exchange relationships, and provide an example.

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

112) Describe the proximity-attraction principle, and provide an example from your own life.

Topic: Proximity and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

113) What is the mere exposure effect? How might it affect name preferences?

Topic: Proximity and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

Essay Questions

114) What are the reinforcement-affect and social exchange models of affiliation? Why are they called “domain-general” models of attraction?

Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Topic: Goals of Affiliation and Friendship

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

115) What is health psychology? What are some of the harmful effects of isolation on physical health?

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

116) Describe how loneliness often is a self-perpetuating cycle.

Topic: Getting Social Support

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

117) Describe how status may be gained or lost via a person’s affiliations, and state the term the textbook uses to refer to each tendency. Then provide an example of when you have experienced each of these.

Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Topic: Status by Association

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

118) According to Alan Fiske, there are four fundamental types of relationships around the world. Describe each of these four types of relationships.

Topic: Fundamental Patterns of Social Exchange

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

119) What is communal orientation, and what kind of relationships do people who are high or low on this dimension prefer?

Topic: Individual Differences in Communal Orientation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

120) Describe the proximity-attraction principle and the mere-exposure effect, and explain how they are related.

Topic: Proximity and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

121) With regard to television, Facebook, the Internet, and so on, some technological advances have increased the distance between people, while others can help us maintain contact with other members of our social network. Explain this.

Social networking sites (e.g., Facebook), the Internet, and cell phones have made it easier to stay in touch with distant friends.
However, use of the Internet can result in increases in depression and loneliness. Increasing use tends, in the long run, to decrease general life satisfaction.
On the other hand, research on the use of Facebook indicates that people who use it, especially those with low self-esteem, reap benefits of social capital.

Topic: Distant Friends: Television, Social Media, and the Internet

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

122) How are exchange relationships different in Western and non-Western cultures, and why are they different?

Topic: Are Exchange Relationships Different in Western and Non-Western Cultures?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

Revel Quiz Questions

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Social Psychology: Goals in Interaction, 7e.

End of Module Quiz 7.1: What Is a Friend?

EOM Q7.1.1

Which of the following statements regarding friendships is true?

Many modern friendships are maintained via virtual contact rather than face-to-face contact.
Similar to the dictionary definition of “friend,” most psychologists contend that true friendships only exist with people who are related to or romantically involved with one another.

Consider This: Webster’s definition of friend is “someone on terms of affection and regard for another who is neither relative nor lover,” although that definition is probably too restrictive; this answer says the opposite, which is false. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

In the vast majority of human societies, people’s closest friends are not genetic relatives.

Consider This: In many societies, your closest friends are frequently genetically related to you. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

From an evolutionary perspective, it makes sense that people would only form close friendships with non-relatives.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q7.1.2

Which of the following is true?

The reinforcement-affect model assumes that people come to like those with whom they associate positive feelings and dislike those with whom they associate negative feelings.
The reinforcement-affect model uses one simple theory to explain all of attraction, whereas social exchange theory uses more specific sub-theories to explain different types of attraction.

Consider This: The reinforcement-affect model and social exchange theory both attempt to explain all behavior using some simple rule. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Social exchange theory focuses on associations with positive and negative feelings, and assumes that people do not use rational criteria when forming associations and friendships.

Consider This: Social exchange theory presumes that affiliation and friendship are motivated to maximize the ratio of benefits to costs. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

The reinforcement-affect model uses one simple theory to explain all of attraction, in contrast to the social exchange theory, which constitutes a domain-general model.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q7.1.3

A model that explains a wide range of behaviors using a simple general rule can be described as __________, whereas a model that assumes we think and feel differently depending on different situations is considered __________.

domain-general; domain-specific
domain-specific; domain-general

Consider This: A domain-specific model does NOT involve a simple general rule. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

domain-relative; domain-specific

Consider This: Domain-relative is not a term used by psychologists, or mentioned in the text. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

domain-general; domain-relative

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

End of Module Quiz 7.2: Getting Social Support

EOM Q7.2.1

When faced with stress from __________, people tend to respond by __________.

fear of embarrassment; avoiding social support
crowding; seeking social support

Consider This: When we have to perform on a task we’re not very good at, for example, the presence of other people simply adds to the stress. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

impersonal dangers; avoiding social support

Consider This: When we have to perform on a task we’re not very good at, for example, the presence of other people simply adds to the stress. Dangers tend to increase the desire to get support from others. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

social isolation; avoiding social support

Learning Objective: 7.2: Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q7.2.2

Lonely people tend to __________.

think about themselves in self-defeating ways
spend excessive time inviting others to hang out with them

Consider This: Lonely students tend to cope with their isolation in counterproductive ways such as hanging out by themselves for a long period of time. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

talk less about themselves and ask more questions about their conversational partners

Consider This: When lonely students interact with others, they may act in ways that make them less attractive by talking more about themselves. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

set extremely low expectations for both themselves and others

Consider This: Lonely students are more nervous, more depressed, and more likely to criticize themselves. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q7.2.3

Which of the following is true regarding social support between children and parents?

