Chapter.2 Crime News & Interpersonal Violence Exam Prep

Chapter 2: Why Is Crime Always in the News? Crime and Interpersonal Violence

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 1

1) How does the dark figure of crime make it difficult to answer how much crime occurs in the U.S.?

Section reference: Section 1

a. Most criminal records are sealed (kept dark) and restricted from public viewing.

b. Some of the darkest crimes are committed from official crime reports, due to their nature.

Correct

c. A lot of crime goes unreported, which creates a dark figure of what is actually reported by official crime data.

d. Jurisdictions tend to try and hide their darkest crimes in reporting.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 2

2) How is the issue of the dark figure of crime addressed in data collection on US crimes?

Section reference: Section 1

a. Surveys can ask victims and offenders about crimes that may not have been reported to the police.

b. Federal agencies can prosecute any agency, city, or state, which intentionally underreports crime.

c. Researchers and journalists can file court cases to open up sealed records and reports.

d. Police can threaten to arrest people if they know of a crime and do not report it.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 3

3) Between 2014 and 2018, violent crime rates in the U.S.

Section reference: Section 1

a. increased by nearly 5% over the time period.

b. increased by nearly 15% over the time period.

c. decreased by nearly 5% over the time period.

d. decreased by nearly 15% over the time period.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 4

4) Between 2014 and 2018, homicide rates in the U.S.

Section reference: Section 1

a. increased by nearly 5% over the time period.

b. increased by nearly 15% over the time period.

c. decreased by nearly 5% over the time period.

d. decreased by nearly 15% over the time period.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 5

5) Between 2014 and 2018, property crime rates in the U.S.

Section reference: Section 1

a. increased by nearly 3% over the time period.

b. increased by nearly 12% over the time period.

c. decreased by nearly 3% over the time period.

d. decreased by nearly 12% over the time period.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 6

6) Compared to Japan, the rate of gun deaths per year in the U.S. is

Section reference: Section 1

a. about 1,000% greater.

b. About 2 times larger.

c. fairly comparable.

d. about 5% lower.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 7

7) When asked in a 2017 Gallup Poll how worried they are about being victimized, _____ of Americans said they were worried a great deal or a fair amount.

Section reference: Section 2

a. 15%

b. 34%

c. 57%

d. 84%

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 8

8) Overall, the data collected by the Gallup Poll about whether Americans are afraid of crime indicates Americans are

Section reference: Section 2

a. inaccurate in their perceptions of crime, relatively fearless, and moderately confident in the criminal justice system to address crime.

b. inaccurate in their perceptions of crime, fearful, but having strong confidence in the criminal justice system to address crime.

Correct

c. accurate in their perceptions of crime, relatively fearless, but lacking confidence in the criminal justice system to address crime.

d. inaccurate in their perceptions of crime, fearful, and lacking confidence in the criminal justice system to address crime.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 9

9) What makes crime bad for society is not necessarily the harm or the cost, but

Section reference: Section 3

a. the psychological impact it has on people.

b. harm and cost combined.

c. the cultural tax of having to train people to avoid crime.

d. the high level of misinformation and unfounded fear.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 10

10) What are the most typical symptoms of the psychological impact of crime?

Section reference: Section 3

a. Withdrawal and avoidance

b. Depression and anomie

c. Anger and rage

d. Anxiety and fear

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 11

11) What is the purpose of the argument that many non-criminal incidents such as automobile accidents or oil tanker spills are quite harmful and costly in challenging the notion that crime is problematic for Americans?

Section reference: Section 3

a. To show that estimations of the harm and cost of crime are overblown.

b. To show that what makes crime bad for society is not necessarily the harm or the cost, but the psychological impact it has on people.

c. To normalize crime and encourage people to release their fears.

d. To illustrate that crime is not really a serious problem in the U.S.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 12

12) As an example of the public role in crime, studies of auto theft found that about 1 in every 8 vehicles had no damage to the steering column, most likely indicating

Section reference: Section 4

a. car thieves have devised new ways to start cars beyond breaking into the steering column.

b. that the keys were left in the ignition, meaning the victims left their cars vulnerable to theft.

c. that someone wanted the cars to be reported stolen in order to collect insurance money.

