Chapter 4 Human Digestion And Absorption Verified Test Bank

Perspectives in Nutrition, A Functional Approach, 2e (Byrd)

Chapter 4 Human Digestion and Absorption

1) The smallest functional unit of the human body is the ________.

A) organ

B) organ system

C) cell

D) epithelial tissue

2) Tissues are defined as ________.

A) functional systems

B) complex organs that perform one task

C) a diverse collection of cells

D) a collection of cells that perform a specific function

3) The 4 primary types of tissue are ________.

A) epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

B) gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, muscle, and immune

C) gastrointestinal, endocrine, nervous, and cardiovascular

D) skeletal, muscle, endocrine, and cardiovascular

4) Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive organ system?

A) pancreas

B) small intestine

C) kidneys

D) liver

5) The ________ layer of the GI tract wall contains glands, blood vessels, and nerves, whereas the ________ layer is the outermost layer that protects the GI tract.

A) mucosa; muscle

B) serosa; submucosa

C) submucosa; muscle

D) submucosa; serosa

6) The breakdown of dietary starch to glucose in the small intestine is considered ________.

A) metabolism

B) hormonal action

C) digestion

D) absorption

7) Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas ________.

A) neutralize the acid contents in the stomach

B) are synthesized in the pyloric sphincter

C) neutralize the bile in the duodenum

D) neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum

8) The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the ________.

A) lower esophageal sphincter

B) sphincter of Oddi

C) pyloric sphincter

D) ileocecal sphincter

9) Segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves ________.

A) peristalsis to move the food along the GI tract

B) back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass

C) conscious effort

D) enzyme input to break apart the food mass

10) The chemical reaction sucrose + H2O → fructose + glucose is an example of a ________ reaction.

A) hydrolysis

B) synthetic

C) hormonal

D) carboxylase

11) A circular muscle that can open and close and acts to regulate the flow of materials in one direction is referred to as ________.

A) enterohepatic circulation

B) a sphincter

C) a pump

D) peristalsis

12) A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called ________.

A) a sphincter

B) enterohepatic circulation

C) a pump

D) peristalsis

13) The lower esophageal sphincter is located between the ________.

A) stomach and esophagus

B) stomach and duodenum

C) ileum and cecum

D) sigmoid colon and anus

14) The bacteria that usually inhabit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the ________.

A) sphincter of Oddi

B) ileocecal sphincter

C) pyloric sphincter

D) rectal sphincter

15) Which of the following is NOT an enzyme?

A) sucrase

B) bile

C) pepsin

D) lipase

16) Most digestive enzymes are synthesized by the ________.

A) liver and large intestine

B) bile and gallbladder

C) kidneys and esophagus

D) pancreas and small intestine

17) Gastrin, secretin, CCK, and gastric inhibitory peptide are examples of ________.

A) enzymes

B) hormones

C) active absorption

D) None of these choices are accurate.

18) Human digestion of food begins in the ________, where the enzyme ________ breaks down a small amount of starch.

A) mouth; amylase

B) stomach; pepsin

C) small intestine; amylase

D) mouth; lipase

19) The taste sensation umami can best be described as ________.

A) a somewhat salty flavor derived from metal ions

B) the combination of salt and sweet tastes together

C) a savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid glutamate

D) the taste that arises from compounds such as caffeine and quinine

20) In the process of swallowing, food cannot normally enter the trachea because the ________.

A) tongue directs the flow of food down the esophagus and away from the trachea

B) esophageal sphincter shuts off the passage to the larynx

C) epiglottis covers the larynx

D) trachea does not connect to the esophagus

21) Saliva contains ________.

A) an amylase

B) mucus

C) intrinsic factor

D) an amylase and mucus

22) The salivary glands produce about ________ cup(s) of saliva each day. Saliva is a watery fluid that contains ________, ________, and ________.

A) 1; mucus; digestive enzymes; antibacterial substances

B) 1; mucus; bile; hormones

C) 4; mucus; digestive enzymes; antibacterial substances

D) 4; mucus; bile; hormones

23) At the beginning of a meal, the hormone ________ is secreted from the stomach; this hormone controls the release of ________.

A) pepsinogen; pepsin

B) gastrin; HCl

C) bile; lipase

D) cholecystokinin; pancreatic enzymes

24) The major function(s) of the stomach is/are ________.

A) the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, especially starch

B) the digestion and absorption of alcohol

C) to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme

D) All of these responses are correct.

25) The fluid mixture that moves from the stomach to the duodenum is called ________.

A) bolus

B) chyme

C) food

D) None of these choices are accurate.

26) Muscular waves in the stomach mix and churn the contents of a meal with ________.

A) bile

B) gastric juices

C) pancreatic juices

D) sodium bicarbonate

27) Heartburn is caused by ________.

