Chapter.1 Exam Prep The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (McKinley)

Chapter 1 The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

1) The word "anatomy" comes from

A) Latin and means "to be born."

B) Hebrew and means "shape."

C) Greek and means "to cut apart."

D) German and means "body."

E) Italian and means "form."

2) Anatomy is the study of

A) stars.

B) function.

C) sharp tools.

D) structure and form.

E) word histories.

3) Because the body has been the same for thousands of years, anatomy is considered a static classification system instead of a dynamic science.

4) A scientist who describes the layers of the heart wall and their relationship to the surrounding pericardium would be a(n)

A) anatomist.

B) physiologist.

C) pathologist.

D) pulmonologist.

5) ________ anatomy examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them.

A) Regional

B) Surface

C) Radiographic

D) Surgical

E) Systemic

6) The discipline known as ________ anatomy examines similarities and differences across species.

7) Which branch of microscopic anatomy is the study of tissues?

A) Histology

B) Cytology

C) Embryology

D) Developmental anatomy

E) Surgical anatomy

8) Cytology is a subdivision of gross anatomy.

9) Gross anatomy refers to the study of

A) cells.

B) structures formed by cells.

C) structures not visible to the unaided eye.

D) structures visible to the unaided eye.

E) nasal secretions.

10) The anatomic changes that result from disease are studied under

A) pathologic anatomy.

B) systemic anatomy.

C) histology.

D) surgical anatomy.

E) developmental anatomy.

11) The two main divisions of microscopic anatomy are

A) embryology and parasitology.

B) cytology and histology.

C) comparative anatomy and pathological anatomy.

D) neurobiology and surface anatomy.

12) When medical students study all of the structures in a particular area of the body as a unit (for example, all the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the leg), that approach is called

A) surface anatomy.

B) comparative anatomy.

C) popliteal physiology.

D) regional anatomy.

E) systemic anatomy.

13) The scientific discipline that studies the functions of body structures is

A) anatomy.

B) physiology.

C) astronomy.

D) anthropology.

E) archaeology.

14) Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?

A) The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily.

B) The walls of blood capillaries are composed of a thin epithelium.

C) The muscles of the thigh are composed of skeletal muscle tissue.

D) There are fenestrations (openings) in the epithelial cells of capillary walls.

E) The esophageal wall includes a middle layer of dense irregular connective tissue.

15) Physiologists use chemistry to understand the workings of the body's organ systems.

16) The discipline that studies the functions of the nervous system, including the way that impulses are conducted, is known as ________.

17) The discipline that associates changes in organ system function with disease or injury is known as ________.

18) Respiratory physiology is primarily the study of

A) cell shape within the alveoli of the lungs.

B) the branching pattern of the small airways of the lungs.

C) the tissue composition of the airways, air sacs, and blood vessels.

D) how gases are transferred between the lungs and the blood vessels supplying them.

19) The large surface area of the inside of the small intestine means that this structure is

A) well adapted for its physiological role in absorption.

B) derived from an embryological structure that served a different function.

C) anatomically complex but physiologically simple.

D) maladaptive in that it harbors bacteria.

20) Some researchers think pheromones are important tools in human communication. Pheromones are chemical signals that one individual sends to another. What research questions might be asked by anatomists, and what questions might be asked by physiologists, to determine if pheromones are important to humans?

21) Both anatomists and physiologists are aware that form and function are interrelated.

22) The mechanism by which the body propels food through the digestive tract is primarily a topic of study for

A) anatomists.

B) physiologists.

23) The term that refers to the ability of organisms to react to changes in the environment is

A) responsiveness.

B) reproduction.

C) metabolism.

D) development.

E) organization.

24) The various chemical reactions that organisms carry out are collectively called

A) reproduction.

B) homeostasis.

C) metabolism.

D) responsiveness.

E) development.

25) Homeostasis refers to an organism's ability to regulate its internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

26) The category of reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones is known as

A) anabolism.

B) catabolism.

C) synthesis.

D) homeostasis.

E) enzymatic.

27) The group of metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to form larger ones is ________.

28) The smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things is

A) an organ.

B) an individual.

C) tissue.

D) a cell.

E) a system.

29) Which level consists of related organs that work to achieve a common function?

A) Organ system level

B) Cellular level

C) Tissue level

D) Chemical level

E) Organ level

30) At what level of organization is a tooth?

A) Tissue level

B) Cell level

C) Organ level

D) System level

E) Atomic level

31) Which of the following statements accurately describes the organization of structures?

