Chapter 9: Sexual Orientation and Sexuality

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. ______ refers to the enduring pattern of cognitive, motivational, and behavioral tendencies that regulates the experience, conduct, and expression of sexuality.

A. Gender self-concept

B. Sexual fluidity

C. Gender identity

D. Sexual orientation

Learning Objective: 9-1: Locate current understandings of sexuality and sexual orientation within social, cultural, and historical contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do Understandings of Sexuality and Sexual Orientation Differ across Time and Culture?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In what time period did the earliest known reference to sexual orientation appear?

A. in ancient Rome

B. during the Middle Ages

C. in the late 19th century

D. during the sexual revolution of the 1960s

Learning Objective: 9-1: Locate current understandings of sexuality and sexual orientation within social, cultural, and historical contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do Understandings of Sexuality and Sexual Orientation Differ across Time and Culture?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What shift in views toward sexuality occurred in the mid-1800s?

A. People began seeing sexuality as something more continuous than dichotomous.

B. Society began condemning same-sex acts much more harshly than previously in history.

C. Explanations of sexuality began appealing to environmental rather than biological causes.

D. It became common to classify people into groups based on the sex of people they desire.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Locate current understandings of sexuality and sexual orientation within social, cultural, and historical contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Do Understandings of Sexuality and Sexual Orientation Differ Across Time and Culture?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. In ancient Greece, people’s sexuality was primarily linked to ______.

A. the sexual role they played (penetrative or receptive)

B. what sex they were attracted to

C. what sex they engaged in sex acts with

D. their gender identification

Learning Objective: 9-1: Locate current understandings of sexuality and sexual orientation within social, cultural, and historical contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do Understandings of Sexuality and Sexual Orientation Differ Across Time and Culture?

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. ______ refers to the label that a person uses to describe his or her sexual orientation and the emotional reactions that she or he has to it.

A. Sexual motivation

B. Sexual identity

C. Sexual behavior

D. Sexual attraction

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The labels heterosexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual are examples of ______.

A. sexual motivations

B. sexual identities

C. sexual behaviors

D. sexual attractions

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. What approximate percentages of men and women identify as gay and lesbian respectively?

A. 2% and 1% for men and women respectively

B. 10% for both men and women

C. 5% of men and 10% of women

D. 10% overall, with 15% and 5% for men and women, respectively

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What caused Kinzie and his collaborators to overestimate the percentage of sexual minority individuals in the United States in the 1940s?

A. They did not use random assignment in their studies.

B. They used poor measures of sexual orientation.

C. They relied on probability sampling.

D. They relied on convenience sampling.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Locate current understandings of sexuality and sexual orientation within social, cultural, and historical contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. People who identify as ______ experience romantic or sexual attractions to people of all sexes and gender identities.

A. polysexual

B. pansexual

C. asexual

D. transsexual

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which of the following would be least likely to strongly identify with a sexual orientation? Someone who is ______.

A. gay

B. straight

C. pansexual

D. sexually fluid

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sexual Identity

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. The ______ components of sexual orientation are experienced as feelings of desire and love, both of which consist of longing for, and impulse to seek proximity to, a given target

A. motivation

B. identity

C. behavior

D. communal

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Sexual minority individuals who experience ______ feel less positive about their sexual identity and less connected to other LGB individuals.

A. internalized homophobia

B. pansexual identity

C. low sexual motivation

D. reduced behavioral control

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Identity

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Each of the following are motivational components of sexual orientation EXCEPT ______.

A. lust

B. identity

C. attraction

D. attachment

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. ______ is a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of lust and sexual desire

A. Vasopressin

B. Oxytocin

C. Histamine

D. Serotonin

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Cross-cultural research reveals that passionate love toward a specific mating partner is ______.

A. more common in regions with scarce resources

B. more common in cultures high in gender equality

C. widely variable across cultures

D. near universal

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. ______ motivates people to seek out sexual union, but ______ motivates people to direct their attention toward a specific partner.

A. Desire; lust

B. Passionate love, companionate love

C. Lust, love

D. Sexual orientation, sexual identity

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The function of ______ in mammals is to ensure that vulnerable, highly dependent human infants receive caregiving during crucial stages of development.

A. polygamous relations

B. the pair bonding system

C. serial monogamy

D. lust

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. What best describes the similarities/differences between the love experienced by adult mates and the love that infants form for their caregivers?

A. The same neurological circuits regulate both types of love relationships.

B. Infants’ love is characterized more by feelings of warmth while mates’ love is characterized more by feelings of intimacy.

