Chapter 1: Introduction

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The term “gender” refers to ______.

A. the culturally imposed roles of males and females

B. the state of being male, female, both male and female, or neither male nor female

C. social construction

D. biological aspects of masculinity and femininity

Learning Objective: Explain the difference between sex, gender, transgender, and cisgender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex, Gender, Transgender, and Cisgender

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A person who is cisgender ______.

A. has a gender identity that matches the gender they were assigned at birth

B. has a gender identity that does not match the gender they were assigned at birth

C. is intersex

D. is a trans woman

Learning Objective: Explain the difference between sex, gender, transgender, and cisgender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex, Gender, Transgender, and Cisgender

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Enrica had female anatomy at birth, was raised as a girl, and has a female identity. Enrica is a ______.

A. trans woman

B. heterosexual woman

C. cis woman

D. intersex woman

Learning Objective: Explain the difference between sex, gender, transgender, and cisgender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex, Gender, Transgender, and Cisgender

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The ______ is a system of conceptualizing gender as having two distinct and opposing groups or kinds, male and female.

A. gender binary

B. gender positivism

C. gender epistemology

D. gender identity

Learning Objective: Explain the difference between sex, gender, transgender, and cisgender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex, Gender, Transgender, and Cisgender

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Bias that recognizes a person’s birth-assigned gender but not their gender identity is known as ______.

A. sexism

B. genderism

C. cisgenderism

D. identity bias

Learning Objective: Explain the difference between sex, gender, transgender, and cisgender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex, Gender, Transgender, and Cisgender

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. “Sexism” can be defined as ______.

A. harassment on the basis of gender

B. discrimination or bias against people based on their gender

C. men’s negative attitudes toward women

D. women’s negative attitudes toward men

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexism

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Today, old-fashioned sexism has been replaced by more covert or subtle prejudiced beliefs about women also known as ______.

A. hostile sexism

B. benevolent sexism

C. modern sexism

D. ambivalent sexism

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexism

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Benevolent sexism ______.

A. is not really sexism

B. is harmless

C. is good for women

D. stereotypes women as weak and dependent

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexism

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. A study of male and female STEM students found ______.

A. girls were more likely to receive discouraging messages from teachers than from boys

B. girls experienced hostile sexism

C. boys experienced benevolent sexism

D. both hostile and benevolent sexism were linked to women actually performing worse in their STEM classes

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexism

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Negative, resentful attitudes toward women and adversarial beliefs about gender relations are also known as ______.

A. neosexism

B. hostile sexism

C. benevolent sexism

D. feminism

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexism

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Modern sexism involves which of the following?

A. a denial that there is continuing discrimination against women

B. antagonistic feelings about women’s “demands”

C. resentment about perceived special favors granted to women

D. all of these

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexism

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. ______ is the term for the belief that women should be honored, put on a pedestal, and viewed as pure beings who should be protected.

A. Benevolent sexism

B. Hostile sexism

C. Neosexism

D. Feminism

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexism

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. “Feminist” can be defined as ______.

A. a person who wants more power for women

B. a person who favors more rights for women than for men

C. a person who conforms to the traditional role for women

D. a person who favors political, economic, and social equality of all people regardless of gender

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Intersectionality is defined as ______.

A. a part of feminist theory

B. another term for modern sexism

C. an approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity

D. both a part of feminist theory and an approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality of Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Professor Garcia is conducting research on the conceptualization of femininity among African American women, Latinx women, Asian American women, Native American women, and White women. Professor Garcia is applying an approach called ______.

A. experimental design

B. overgeneralization

C. intersectionality

D. cross-sectionality

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intersectionality of Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The term for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with genitals or reproductive anatomy that are not typical of females or males is ______.

A. transgender

B. cisgender

C. gender binary

D. intersex

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Critiquing the Gender Binary

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Studies of bias in the design of psychological research indicate that ______.