A) Organs are made up of tissues, which are made up of cells, which are made up of organelles and molecules.

B) Tissues are made up of organs, which are made up of cells, which are made up of individual atoms.

C) Organisms are made up of tissues, which are made up of organ systems, which are made up of DNA.

D) Organ systems are made up of cells, which are made up of tissues, which are made up of organelles.

E) Organs are made up of cells, which are made up of atoms, which are made up of molecules.

32) Iron atoms help our blood transport oxygen. Describe each level of anatomical structural complexity for an iron atom in your blood, working from the simplest level (atom) to the most complex (organism).

33) A molecule is made up of a combination of two or more atoms.

34) Specialized subunits of cells that are made of macromolecules are called ________.

35) Which system is responsible for providing protection, regulating body temperature, and being the site of cutaneous receptors?

A) Respiratory

B) Muscular

C) Integumentary

D) Urinary

E) Nervous

36) The body system that provides support and protection as well as being a site of blood cell production (hemopoiesis) is the ________ system.

A) skeletal

B) muscular

C) cardiovascular

D) respiratory

E) lymphatic

37) The system responsible for the exchange of gases between the blood and atmospheric air is the ________ system.

A) urinary

B) respiratory

C) cardiovascular

D) endocrine

E) nervous

38) The organ system that transports and filters interstitial fluid while also participating in immune responses is the ________ system.

39) The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are typically grouped within the ________ system.

40) Which describes the anatomic position?

A) Body is upright.

B) Palms are facing forward.

C) Thumbs point away from the body.

D) Feet are flat on the floor.

E) All of these apply.

41) Describe the positions of the thumbs and the palms of the hands in the anatomic position.

42) In the anatomic position, the specimen rests horizontally on the examination table and the arms are extended away from the torso.

43) The word ________ implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body.

A) section

B) plane

C) direction

D) tangent

E) figure

44) A plane that passes through the structure at an angle is called

A) frontal.

B) coronal.

C) oblique.

D) sagittal.

E) transverse.

45) A(n) ________ plane separates the body into superior and inferior parts.

A) transverse

B) oblique

C) sagittal

D) coronal

E) frontal

46) Which best defines "superficial"?

A) On the inside

B) On the outside

C) Toward the end of an appendage

D) Close to the attachment of the appendage to the trunk

E) At the head end

47) The directional term that means "away from the midline of the body" is

A) inferior.

B) superior.

C) medial.

D) lateral.

E) caudal.

48) The directional term that means "closest to the point of attachment to the trunk" is

A) distal.

B) proximal.

C) medial.

D) cephalic.

E) dorsal.

49) The directional term that means "in back of" or "toward the back surface" is

A) posterior.

B) caudal.

C) cephalic.

D) anterior.

E) proximal.

50) The best term for referring to the rear or "tail end" is

A) caudal.

B) cephalic.

C) inferior.

D) superior.

E) lateral.

51) The head, neck, and trunk make up the ________ region of the body.

A) appendicular

B) axial

C) cephalic

D) caudal

E) thoracic

52) The cranial cavity houses the

A) eyeball.

B) ear canals.

C) brain.

D) spinal cord.

E) nasal structures.

53) The bones of the vertebral column form a cavity called the

A) nervous system passageway.

B) abdominal cavity.

C) pleural cavity.

D) vertebral canal.

54) The axillary region is ________ to the pectoral region.

A) lateral

B) medial

C) distal

D) proximal

E) inferior

55) The anatomic term for the cheek is

A) buccal.

B) pelvic.

C) cervical.

D) crural.

E) sacral.

56) The popliteal region is best seen from a(n) ________ view.

A) anterior

B) lateral

C) superior

D) inferior

E) posterior

57) What is the anatomic term for the foot?

A) Pubic

B) Patellar

C) Ped

D) Popliteal

E) Acromial

58) Which anatomical term describes the wrist region?

A) Tarsal

B) Carpal

C) Digital

D) Olecranal

E) Perineal

59) With the subject in the anatomic position, one can best see the dorsum of the manus from a(n) ________ view.

A) lateral

B) superior

C) inferior

D) posterior

E) anterior

60) The primary function of serous fluid appears to be

A) to serve as a lubricant.

B) to provide a stabilizing force.

C) to insulate.

D) to store energy.

E) to provide an attachment surface.

61) The anatomic term for the calf is

A) crural.

B) popliteal.

C) tarsal.

D) carpal.

E) sural.