d. the owners must have loaned their cars to someone they thought they could trust.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 13

13) The vast majority of crimes take place between offenders and victims who

Section reference: Section 4

a. have met online but not in person.

b. are complete strangers.

c. are married to each other.

d. have some sort of relationship as acquaintances, friends, or even relatives.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 14

14) A large and costly elderly prison population and a problem with criminals becoming even worse when they are released are unintended consequences of

Section reference: Section 4

a. unreasonably long sentences.

b. “get tough” policy approaches to crime such as mandatory sentences.

c. Americans leaving themselves vulnerable to crime, driving up crime rates.

d. allowing the retirement age to be set at 65.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 15

15) What distinguishes a violent crime?

Section reference: Section 5

a. The use or threat of force in the commission of the acts

b. It must be murder, manslaughter, or aggravated assault.

c. It must cause bodily harm that is confirmed by medical examination.

d. All of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 16

16) Criminal homicide takes two forms: murder, which is _____; and manslaughter, which is _____

Section reference: Section 5

a. unprovoked homicide ; provoked homicide.

b. a planned killing of a human being ; an accidental killing of a human being.

c. sudden and violent killing ; killing due to neglect.

d. the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought ; unlawful homicide without malice aforethought.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 17

17) The public’s perception of murder in the U.S. suggests a calculated and intentional type of offender, in reality, most homicides

Section reference: Section 5

a. are random acts of violence committed by hardened criminals.

b. are just that—planned in advance and intentional.

c. are not planned and are not committed by hardened criminals.

d. are unsolved and thus it is unclear whether or more planned and intentional or more spontaneous.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 18

18) Homicide tends to be an intra-racial crime, meaning

Section reference: Section 5

a. murder impacts all race groups.

b. people of the same race murder another member of that group (i.e., Whites murder Whites).

c. racism is often the motive for murder.

d. people of one race murder members of other race groups (i.e., Whites murder non-Whites).

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 19

19) The most frequent type of mass murder is

Section reference: Section 5

a. serial killer, with multiple victims over a period of time.

b. gang wars.

c. family killing, where one member of a family kills several relatives.

d. school or workplace shooting.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 20

20) The recently expanded definition of rape to include all genders and removing the term “forcible,” has produced new statistics that show

Section reference: Section 5

a. young women continue to be the primary victims.

b. men and women are equally targeted for rape.

c. men and women commit rapes at similar levels.

d. all age/gender demographics are equally likely to experience rape in their lifetime.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 21

21) What does the term gender-based violence mean?

Section reference: Section 5

a. It distinguishes crimes that take place within intimate partner relationships.

b. It refers to the acts of violence of many forms prevalent world-wide that are committed against women and girls.

c. It distinguishes crimes that relate to sex or sexual violence in some way.

d. It refers to crimes within genders such as women committing crimes against women and men committing crimes against men.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 22

22) Why is less known about any patterns or trends among property criminals?

Section reference: Section 5

a. Because most cases are quickly solved, reimbursed, and plea-bargained out of court without formal convictions.

b. Because these crimes are so rare and because there is a lower chance that the crime will be solved.

c. Because these crimes happen so frequently and because there is a lower chance that these crimes will be solved.

d. Because police records about property crime offenders are sealed.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 23

23) These crimes sometimes involve the use of violence, but what distinguishes them from other types of crime is the threat (or perceived threat) of the moral disintegration of society, such as prostitution, gambling, use of illegal substances, or disorderly conduct.

Section reference: Section 5

a. Misdemeanors

b. Third-party infractions

c. Entirely victimless crimes

d. Public order crimes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 24

24) In a recent report by the Uniform Crime Reports, the overall number of arrests of juveniles has

Section reference: Section 5

a. remained quite low since 2009.

b. remained quite high since 2009.

c. increased by 30% since 2009.

d. decreased by 60% since 2009.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 25

25) Which of the following is an explanation for the change in juvenile arrests in recent years?

Section reference: Section 5

a. Juveniles have more motivation now for criminal behavior than past generations.

b. Police resources are more focused on apprehension of adult offenders.

c. Culture and collective consciousness has shifted to better prevent juveniles from enacting criminal behavior.

d. More efforts are being made in diversion programs to help at-risk youth and avoid the high costs of criminal processing.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 26

26) Why is juvenile crime treated differently in the U.S. than adult crime?