A. males are disproportionately represented as participants

B. females are disproportionately represented as participants, reflecting a fascination with the “mysteriousness” of women

C. a disproportionate amount of research has been done on disturbed women

D. males and females tend to be represented equally as participants

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bias in Research Design

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. A definition of “psychological measurement” is ______.

A. the process of assigning numbers to characteristics of people

B. quantitative research

C. qualitative research

D. an experiment

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bias in Research Design

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled is called ______.

A. sampling bias

B. probability sampling

C. observer effect

D. overgeneralization

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bias in Research Design

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Using a single-gender sample and then interpreting the results as if they were true of all people is an example of ______.

A. the error of overgeneralization

B. a problem with imprecise psychological measurement

C. a particular kind of observer effect

D. a tendency to stereotype

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bias in Research Design

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. A study that compares two groups--males and females--on aggressive behavior is an example of a(n) ______.

A. experimental design

B. quasi-experimental design

C. case study

D. correlational study

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bias in Research Design

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Feminist scholars advocate which approach for overcoming problems of bias in theoretical models and stereotyped research questions?

A. perform better-controlled experiments

B. go to the community of people to be studied and ask them what the significant questions are

C. ask feminists what the important questions are

D. use Freudian theory

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bias in Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. A male psychologist is interested in finding out whether there are gender differences in a certain personality characteristic. He administers a paper-and-pencil test of this characteristic to a group of male and female students and then checks statistically to find out whether there are gender differences. Which one of the following biases is likely to be present in that research?

A. experimenter effects

B. biased theoretical model

C. all of these

D. none of these

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bias in Data Collection

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. A researcher uses observation as a method to study gender differences in helping behaviors among preschool. The researcher expects to find more helping behaviors from girls and ends up observing more helping behaviors from girls than boys. This might be an example of ______.

A. benevolent sexism

B. biased theoretical model

C. observer effects

D. none of these

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bias in Data Collection

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. The technical procedure that is generally used to guard against observer effects is a ______.

A. experiment

B. natural observation

C. laboratory study

D. blind study

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bias in Data Collection

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. A researcher on gender differences finds that females estimate that they will get fewer points on a test than males estimate they will get. The researcher concludes that this indicates that women are lacking in self-confidence. This is an example of ______.

A. bias in choice of participants

B. experimenter effects

C. biased interpretation of results

D. publication bias

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bias in Interpretation of Results

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. An interpretation of research results in which women's behavior is seen as unfavorable compared to men’s is an example of ______.

A. a female deficit model

B. a psychoanalytic interpretation

C. gynocentrism

D. interpreter effect

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bias in Interpretation of Results

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. A researcher finds that women interrupt men fewer times than men interrupt women in mixed-gender groups. The researcher concludes that this indicates that women lack assertiveness. This is an example of ______.

A. an unbiased interpretation

B. a female deficit interpretation

C. feminist methods

D. a psychoanalytic interpretation

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bias in Interpretation of Results

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. A Freudian researcher sets out to collect data to document the existence of penis envy in women. This is an example of ______.

A. a biased theoretical model

B. experimenter effects

C. female deficit model

D. both a biased theoretical model and experimenter effects

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bias in Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. It has been shown that the researcher's gender may affect the outcome of research. This is an example of ______.

A. biased theoretical models

B. biased interpretation of results

C. an experimenter effect

D. an observer effect

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bias in Data Collection

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. If a researcher expects to get gender differences in a study in which observations of preschool children's aggression are made, the researcher tends to find gender differences. This is an example of ______.

A. Freudian bias

B. observer effects

C. publication bias

D. bias in choice of participants

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bias in Data Collection

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Ensuring both male and female researchers collect data is an example of ______.

A. critiquing the gender binary

B. single-gender research

C. intersectionality

D. gender-fair research

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Feminist research psychologists are critical of traditional psychology's ______.

A. insistence on naturalistic research

B. assumption that psychological research is objective and value-free

C. reliance on all-female samples

D. overemphasis on the importance of race and ethnicity

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. “Feminist research” may be defined as ______.