Contact with parents during college does not seem to reduce feelings of loneliness.
Adolescents increasingly turn to their peers, rather than their parents, for social support, but this trend tends to reverse when they enter college.

Consider This: Adolescents increasingly turn from their parents to their peers and this trend continues in college. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

Children who are securely attached to their mothers show less skill in dealing with their peers.

Consider This: People whose parents provided a secure relationship are better suited to handle stresses later in life. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

The quality of college students’ relationships with their parents has no significant impact on school performance.

Consider This: People who have reassuring relationships with their parents get better grades in school. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

End of Module Quiz 7.3: Getting Information

EOM Q7.3.1

According to __________, people prefer to measure their opinions and abilities against __________ others.

social comparison theory; similar
social comparison theory; dissimilar

Consider This: If you’re a liberal Democrat and want to know whether your opinions about abortion are reasonable, you wouldn’t turn to members of the American Nazi Party to compare your opinions. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

self-disclosure theory; dissimilar

Consider This: Self-disclosure means to share intimate information about oneself. This does not apply to this question. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

self-disclosure theory; similar

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOM Q7.3.2

Which of the following statements about self-disclosure is true?

Women are more likely than men to engage in self-disclosure.
Men and women are equally likely to engage in self-disclosure.

Consider This: People differ widely in their inclination to self-disclose. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

On Facebook, introverted people with low self-esteem disclose more and different types of information about themselves.

Consider This: This is true of extroverted people with high self-esteem and exhibitionist traits rather than introverts. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

East Asians are more likely to self-disclose than are Americans.

Consider This: If this answer choice was reversed it would be true. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q7.3.3

According to self-evaluation maintenance theory, we prefer to compare ourselves to __________.

similar others whose performance is on par with our own but not better
people who perform much worse than we do

Consider This: Comparing oneself with similar others can be a double-edged sword. If a person is similar to you and very successful, you may be able to bask in his or her glory or it may lead you to feel bad about your own performance. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

people who perform slightly worse than we do

people who perform better than we do

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Assignment: Quiz 7.4: Gaining Status

EOM Q7.4.1

Which of the following claims is true?

Men are more likely than women to base their personal identity on career advancement.
In later adulthood, women and men both tend to have more relationships with coworkers, as opposed to friends outside of work.

Consider This: Whereas men have more relationships with coworkers, women have more relationships with people outside work. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Women, more than men, emphasize social hierarchy and instrumentality in their relationships.

Consider This: The reverse of this statement is true. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Both men and women feel bad if they outperform their friends.

Consider This: Only women feel bad if they outperform their friends. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q7.4.2

Which of the following claims is true?

Women find their same-sex friendships more meaningful and enjoyable than their friendships with men.
Men’s status-seeking tends to create friendships that are more emotionally supportive than women’s friendships.

Consider This: The opposite of this statement is actually true. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Women show their appreciation of friends less directly than men.

Consider This: Women show their appreciation of friends more directly than men. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

In interactions with their parents, adolescent males are relatively equally likely to discuss friends and family problems as females are.

Consider This: Adolescent males are relatively more likely to discuss careers and colleges with parents whereas females are relatively more likely to discuss friends and family problems. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOM Q7.4.3

Which of the following claims is true of relationships and status?

People in organizations commonly agree with their superiors in the hopes of getting the boss to like them.
The desire to form friendships with higher-ups is particularly strong in highly status-oriented cultures, such as in the United States.

Consider This: Cultures like Japan are more status-oriented than the United States is. In fact, Americans most like workers at their own level. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

When one person in a conversation acts nonverbally dominant, the other tends to automatically act dominant as a means of challenging status.

Consider This: When one person in a conversation acts nonverbally dominant, the other tends to automatically act submissive. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

When people in organizations were surveyed about office politics, they failed to mention that they align themselves with powerful others.

Consider This: People did mention that they align themselves with powerful others as a means of getting their boss to like them. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

End of Module Quiz 7.5: Exchanging Material Benefits

EOM Q7.5.1

In __________, everyone takes resources from a common pool as needed, whereas in __________, resources are distributed according to status.

communal sharing; authority ranking
communal sharing; market pricing

Consider This: An example of market pricing is when a waiter provides good service he/she expects a good tip. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

equality matching; authority ranking

Consider This: Friends in a Chinese restaurant often share according to equality matching: no one takes a second serving of anything until everyone else has had their first. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

equality matching; market pricing

Consider This: Friends in a Chinese restaurant often share according to equality matching: no one takes a second serving of anything until everyone else has had their first. An example of market pricing is when a waiter provides good service he/she expects a good tip. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Learning Objective: 7.5: Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOM Q7.5.2

__________ relationships are based on mutual concern for one another’s welfare, whereas __________ relationships are based on rewards and benefits.

