Chapter.10 Nuclear Chemistry Test Bank Answers

General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, 4e (Smith)

Chapter 10 Nuclear Chemistry

1) An alpha particle is a high-energy particle that contains ________.

A) one proton and one neutron

B) two protons and two neutrons

C) one electron

D) one proton

2) Which type of radiation has a negligible mass and a charge of +1?

A) Alpha particle

B) Gamma ray

C) Positron

D) Beta particle

3) Which is the symbol for a beta particle?

A)  

B)  

C)  

D)

4) The symbol  represents which type of particle?

A) Alpha

B) Beta

C) Gamma

D) Positron

5) Phosphorous-32 is used for organ imaging. How many neutrons are present in this radioisotope?

A) 15

B) 17

C) 32

D) 47

6) An isotope of Iodine that contains 78 neutrons is used for diagnosis of thyroid disease. Which choice is the correct isotope symbol for this isotope?

A)

B)

C)

D)

7) Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

A)

B)

C)

D)

8) Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

 →  + ________

A)

B)

C)

D)

9) What does it mean if a substance is described as being radioactive?

A) The substance emits high energy particles or rays from its unstable nucleus.

B) The substance was exposed to radiation that was given off by a decaying nucleus.

C) The substance readily absorbs energy from the radiofrequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

D) The substance is extremely small and special radiomicroscopes are necessary to view it.

10) Which species completes this nuclear equation shown below?

A)

B)

C)

D)

11) The half-life (t1/2) of a radioactive isotope depends on which of the following?

A) The amount of the radioisotope present

B) The isotope

C) The temperature

D) The pressure

E) All of the factors listed

12) If the half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14.3 days, how much of a 200. mg sample of phosphorus-32 remains after 71.5 days?

A) 100 mg

B) 50 mg

C) 12.5 mg

D) 6.25 mg

13) What is the estimated the age of an artifact that has 1/16 of the amount of carbon-14 (relative to carbon-12) compared to living organisms. (C-14 t1/2 = 5,730 years)

A) 358 years

B) 5,730 years

C) 17,190 years

D) 22,920 years

E) 28,650 years

14) Which unit of radioactivity is equivalent to 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations/second?

A) 1 Ci

B) 1 mCi

C) 1 μCi

D) 1 Bq

15) To treat a thyroid tumor, a patient must be given a 150-mCi dose of iodine-131, supplied in a solution containing 32 mCi/mL. What volume of solution must be administered per dose?

A) 1.0 mL

B) 4.7 mL

C) 4,800 mL

D) 32 mL

16) Which unit describes the amount of radiation absorbed by one gram of a substance?

A) Rad

B) Rem

C) Bq

D) Gray

17) Which radioisotope is used to measure thyroid activity and treat thyroid disease?

A) Technetium-99m

B) Iodine-131

C) Cobalt-60

D) Carbon-11

18) Which radioisotope is used to treat leukemia and lymphomas?

A) Thallium-201

B) Xenon-133

C) Phosphorus-32

D) Iridium-192

19) In the term PET Scan, for what do the letters PET stand?

A) Passive Emittance Test

B) Positron Emission Tomography

C) Positive Electric Topography

D) Penetrating Emanation Thalmometry

20) Which type of radiation has the largest mass?

A) An alpha particle

B) A gamma ray

C) A positron

D) A beta particle

21) Which type of radiation has the greatest penetrating power?

A) An alpha particle

B) A gamma ray

C) A beta particle

D) All of these have the same penetrating power.

22) What is the minimum recommended protective equipment when handling a beta particle emitter?

A) Lab coat and gloves

B) Heavy lab coat and gloves

C) Lead shielding

D) No protective equipment is recommended.

23) What types of cells are most sensitive to radiation damage?

A) The intestinal tract cells

B) Cells of reproductive organs

C) Cancer cells

D) Bone marrow cells

E) All of the cell types listed are very sensitive to radiation damage.

24) Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

A)

B)

C)

D)

25) Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

A)

B)

C)

D)

26) What is the balanced nuclear equation for the beta emission of the radioisotope strontium-90?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

27) Which quantity represents the greatest amount of radioactivity?

A) 1 × 10–3 Ci

B) 1 × 104 mCi

C) 1 Bq

D) 1 × 10–10 μCi

28) Which quantity represents the smallest amount of radioactivity?

A) 1 × 10–3 Ci

B) 1 × 104 mCi

C) 1 Bq

D) 1 × 1010 μCi

29) What is the SI unit in the measurement of radioactivity?

A) Ci

B) mCi

C) μCi

D) Bq

30) Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

A) β

B) α

C) γ

D) 2 γ

31) Which nuclear equation is an example of nuclear fission?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

32) Which nuclear equation is an example of alpha decay?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

33) Which nuclear equation is an example of β decay?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

34) Which nuclear equation is an example of positron emission?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

35) Which nuclear equation is an example of nuclear fusion?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

36) Which amount of radioactivity is equivalent to 4.1 × 1012 disintegrations/s?

A) 1.1 × 103 Ci

B) 4.1 × 109 Bq

C) 4.1 × 1012 Bq

D) 1.1 × 1010 μCi

37) Which amount of radioactivity is equivalent to 3.7 × 105 mCi?

A) 3.7 × 103 Ci

B) 3.7 × 102 μCi

C) 3.7 × 108 μCi

D) 3.7 × 1014 μCi

38) How many neutrons are generated in the nuclear equation shown below?

A) 0

B) 1

C) 2

D) 3

E) 4

39) What are the number of protons, the number of neutrons, and the mass number of the radioisotope   ?