A. research done by feminists

B. objective and value-free

C. research growing out of feminist theory, which seeks radical reform of traditional research methods

D. impossible because research must be objective and feminism introduces bias

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. “Qualitative research methods” can be defined as ______.

A. studying behavior by converting it to numbers

B. making naturalistic observations

C. collecting data that are often text, talk, or images

D. conducting laboratory experiments

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. A researcher interviewed 45 African American women about their experiences of sexual objectification in order to study bias based on gender, race, and class. This is an example of ______.

A. quantitative research

B. qualitative research

C. experimental research

D. correlational research

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Feminist researchers would endorse which of the following research practices?

A. performing single-gender research

B. asking participants to designate their gender identity using their own words

C. conducting the majority of psychological research in a lab

D. thinking in terms of Variable A causing effects on Variable B

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Eve, in the Biblical story of Adam and Eve, is an example of which recurring historical theme?

A. a feminine evil

B. the virgin

C. the Madonna

D. polyandry

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminine Evil

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. The historical theme “male as normative” means ______.

A. the male is seen as “normal,” the female as a variant or deviation

B. the male is considered the other

C. the female is often created first in creation myths

D. none of these

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Male as Normative

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. “Androcentrism” can be defined as ______.

A. male-centeredness

B. female-centeredness

C. equality of the genders

D. none of these

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Male as Normative

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Using the word “man” to refer to not only a male person, but to people in general, is an example of ______.

A. feminism

B. the male as normative

C. overgeneralization

D. cisgenderism

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Male as Normative

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Gender differences and gender similarities are ______.

A. equally important

B. unnecessary in gender research

C. difficult to study

D. unbiased

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Differences and Similarities

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. The basic position of “social constructionism” is ______.

A. based in objective reality

B. that people do not discover reality; rather, they construct or invent it

C. people actively construct meanings for events in the environment based on their own experiences

D. both that people do not discover reality; rather, they construct or invent it and people actively construct meanings for events in the environment based on their own experiences

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Social Construction of Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. A research study that compares two or more groups of participants on their response to a treatment without randomly assigning the participants to the treatment conditions is considered ______.

A. a true experimental design

B. a quasi-experimental design

C. an unethical experimental design

D. none of these

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bias in Research Design

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. The feminist goal of gender equality has not yet been met.

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed by both the House and the Senate in 1972.

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Feminism is a political movement and ideology as well as a theoretical perspective.

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The Gender Inequality Index (GII) measures country-level gender equality.

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Focus 1.1: Gender Equality Around the World and Transnational Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The United States ranks third on the Gender Inequality Index (GII).

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Focus 1.1: Gender Equality Around the World and Transnational Feminism | Table 1.2: Gender Inequality Index (GII) Scores and Ranks of 20 Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Experimenter effects may be a source of bias.

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bias in Data Collection

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. A researcher completes a study and finds that on average, men scored higher on an algebra test than women. His interpretation is that men are better at math than women. This interpretation was based on the female deficit model.

Learning Objective: Summarize the sources of bias in psychological research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bias in Interpretation of Results

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. A feminist researcher would prefer to call people who are studied “subjects” rather than “participants.”

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Single-gender research is an example of gender-fair research.

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Feminist research devotes specific research attention to the special concerns of women and members of marginalized groups.

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Both traditional psychologists and feminist psychologists view research as an interaction between a researcher and participant, shaped by cultural context.

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminist Alternatives to Biased Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Define sexism.

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexism

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Define feminist.

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Describe one criticism of second-wave feminism.

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Give an example of gender equality in one of the following spheres: education, politics, economics, and health.

Learning Objective: Identify the major themes in the psychology of women and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Focus 1.1: Gender Equality Around the World and Transnational Feminism

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Explain the importance of conducting gender-fair research.

Learning Objective: Evaluate feminist alternatives to biased research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender-Fair and Feminist Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Compare and contrast hostile sexism and benevolent sexism and give examples of each.

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sexism

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. First, describe each of the four waves of feminism. Then, compare and contrast them in terms of their respective time periods, theories, and social and political issues.

Learning Objective: Discuss sexism and feminism.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Hard