Section reference: Section 5

a. Violent crimes are very rarely committed by juvenile offenders and thus are not taken as seriously.

b. To acknowledge the culpability and responsibility of the adults in children’s lives that should prevent juvenile crime.

c. Because youth are still cognitively developing and can learn valuable lessons from a more rehabilitative approach to punishment.

d. Because the rise in juvenile criminal issues is only a recent occurrence in US history (since the 1970s).

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 27

27) What are victimless crimes?

Section reference: Section 5

a. Crimes that do not result in specific harm to anyone but the offenders

b. Any crime not involving violence

c. White-collar crimes

d. Recovered/reimbursed property crimes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 28

28) White-collar crime describes

Section reference: Section 5

a. crimes committed by people with college education or higher.

b. crimes committed for financial reasons as part of illegal business/professional activities.

c. crimes not committed by blue-collar people.

d. victimless crimes.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 29

29) Corporate crimes include

Section reference: Section 5

a. environmental pollution.

b. defrauding employee pensions.

c. price fixing.

d. all of the above.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 30

30) Common motives for cybercrime include all but which of the following?

Section reference: Section 5

a. Spying

b. Financial gain

c. Music and video piracy

d. Hacktivism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 31

31) What are hacktivists?

Section reference: Section 5

a. Government agents working undercover to bring down cybercriminals

b. Cyberattackers motivated by political, religious, and social objectives

c. Corporate criminals stealing from their own financial systems

d. Cyberattackers testing their hacking abilities while seeking status among their criminal peers

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 32

32) One theoretical explanation for crime comes from Durkheim’s work on anomie, which

Section reference: Section 6

a. derives from the division of labor and burnout of low-wage workers.

b. occurs when society applies a “get tough” approach to crime and citizens are not sure how to behave.

c. occurs when the norms that regulate people’s conventional behavior no longer apply or are ineffective, leaving people with fear and uncertainty.

d. is the passing of laws that the greater public does not support as being criminal behaviors.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 33

33) Strain theory was originally developed by Robert Merton to describe the tendency for some people to commit crimes due to

Section reference: Section 6

a. living in high poverty areas where crimes are committed for survival.

b. class and race inequality.

c. environmental contexts that promote criminal behavior.

d. an inability to achieve the American Dream and achieve the goals set out by society.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 34

34) Each of the following is a strain response according to Robert Merton except

Section reference: Section 6

a. revenge.

b. innovation.

c. retreatism.

d. rebellionism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 35

35) Which sociological theory tends to focus on social change, competition, and power which can play out in the way laws are created and upheld?

Section reference: Section 6

a. Conflict Theory

b. Structural Functionalism

c. Strain theory

d. Symbolic Interactionism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 36

36) Conflict theory recognizes the “social reality of crime” that those with power can manipulate what is and is not defined as criminal behavior. For example

Section reference: Section 6

a. many top-level corporate executives are in the same social networks as leaders of the criminal justice system in most US towns and jurisdictions.

b. people tend to become socialized into criminal behavior and commit illegal activities with peers.

c. caffeinated drinks such as Red Bull or Monster are heavily marketed to younger audiences—despite evidence that they are unhealthy—because the companies that sell them have great power and are able to market them as if they are safe.

d. the tobacco industry is heavily regulated because of the public health harm of tobacco products.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 37

37) Each of the following are tenets of Sutherland’s differential association theory except

Section reference: Section 6

a. criminal behavior is learned through the process of interacting with others.

b. when criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes not only the techniques of committing the crime, but also a set of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes that justifies the action.

c. a person becomes delinquent because they associate with others who feel that criminal behavior is an acceptable course of action.

d. differential associations are consistent in frequency, duration, and intensity and tend to follow general patterns.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 38

38) It has been found that men tend to commit homicide as a way to solve problems or achieve some sort of objective, while women tend to kill in response to some type of emotional connection or abuse. This is an observation relevant to

Section reference: Section 6

a. conflict theory of crime.