62) The term "hallux" refers to the

A) little finger.

B) thumb.

C) great toe.

D) lateral-most toe.

E) middle digit.

63) What is the anatomic term for the hip region?

A) Sternal

B) Coxal

C) Dorsal

D) Crural

E) Sural

64) A professional fighter hit in the mental region might have damage to the

A) jaw.

B) ear.

C) nose.

D) knee.

E) shoulder.

65) "Pollex" refers to the

A) eyebrow.

B) thumb.

C) great toe.

D) little finger.

E) kneecap.

66) An inguinal hernia is in the region of the

A) umbilicus.

B) groin.

C) calf.

D) thigh.

E) shoulder.

67) Which serous membrane covers the surface of an organ?

A) The parietal layer

B) The visceral layer

C) The muscle layer

D) The dorsal layer

E) The ventral layer

68) The mediastinum is within the ventral cavity.

69) The pleural cavity is the

A) same as the mediastinum.

B) the serous membrane lining the abdomen.

C) space within which the heart sits.

D) potential space between the two serous membranes surrounding a lung.

70) The limbs of the body are attached to the axis and make up the

A) abdominal region.

B) thoracic region.

C) axial region.

D) appendicular region.

E) antebrachial region.

71) Explain the spatial relationship between the following: thoracic cavity, pericardial cavity, ventral cavity, mediastinum.

72) The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the

A) pleural cavity.

B) pericardial cavity.

C) mediastinum.

D) peritoneal cavity.

E) hypochondriac space.

73) The pericardium is a two-layered serous membrane that

A) encloses the heart.

B) encloses the kidney.

C) encloses a lung.

D) provides lubrication for the knee.

E) covers the small intestine.

74) The serous fluid that helps in cardiac function is located

A) inside the heart's chambers.

B) between the parietal pericardium and the sternum.

C) in the pericardial cavity, between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers.

D) between the visceral pericardium and the cardiac muscle.

75) With a specimen in the anatomic position, you can best see the mediastinum with a(n) ________ view.

A) midsagittal

B) superior

C) inferior

D) frontal

E) posterior

76) The moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called the

A) peritoneum.

B) thoracic diaphragm.

C) synovium.

D) pleura.

E) pericardium.

77) Of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the one that is most superior in the middle column is called the

A) lumbar.

B) umbilical.

C) epigastric.

D) hypogastric.

E) hypochondriac.

78) Which abdominopelvic regions have both a right and a left side?

A) Only the lumbar and iliac

B) Only the hypogastric and hypochondriac

C) The hypochondriac, lumbar, and hypogastric

D) Only the iliac and hypochondriac

E) The lumbar, iliac, and hypochondriac

79) Lateral to the umbilical abdominopelvic region are the ________ regions.

A) hypochondriac

B) iliac

C) hypogastric

D) epigastric

E) lumbar

80) The urinary bladder is found in which abdominopelvic region?

A) Hypogastric

B) Right lumbar

C) Hypochondriac

D) Left iliac

E) Left lumbar

81) The appendix is in the right iliac region, and is therefore located in the ________ quadrant.

82) The abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by passing one horizontal and one vertical line through the

A) patellar region.

B) umbilicus.

C) antebrachial region.

D) gluteal region.

E) crural region.

83) This figure shows an anterior view of a human in the anatomic position. What region does number 1 indicate?

A) Crural

B) Femoral

C) Brachial

D) Sural

E) Tarsal

84) This figure shows an anterior view of a human in the anatomic position. What region does number 2 indicate?

A) Carpal

B) Coxal

C) Antecubital

D) Sacral

E) Axillary

85) This figure shows an anterior view of a human in the anatomic position. Which number indicates the inguinal region?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

86) This figure shows a frontal view of a human. What does number 1 indicate?

A) Mediastinum

B) Pelvic cavity

C) Peritoneal cavity

D) Pleural cavity

E) Pericardial cavity

87) This figure shows a frontal view of a human. What does number 5 indicate?

A) Abdominal cavity

B) Pelvic cavity

C) Pleural cavity

D) Pericardial cavity

E) Mediastinum

88) This figure shows a frontal view of a human. What does number 2 indicate?

A) Pelvic cavity

B) Pleural cavity

C) Mediastinum

D) Abdominal cavity

E) Cranial cavity

89) These figures show a frontal view of the abdominopelvic cavities. Which number indicates the epigastric region?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

90) These figures show a frontal view of the abdominopelvic cavities. What does number 5 indicate?

A) Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

B) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

C) Right hypochondriac region

D) Left hypochondriac region

E) Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

91) These figures show a frontal view of the abdominopelvic cavities. Which number indicates the left iliac region?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

92) The fact that the structures of cells vary widely reflects the specializations needed for their different functions.

93) Organs contain two or more tissues that work together to perform specific, complex functions.

94) The cell is the smallest living portion of the human body.

95) Fortunately for science, there is but one single property that defines life.

96) The life characteristic of reproduction may be interpreted at both the cellular and organismal levels.

97) The urinary system filters the blood, concentrates waste products, and removes waste products from the body.

98) The anatomic position allows all observers to have a common point of reference.

99) A coronal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

100) The chest is superior to the head.

101) The antecubital region is proximal to the carpal region.

102) The mediastinum is a serous cavity.

103) The right and left iliac regions are found lateral to the hypogastric region.

104) The lumbar regions are located lateral to the umbilical region.

105) The level of organization one step more complex than the organ level is the ________ level.

106) The state of equilibrium, or fairly constant interval environment, in the body is called ________.

107) The ________ reproductive system produces oocytes.

108) The antecubital region is ________ to the brachial region.

109) The muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities is the thoracic ________.

110) The hypogastric region is located ________ to the right iliac region.

111) The control center of a homeostatic mechanism

A) brings about change to the internal environment.

B) integrates sensory input and signals for change as needed.

C) is a change in the external environment.

D) detects a change in a variable that is being regulated.

112) Sensory nerves that detect changes in a variable that is being regulated comprise the ________ of the control mechanism.

113) The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that brings about change is the

A) control center.

B) stimulus.

C) effector.

D) receptor.

114) In a homeostatic control mechanism, the receptor detects changes in the environment and relays that information to the ________.

115) When you are exposed to bright light, a reflex is initiated and the muscles of your iris contract to decrease your pupil size.  The iris muscles are acting as a(n)

A) effector.

B) control center.

C) receptor.

D) positive feedback.

116) When you are exposed to bright light, a reflex is initiated and your iris constricts to decrease pupil size.  Which structure serves as a receptor in this system?

A) The retina

B) The iris

C) The eyelid

D) The brain's visual cortex

117) Which of the following choices places the components of a homeostatic control system in proper order?

A) Effector, control center, stimulus, receptor

B) Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector

C) Receptor, effector, control center, stimulus

D) Stimulus, control center, effector, receptor

E) Receptor, control center, stimulus, effector

118) Define the term "negative feedback."

119) The normal level at which a physiological variable is maintained is known as its

A) stimulus.

B) control center.

C) negative feedback.

D) set point.

E) effector.

120) The central nervous system acts as the control center for the regulation of blood calcium and blood glucose.

121) If your body temperature starts to decline, your body responds by exciting skeletal muscles so that you shiver and your temperature returns to normal.  This is an example of negative feedback.

122) If carbon dioxide levels rise in the body, negative feedback mechanisms will trigger

A) an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point.

B) an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise further above set point.

C) a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise to the set point.

D) a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline below set point.

123) The reinforcement of a stimulus so that a climax is reached is known as ________.

124) The term "positive feedback" means that the outcome of the system is a good one.

125) If someone speaks too loudly into a microphone, a public address system will sometimes produce a loud whistle of amplified feedback.  Explain whether this is an example of negative or positive feedback, and explain how the microphone, control box, and speaker of the system serve as the different components of a feedback loop.

126) In the positive feedback mechanism governing breastfeeding, the mammary glands of the breast serve as the

A) control center.

B) receptor.

C) effector.

D) set point.

127) Disease is often considered the result of

A) negative feedback.

B) failure of homeostatic systems.

C) maintenance of set point.

D) feedback loops.

128) Damage to the heart can cause inadequate blood circulation, which can lead to more damage to the heart.  This is an example of a positive feedback cycle.

129) Diagnosing a disease involves determining the

A) cause of the homeostatic imbalance.

B) multiple side effects of a drug.

C) effector and the set point.

D) negativity of the feedback.

130) For better retention of material, it is better to break up study sessions into multiple smaller chunks (e.g. 30 minutes each) rather than fewer, longer sessions (e.g. several hours each).

131) Which of the following is an example of a best practice for effectively studying anatomy and physiology material?

A) Explaining a concept to a study partner

B) Study by exclusively reading and re-reading the material

C) Wait until a day or two before the test before studying

D) Study in fewer, longer sessions as compared to numerous, shorter sessions