Communal; exchange
Exchange; market

Consider This: Exchange relationships are, like market relationships, based on calculating economic costs and benefits. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Market; communal

Consider This: A mother’s relationship to her child is an example of a communal relationship. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Exchange; communal

Consider This: An example of an exchange relationship would be expecting someone to carpool with you every day as long as you help out with the other person’s math homework. A mother’s relationship to her child is an example of a communal relationship. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOM Q7.5.3

Which of the following statements is true?

Relationships in traditional cultures tend to be more permanent and continuous than those in Western cultures.
Traditional societies tend to favor voluntary relationships more than Western societies.

Consider This: Relationships in Western society tend not to last as long as those in more traditional cultures. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Relationships in Western cultures tend to last just as long as those in non-Western cultures.

Consider This: Relationships in Western society tend to be more freely chosen than those in more traditional cultures. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Traditional societies tend to favor individualistic relationships more than Western societies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Chapter Quiz: Affiliation and Friendship

EOC Q7.1

Which of the following is true regarding domain-general and domain-specific models?

A domain-specific model does not apply one simple rule to interpret all social interactions, but instead presumes that we think and feel differently depending on the adaptive problems posed by different relationships and situations.
The text adopts the perspective of the domain-general model in its discussion of social goals.

Consider This: Your text actually adopts a domain-specific perspective, as evidenced by its discussion of many different goals of social behavior, rather than presuming only one simple goal underlies all behavior. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

The reinforcement-affect model is a domain-specific model, because it assumes that people are motivated by the simple goal of feeling good.

Consider This: The reinforcement-affect model is considered a domain-general model, not domain-specific. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

The advantage of the domain-general approach is that it seeks to use a maximum number of presumptions to explain a broad range of phenomena.

Consider This: The advantage of a domain-general approach is that it seeks to use only one simple rule to explain a broad range of phenomena. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

EOC Q7.2

Tia considers herself very lucky to have Lori as a friend. They take turns driving to and from school every day, and they often study together. According to social exchange theory, Tia is particularly drawn to her relationship with Lori because of the __________ she experiences in the friendship.

equity
domain-general benefits

Consider This: Social exchange theory concerns the proportional benefits and costs each person incurs in the relationship. 7.1 Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

domain-general costs

under-benefiting

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explain why the reinforcement-affect model and social exchange model are considered domain-general rather than domain-specific models.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOC Q7.3

Research discussed in the text suggests the female response to stress, in contrast to the male response, is best described as __________.

tend and befriend
flight or fight

Consider This: Stressed-out females are more likely to secrete oxytocin (associated with nurturing maternal behaviors and attachment). 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

duck and cover

hush and hide

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q7.4

__________ is defined as the emotional, informational, or material assistance provided by other people.

Social support
A relationship

Consider This: This answer is a bit too general. Many different kinds of relationships would not involve such forms of assistance. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

Friendship

Consider This: Certainly friendships involve all of these forms of assistance, but this is not the best answer. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

Love

Consider This: Love relationships involve these forms of assistance, but such assistance is also often provided within non-love relationships. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q7.5

Loneliness has been tied to __________.

drug abuse
lowered cortisol responses

Consider This: Your text does not discuss the tie between cortisol responses and loneliness. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

increased immune response

Consider This: As your text notes, loneliness has been tied to lowered immune response. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

elevated mood

Consider This: As your text notes, loneliness has been tied to suicidal thoughts. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q7.6

The self-perpetuating cycle of loneliness and depression is discussed in the text as being linked to the goal of __________.

getting social support
exchanging social benefits

Consider This: When depressed people turn to their friends and roommates for help, their depressive focus on the negative aspects of their lives tends to alienate the very people from whom they need help. 7.2 Be familiar with (1) the “tend and befriend” response to stress, (2) the self-perpetuating cycle of depression and loneliness, and (3) the factors in the person and situation influencing the inclination to affiliate for social support.

seeking information

gaining status

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

EOC Q7.7

The text discusses social comparison theory and liking for similar others as related to which goal of affiliation?

getting information
getting social support

Consider This: Social comparison provides valuable feedback about our opinions and abilities, and the comparisons are often more meaningful when they involve people who are similar to us. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

exchanging material benefits

gaining status

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q7.8

Nicole and her friend Angela are both biologists. Nicole tells Angela that she has just won a coveted career award for her research, one that Angela felt she deserved, but failed to achieve. According to self-esteem maintenance theory, how is Angela likely to react?