C. They have similar hormonal mechanisms but different behavioral manifestations.

D. Infants can grow attached to both sexes while adult mates generally only feel attachment towards one sex.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Roughly what percentage of U.S. adults report engaging in sexual activity with a same-sex partner?

A. 30%

B. 20%

C. 10%

D. 2%

Learning Objective: 9-1: Locate current understandings of sexuality and sexual orientation within social, cultural, and historical contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Exposure to Western ideas, norms, and attitudes can have what impact on sexual behaviors of non-Western societies?

A. decreases in sexual promiscuity

B. adoption of less conservative sexual attitudes and behaviors

C. lower rates of contraceptive use

D. not becoming sexually active until a later age

Learning Objective: 9-1: Locate current understandings of sexuality and sexual orientation within social, cultural, and historical contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sexual Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. Laumann et al. (1994) study of respondents who report any same sexuality found what type of relationships between the identity, desire, and behavioral dimensions of sexual orientation?

A. Identity and desire showed strong positive relationships.

B. Desire predicted behavior.

C. There was little correspondence among the three dimensions.

D. Identity predicted behavior but desire did not.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Complexity of Sexual Orientation

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Diamond (2005) finds evidence for sexual orientation subtypes that are characterized by ______ rather than by the sex or gender of the people for whom they are directed.

A. the extremity of sexual urges

B. unconscious intuitions

C. how fluid or stable they are

D. the number of simultaneous partners

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Complexity of Sexual Orientation

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Many sexual minority individuals experience an early phase of ______ during which they recognize a sense of differentness from others.

A. exploration

B. commitment

C. identity acceptance

D. awareness

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phase Models of Sexual Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. In the ______ phase some sexual minority individuals experience identity uncertainty, during which their sexual orientation remains unclear.

A. exploration

B. commitment

C. identity acceptance

D. awareness

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phase Models of Sexual Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. In the ______ phase, many sexual minority individuals increase their involvement in an LGBTQ community.

A. exploration

B. commitment

C. identity acceptance

D. awareness

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phase Models of Sexual Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Some sexual minority individuals decide following the ______ phase to enter a coming out phase in which they publicly labeled themselves and discuss their identities with others.

A. exploration

B. commitment

C. identity acceptance

D. awareness

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phase Models of Sexual Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Because Islam strictly prohibit same-sex sexuality, some Muslim sexual minority individuals undergo a prolonged phase of ______.

A. exploration

B. discovery of terminology

C. identity uncertainty

D. awareness

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Phase Models of Sexual Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Relative to boys, sexual minority girls generally _______.

A. label their sexual identity at a slightly younger age

B. become aware of same-sex attraction at an older age

C. experience their first same-sex attraction as sexual rather than emotional

D. disclose themselves as sexual minorities after their first same-sex contact

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Milestone and Narrative Models of Sexual Minority Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The majority of sexual minority boys/men report which of the following?

A. their first same-sex attraction being sexual

B. their first same-sex attraction being emotional

C. their first same-sex sexual contact being with a romantic partner

D. their first same-sex sexual contact being with a stranger

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Milestone and Narrative Models of Sexual Minority Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. The majority of sexual minority girls/women report which of the following?

A. their first same-sex attraction being sexual

B. their first same-sex attraction being emotional

C. their first same-sex sexual contact being with a romantic partner

D. their first same-sex sexual contact being with a stranger

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Milestone and Narrative Models of Sexual Minority Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which of the following theories argues that the more older biological brothers a man has, the higher his likelihood of being gay?

A. behavioral genetics

B. fraternal birth order effect

C. neuro-hormonal theory

D. alliance formation hypothesis

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Which of the following theories focuses on prenatal exposure to testosterone and estradiol?

A. behavioral genetics

B. fraternal birth order effect

C. neuro-hormonal theory

D. alliance formation hypothesis

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. The finding that same-sex sexual activity between primate friend pairs increases likelihood of friends assisting and defending each other is consistent with which theory?

A. kin selection theory

B. fecundity hypothesis

C. neuro-hormonal theory

D. alliance formation hypothesis

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Heritability estimates for sexual orientation suggest that genes account for about what range of the population variance in sexual orientation for men?

A. 10–20%

B. 66–90%

C. 15–66%

D. 40–80%

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Ray Blanchard’s explanation of the ______ is that the mother’s body treats the male fetus as a foreign invader and activates an immune response against it. At a certain point, the mother produces enough antibodies to prevent the fetal brain from developing in the male typical fashion, resulting in male homosexuality.