A) 149, 102, and 251, respectively

B) 102, 149, and 251, respectively

C) 102, 251, and 353, respectively

D) 149, 251, and 353, respectively

40) Which isotope symbol for bismuth-210 is correct?

A)

B)

C)

D)

41) The initial responders to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster were exposed to 22 Sv of radiation. What is this exposure in units of rem?

A) 2.2 mrem

B) 2,200 rem

C) 0.022 rem

D) 0.22 mrem

42) Mg-24 is a nonradioactive isotope of magnesium and Mg-27 is a radioactive isotope. Which of the following is a true statement concerning these two isotopes?

A) Both isotopes emit high energy particles or rays known as radiation.

B) The radioactive isotope has three more neutrons than the nonradioactive isotope.

C) The radioactive isotope has three more electrons than the nonradioactive isotope.

D) The nonradioactive isotope has three less protons than the radioactive isotope.

43) The nuclear equation shown below represents which of the following processes?

A) Alpha decay of platinum

B) Gamma emission by mercury

C) Alpha emission by mercury

D) Gamma decay of platinum

44) Complete the following nuclear fission equation:

A) %

B)

C)

D)

45) Complete the following nuclear fission equation:

A)

B)

C)

D)

46) The fusion of two hydrogen isotopes below forms which product?

A)

B)

C)

D)

47) Which type of Medical Imaging utilizes radioactivity?

A) X-Rays

B) CT Scans

C) MRIs

D) PET Scans

48) Beta particles move faster than alpha particles, but they do not penetrate into tissue as far as an alpha particle.

49) To decrease the incidence of harmful bacteria in foods, certain fruits and vegetables are irradiated with g rays that kill any bacteria contained in them.

50) The sum of the mass numbers and the sum of the atomic numbers must be equal on both sides of a nuclear equation.

51) Alpha emission is the decay of a nucleus by emitting an α particle, resulting in a new nucleus that has two fewer protons than the original nucleus.

52) During gamma emission there is no change in the atomic number or mass number of a radioactive nucleus.

53) The emission of gamma rays frequently occurs during alpha decay and beta particle emission.

54) The rad is the amount of radiation that also factors in its energy and potential to damage tissue.

55) A radiation source used external to the body for therapeutic purposes must have a much shorter half-life than radioisotopes that are ingested for diagnostic purposes.

56) PET scans are used to detect tumors and coronary artery disease, determine whether cancer has spread to other organs of the body, and monitor whether cancer treatment has been successful.

57) Nuclear fusion is the splitting apart of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei and neutrons.

58) A nuclear power plant utilizes the tremendous amount of energy produced by fission of the uranium-235 nucleus to heat water to steam, which powers a generator to produce electricity.

59) X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are techniques that utilize nuclear reactions to provide an image of an organ or extremity that is used for diagnosis of a medical condition.

60) When a positron is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the nuclear mass remains the same.

61) A positron is formed when a neutron is converted to a proton and an electron.

62) To decrease the incidence of harmful bacteria in foods, certain fruits and vegetables are irradiated with α particles that kill any bacteria contained in them.

63) Radioisotopes that are used for diagnosis and imaging in medicine have short half-lives so they do not linger in the body.

64) The technique of radiocarbon dating is based on the fact that the ratio of radioactive carbon-14 to stable carbon-12 is a constant value in a living organism that is constantly taking in CO2 and other carbon-containing nutrients from its surroundings.

65) A microcurie of radioactivity is larger than a Becquerel of radioactivity.

66) Hydrogen-3 is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. When hydrogen-3 undergoes beta decay, helium-3 is formed.

67) One rem is equivalent to 100 Sv.

68) Generally, no detectable biological effects are noticed when the dose of radiation is less than 25 rem.

69) Two problems that surround nuclear power generation are the possibility of radiation leaks and the disposal of nuclear waste.

70) Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion both release a great deal of energy.

71) The light and heat of the sun and other stars is a result of nuclear fusion.

72) Red blood cells tagged with technetium-99m are used to find the site of a gastrointestinal bleed.

73) Cobalt-60 is used as an external source of radiation for cancer treatment.

74) Uranium-235 is used in nuclear weapons. This radioactive isotope contains 92 protons and 235 neutrons.

75) The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of radon-216 by positron emission is  .

76) The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of radon-220 by α decay is 

.

77) The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of neon-31 by β decay is   .

78) Exposure to 600 rem of radiation is fatal for an entire population.

79) Only fusion can involve bombarding a nucleus with a neutron.

80) Nuclear fission reactions generate radioactive waste with long half-lives, often hundreds or even thousands of years.

81) Rb-84 is used to monitor cardiac output and has a half life of 33 days. It would take approximately 165 days for a 1.000 mg sample of Rb-84 to decay to 0.063 mg.

82) Isotopes are atoms of the same element having a different number of protons.

83) A gamma ray has twice the mass of an alpha particle.

84) An alpha particle is identical to a helium atom.

85) ________ is the process by which an unstable radioactive nucleus emits radiation, forming a nucleus of new composition.

86) A(n) ________ is a small portable device used for measuring radioactivity.

87) The LD50 of a substance is the lethal dose that kills ________% of a population.

88) In β emission, one neutron of the original nucleus decays to a β particle and a(n) ________.

89) The m in technetium-99m stands for ________.

90) Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use radioisotopes that decay by positron emission. Once formed, a positron combines with an electron to form ________ γ ray(s), which create a scan of an organ.

91) The minimum amount of uranium-235 necessary to sustain a chain reaction is called the ________.

92) If 25 mg of an initially 200. mg sample of bromine-74 is still active after 75 minutes, the half-life of bromine-74 is ________ minutes.

93) The term ________ stands for the radiation equivalent for man.