She is likely to focus on the fact that Nicole is a geneticist, whereas she is a field zoologist.
She is likely to increase her own personal commitment to biology.

Consider This: The correct answer refers to the way that people make fine distinctions to avoid comparisons that may damage their self-esteem. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

She is likely to feel unexpected joy, associated with increased dissonance.

She is likely to feel extreme disappointment.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOC Q7.9

The text discusses a study of people imitating others’ nonverbal behaviors, such as foot shaking and face rubbing. The research suggested __________.

similar movements increase attraction, although such mimicry often occurs without the awareness of either party
people dislike being the object of mimicry, because it makes them self-aware

Consider This: The research indicated that mimicry might serve to increase liking and to smooth social interactions. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

men actually do more of this behavior to gain status, but it is more successful when women do it

Consider This: The research did not indicate gender differences in mimicry. 7.3 Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

women actually do much more of this behavior to gain status

Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize (1) social comparison and its relationship to similarity and happiness, (2) the consequences of self-disclosure, and (3) self-esteem maintenance theory.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q7.10

According to the text, which of the following is true about men’s and women’s friendships?

Both sexes value women more as friends.
Women talk more about instrumental activities such as shopping.

Consider This: Women’s relationships focus more on emotional support and intimacy rather than instrumental tasks. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Women focus more on social hierarchy in their relationships.

Consider This: Men focus more on social hierarchy in their relationships. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Men and women are equally likely to base their personal identity on career advancement.

Consider This: Men are more likely to base their personal identity on career advancement. 7.4 Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the factors in the person and the situation that influence the links between affiliation and status.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q7.11

The text discusses the patterns of social exchange (e.g., communal sharing, authority ranking) as related to which affiliation goal?

exchanging material benefits
getting social support

Consider This: An example of communal sharing is the relationship of mother and child. The mother is likely to provide benefits based on the child’s needs, not keep a mental checklist of benefits and costs to be used to decide whether to put the kid out on the street if the “deal” gets too costly for her. This exchange does not relate to the goal of getting social support. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

getting information

Consider This: An example of communal sharing is the relationship of mother and child. The mother is likely to provide benefits based on the child’s needs, not keep a mental checklist of benefits and costs to be used to decide whether to put the kid out on the street if the “deal” gets too costly for her. This exchange does not relate to the goal of getting information. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

gaining status

Consider This: An example of communal sharing is the relationship of mother and child. The mother is likely to provide benefits based on the child’s needs, not keep a mental checklist of benefits and costs to be used to decide whether to put the kid out on the street if the “deal” gets too costly for her. This exchange does not relate to the goal of gaining status. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q7.12

Which of the following people is least likely to be bothered by receiving too many benefits?

someone high in communal orientation
someone low in communal orientation

Consider This: Someone low in communal orientation would take a more market-oriented view—that what you give to another should be equal in value to what you get from him or her. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

someone high in authority ranking

Consider This: Authority ranking is a form of exchange in which goods are divided according to a person’s status in the group, and not directly relevant to this question. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

someone low in authority ranking

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

EOC Q7.13

According to the text, how do relationships differ in modern Western cultures and traditional cultures?

Relationships in Western cultures are more voluntary.
Relationships in Western cultures are more collective.

Consider This: Western relationships tend to be more individualistic. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Relationships in Western cultures are more continuous.

Consider This: Western relationships tend to be less continuous (i.e., less permanent). 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

There are no differences in relationships between Western and traditional cultures.

Consider This: The text describes several ways in which relationships do differ between cultures. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q7.14

Which model of social relations does a military squad use?

authority ranking
communal sharing

Consider This: The best model of communal sharing might be a tight-knit family. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

equality matching

Consider This: The best model of equality matching might be children playing a game at a summer camp. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

market pricing

Consider This: The best model of market sharing might be a customer–shopkeeper relationship. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q7.15

The __________ is the tendency to feel positively toward people, places, or things we have seen frequently.

mere exposure effect
proximity-attraction principle

Consider This: The proximity-attraction principle is the tendency to become friends with those who live or work nearby. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

representativeness heuristic

Consider This: The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut people use to classify something as belonging to a certain category to the extent that it is similar to a typical case from that category. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

availability heuristic

Consider This: The availability heuristic is one shortcut people use to decide on the validity or likelihood of an idea based on how easily they can picture it or instances of it. 7.5 Explain (1) the four categories of social exchange rules used in different relationships, (2) how exchange relationships differ between Western and non-Western cultures, and (3) how proximity is linked to social capital.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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Chapter 7 Affiliation And Friendship

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Douglas Kenrick

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