A. behavioral genetics

B. fraternal birth order effect

C. neuro-hormonal theory

D. alliance formation hypothesis

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Evidence that heterosexual men who possess more communal traits tend to have more female sexual partners supports which theory of sexual orientation?

A. kin selection theory

B. tipping point theory

C. neuro-hormonal theory

D. alliance formation hypothesis

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Examples of passionate same-sex friendships growing into feelings of sexual desire support which theory of sexual orientation?

A. kin selection theory

B. tipping point theory

C. biobheavioral model

D. alliance formation hypothesis

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Integrative Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Finkel and Eastwick (2009) find that sex differences in sexual attraction disappear under what circumstances?

A. women are injected with testosterone

B. women play the role of “approacher” in a speed dating context

C. when men and women rate the attractiveness of groups rather than individuals

D. when controlling for socioeconomic status

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Do Sex and Gender Contribute to the Experience of Sexuality?

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Terri Conley finds that sex differences in interest in casual sex are reduced by which of the following?

A. when the casual sex partner is attractive

B. when the casual sex partner is believed to be good in bed

C. when there are few options for romantic partners

D. when men and women are hooked up to a lie detector

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Do Sex and Gender Contribute to the Experience of Sexuality?

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Sex differences, favoring males in self-report data, exist for each of the following EXCEPT _______.

A. pornography use

B. masturbation

C. casual sex

D. same-sex experiences

Learning Objective: 9-4: Genital reconstructive surgery typically makes it difficult for transgender people to have orgasms.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Behavior and Attitudes

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. What best describes most self-reported sex differences in sexuality?

A. They fall in the medium to large range.

B. They are culturally universal.

C. They have poor test-retest reliability.

D. They fall below Cohen’s ds of .4.

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Behavior and Attitudes

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Which of the following groups of people have the lowest orgasm rates during sex?

A. heterosexual women

B. heterosexual man

C. gay men

D. lesbian women

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Orgasm Frequency and Sexual Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Each of the following predicts orgasm rates among women EXCEPT ______.

A. receiving oral sex

B. frequency of sexual encounters

C. the duration of sexual encounters

D. knowledge of the location of their clitoris

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Orgasm Frequency and Sexual Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Which of the following describes some of the effects of gender reconstructive surgery or hormone treatments upon orgasm rates?

A. MtF women consistently report lower orgasm rates.

B. The effect are incredibly variable and inconsistent for both MtF women and FtM men.

C. FtM men report high orgasm rates.

D. FtM men report reduced orgasm rates.

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Orgasm Frequency and Sexual Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Diamond’s (2008) longitudinal study of sexual minority women found what percent changed their identified sexual orientation over a ten-year period?

A. 10%

B. 33%

C. 66%

D. 80%

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Fluidity

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Baumeister (2000) found what kind of sex differences in sexual fluidity?

A. Women’s sexual orientation changes more over their lives.

B. Men tend to be more sexually fluid than women during early adulthood.

C. Women tend to be more sexually fluid than men late in life.

D. Men’s sexual orientation changes more over their lives.

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Fluidity

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. What evidence is there to support sex differences in sexual trajectories (e.g., age at which men and women reach their sexual peaks)?

A. Men’s hormones peak at a younger age than women.

B. Men self-report their highest levels of lust at a younger age than women.

C. Women have more sexual partners in middle-age compared to men.

D. Women start generating more testosterone in their early 30s.

Learning Objective: 9-5: Understand issues in sexuality across the life course, such as sexual peaks and the medicalization of sexual changes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Each of the following is TRUE of the relationship between sexual health and physical health EXCEPT ______.

A. sexual satisfaction correlates with both physical and mental health

B. the importance of sexual health for quality of life decreases in old age

C. sexual health relates to physical health in Western but not Eastern cultures

D. people who have regular, more enjoyable sex have lower mortality rates.

Learning Objective: 9-5: Understand issues in sexuality across the life course, such as sexual peaks and the medicalization of sexual changes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which of the following perspectives on decreases in sexuality in old age can make people feel like there is something wrong with them and cause them to seek out unnecessary, sometimes ill-advised treatments?

A. the medicalization of sexuality

B. the genetic perspective

C. the socially constructed approach

D. interpretations specific to collectivist cultures

Learning Objective: 9-5: Understand issues in sexuality across the life course, such as sexual peaks and the medicalization of sexual changes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Medicalization of Sexual Changes

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Which of the following is TRUE of changes in sexuality and related hormones that often occur in middle-age (e.g., menopause in women and erectile dysfunction in men)?