b. functionalist theory of crime.

c. feminist theory of crime.

d. strain theory of crime.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 39

39) Each of the following are stages in labeling theory of crime except

Section reference: Section 6

a. status degradation ceremony.

b. reformation and redemption.

c. label as master status.

d. retrospective interpretation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 40

40) Labeling theory is concerned with three inter-related ideas: the process by which laws are enacted and behaviors are condemned; the process by which a person acquires a label;

Section reference: Section 6

a. and the ways in which those labels further impact how laws are reinforced.

b. and the actions one takes to overcome these negative labels.

c. and the negative consequences that the person experiences as a result of this new stigma.

d. and the process by which a person redeems their image in the public eye.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 41

41) The criminal justice system is formally comprised of the following agencies except

Section reference: Section 7

a. elected government offices.

b. police.

c. courts.

d. correctional institutions.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 42

42) Broken windows theory asserts

Section reference: Section 7

a. by using “get tough” policies, any disorder is harshly punished such that people are fearful of breaking even minor laws.

b. people should be disciplined and know they are under surveillance in their neighborhoods by close policing so that even minor property damage is prevented.

c. by controlling minor disorder, more crime is prevented as people see their area is cared for and valued.

d. the more an area is patrolled by police, the more likely there is to be in disorder.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 43

43) Examples of disorder highlighted by the broken windows theory include

Section reference: Section 8

a. bright and closely spaced streetlights.

b. graffiti, trash, abandoned cars or buildings.

c. criminal gang activity.

d. proximity of liquor stores and pawn shops.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 44

44) Over 90% of criminal cases end with

Section reference: Section 8

a. guilty verdicts.

b. plea bargaining.

c. acquittal of defendants.

d. dropped charges.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 45

45) What are the 4 philosophies of punishment for judges in sentencing offenders?

Section reference: Section 8

a. Deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and just desserts

b. Morality, incapacitation, reformation, and just desserts

c. Deterrence, accountability, rehabilitation, and labeling

d. Reparations, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and public fear

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 46

46) What is the “3 strikes and you’re out” rule brought forward as part of the “get tough” on crime approach?

Section reference: Section 7

a. Where an offender can only utilize the services of up to three public defenders in a given trial before being forced to plea bargain.

b. Where a felon, upon his or her third conviction, would be sentenced to life in prison.

c. Where someone convicted of a misdemeanor, upon his or her third conviction, would be sentenced as a felon to serve time in prison.

d. Where a police officer who has been found responsible for three unlawful assaults during arrests would be fired without pay.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter2 Question 47

47) Aside from having committed a minor crime or serving a short sentence, what other reason explains why many people held in local jails in the U.S.?

Section reference: Section 7

a. They are in contempt of court.

b. The court systems are back-logged significantly everywhere.

c. They are awaiting trial and cannot afford bail.

d. They were offered plea bargains but refused.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 48

48) What is the Perry Preschool Project?

Section reference: Section 8

a. Within-prison located preschools where incarcerated parents can participate in their children’s’ early education.

b. A crime prevention program targeted at children ages 3-4 to teach them about stranger danger, how to look out for criminal behavior, unsafe touching, and how to contact the police in an emergency.

c. Separate preschool facilities for children with incarcerated parents to receive Head Start educational programming as well as mental health counseling support related to their parent(s) being away.

d. Preschool interventions aimed at African American children ages 3-4 who are living in poverty and considered to be at high risk of school failure. The goal is to increase academic success, decrease teen pregnancy, reduce involvement in crime, and improve employment opportunities later in life.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 49

49) This is a concentrated police effort to address the physical and social disorder in a community using 3 approaches to reduce crime: an aggressive enforcement strategy, mentoring programs for youth, mental health and homelessness services for those who need them.

Section reference: Section 8

a. Hot Spot Policing

b. Weed and Seed

c. D.A.R.E.

d. Community Patrol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 2 Question 50

50) Which of the following is a program that has been evaluated and considered by scholars as very effective in reducing certain types of crime-related challenges?

Section reference: Section 9

a. D.A.R.E.

b. Big Brothers/Big Sisters Program

c. Scared Straight

d. ‘Get tough’ policing and sentencing