A. These processes, both menopause and erectile dysfunction, are natural and normal.

B. They should be treated with medication to increase mental and physical health.

C. Menopause occurs in all women, but erectile dysfunction only occurs in a small subset of men and should be medically treated.

D. Treatments for these hormonal changes carry no meaningful risks.

Learning Objective: 9-5: Understand issues in sexuality across the life course, such as sexual peaks and the medicalization of sexual changes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Medicalization of Sexual Changes

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Sexual orientation refers only to the person to whom romantic and sexual feelings are directed.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Sexual Orientation?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The idea that people have a stable, internal drive that orients them sexually toward members of a particular sex is an old idea that dates back to ancient Western civilization.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Locate current understandings of sexuality and sexual orientation within social, cultural, and historical contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Sexual Orientation?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. About 10% of the population identifies gay or lesbian.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The sexual desire (or lust) dimension of the motivational components of sexual orientation motivates people to direct their attentions toward a specific person who is cherished above others.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Cross-cultural evidence indicates that passionate love toward mating partners is a universal or near universal human experience.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine play a key role in the early stages of passionate love.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The same neurological circuits that regulate love experienced by adult mates also regulates love that infants form to their caregivers.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. For many sexual minorities, an awareness phase, in which they recognize a sense of differentness from others, marks the first phase in sexual identity development.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phase Models of Sexual Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Girls and women are more likely than boys and men to label themselves as sexual minorities before their first same-sex sexual contact.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Milestone and Narrative Models of Sexual Minority Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The fraternal birth order affect postulates that gay men provide above average levels of child rearing assistance to siblings, thus increasing the survival of nephews and nieces and passing along genes that code for male same-sex orientation.

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biological Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The alliance-formation hypothesis reflects an evolutionary psychology theory of sexual orientation.

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Examples of passionate same-sex friendships growing into feelings of sexual desire is consistent with the biobehavioral model of sexual orientation.

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Integrative Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Sex differences in “pickiness” when selecting mates disappear when women play the role of “approacher” (introducing themselves to men).

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do Sex and Gender Contribute to the Experience of Sexuality?

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Genes explain about a third of the population variance in women’s rates of orgasm during sexual intercourse.

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Orgasm Frequency and Sexual Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Women’s sexual orientation tends to change more over their lives than men’s.

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Fluidity

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. How did cultural understandings of sexual behavior change in the mid-1800s.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Locate current understandings of sexuality and sexual orientation within social, cultural, and historical contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Do Understandings of Sexuality and Sexual Orientation Differ Across Time and Culture?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Briefly describe the difference between early and later stages of love.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motivation: Desire and Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Studies have shown that exposure to Western ideas, norms, and attitudes can have what kind of impact on sexual behavior in non-Western societies?

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Briefly explain the difference in how phase models and milestone models approach explaining the development of sexual orientation.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: How Does Sexual Orientation Develop?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Describe TWO sex differences in the ages and/or sequence in which milestones among sexual minorities occur.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Describe the multiple dimensions of sexual orientation, and analyze different models of sexual identity development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Milestone and Narrative Models of Sexual Minority Identity Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Describe the logic behind tipping point theory’s account of how genes for same-sex orientation are passed down.

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Describe how Finkel and Eastwick (2009) manipulated a “speed dating” task to eliminate sex differences in selectivity or “pickiness” in mates.

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Do Sex and Gender Contribute to the Experience of Sexuality?

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Choose two theories for why people differ in sexual orientation. Explain how they account for variance in sexual orientation, what evidence supports each, and whether each approach most reflects a biological, evolutionary, or integrative perspective.

Learning Objective: 9-3: Evaluate biological, evolutionary, and integrative theories of sexual orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Why Do People Differ in Sexual Orientation?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Conley and colleagues (2011) summarize a number of common beliefs about sex differences in relationship preferences and sexuality. Describe three of these common beliefs and the alternative findings/interpretations provided by Conley and colleagues.

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain sex differences in sexuality, including attitudes and behaviors, orgasms and sexual satisfaction, and sexual fluidity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: How Do Sex and Gender Contribute to the Experience of Sexuality?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe common assumptions regarding sex differences in sexual trajectories (i.e., when women and men reach their sexual peaks). What evidence exists to support these assumptions? What evidence conflicts with them? Cite as least one research finding for and against sex differences in sexual trajectories. How does the research on sexual trajectories conflict with common assumptions about relevant sex differences?

Learning Objective: 9-5: Understand issues in sexuality across the life course, such as sexual peaks and the medicalization of sexual changes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sexual Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Medium