A) acid surrounding the heart muscle

B) acid and other digestive enzymes within the heart muscle

C) the backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

D) None of these choices are accurate.

28) The stomach is protected from digesting itself by producing ________.

A) bicarbonate only when food is in the stomach

B) a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach

C) hydroxyl ions to neutralize the acid

D) antipepsin that destroys digestive substances

29) The gastric secretion pepsin is necessary for ________.

A) preventing peptic ulcer formation

B) protein digestion

C) vitamin B-12 absorption

D) destruction of harmful bacteria and viruses

30) Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include ________.

A) promoting digestion of protein

B) destroying bacteria and viruses found in foods

C) dissolving dietary minerals for improved absorption

D) All of the responses are correct.

31) The stomach can absorb ________.

A) proteins or amino acids

B) sugars, such as lactose

C) alcohol

D) no nutrients

32) The small intestine is divided into three segments. List them in descending order.

A) ileum, jejunum, duodenum

B) jejunum, ileum, duodenum

C) duodenum, ileum, jejunum

D) duodenum, jejunum, ileum

33) Most of the digestive processes occur in the ________.

A) mouth

B) stomach

C) small intestine

D) large intestine

34) Which substances can be absorbed in the small intestine?

A) glucose, minerals, amino acids, vitamins, alcohol

B) sucrose, lactose, fats, alcohol, protein

C) starch, fats, glucose, protein, alcohol

D) glucose, fructose, sucrose, alcohol, protein

35) Villi are found mainly in the ________.

A) large intestine

B) small intestine

C) esophagus

D) stomach

36) The villi found in the gastrointestinal tract ________.

A) are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine

B) are covered with the brush border (microvilli)

C) contain cells that produce mucus, hormones, and enzymes

D) produce a large surface area for nutrient absorption

E) All of these choices are correct.

37) The life span of absorptive cells in the villi is approximately ________.

A) 24 hours

B) 2 to 5 days

C) 8 to 10 days

D) 4 to 6 weeks

38) Amino acids and glucose enter cells by ________.

A) active transport

B) passive diffusion

C) facilitated diffusion

D) endocytosis

39) The absorptive process that requires energy in the form of ATP is ________.

A) facilitated diffusion

B) active absorption

C) enterohepatic circulation

D) the lymphatic system

40) The secretions of the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas enter the ________.

A) ileum, by way of a common duct

B) duodenum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi

C) stomach, by way of a common duct

D) jejunum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi

41) Bile is formed in the ________ and stored in the ________.

A) stomach; pancreas

B) duodenum; kidney

C) liver; gallbladder

D) gallbladder; liver

42) Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of ________.

A) starch

B) fat

C) protein

D) sugars

43) ________ increases the available surface area of fats for digestion and later absorption.

A) Pancreatic lipase

B) Lingual lipase

C) Gastric lipase

D) Bile

44) The main function of the liver in the digestive system is ________.

A) producing enzymes for digestion of protein, fat, and carbohydrate

B) producing the hormones that regulate digestion and absorption

C) producing bile for fat digestion and absorption

D) distributing nutrients to the gastrointestinal tract

45) Secretions from the pancreas include ________.

A) HCl and digestive enzymes

B) sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

C) cholecystokinin and sodium bicarbonate

D) All of these responses are correct.

46) An example of a brush border enzyme is ________.

A) sucrase

B) lipase

C) amylase

D) bile

47) Water-soluble nutrients enter into the body by way of ________.

A) the blood

B) the lymph system

C) both the blood and the lymph system

D) neither the blood nor the lymph system

48) Most dietary fats will ________.

A) be converted to short-chain fatty acids for absorption with other water-soluble nutrients

B) enter the lymphatic system

C) enter the colon and become "food" for bacteria

D) be converted to bile in the lumen of the intestine

49) The hepatic portal system delivers nutrients from the digestive tract to the ________.

A) heart

B) liver

C) kidneys

D) lungs

50) Lymph ________.

A) is like blood, since it contains mostly red blood cells

B) is a fluid containing blood proteins

C) recycles nutrients between the liver and the small intestine

D) transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation

51) Which of the following nutrients may be absorbed by the colon?

A) minerals, such as sodium and potassium

B) some vitamins synthesized by bacteria

C) short-chain fatty acids

D) water

E) All of these answers are correct.

52) An example of a probiotic is ________.

A) bacteria in yogurt

B) fiber in whole wheat bread

C) calcium in milk

D) digestible carbohydrates in bananas

53) Probiotics may be most useful in treating ________.

A) constipation

B) diarrhea 

C) celiac disease

D) food intolerance

54) Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by ________.

A) lipase

B) pepsin

C) saliva

D) bacteria

55) Fiber and starches not digested in the small intestine may be fermented by bacteria in the large intestine to form ________.

A) short-chain fatty acids and flatus

B) long-chain fatty acids and bile

C) short- and long-chain fatty acids

D) simple sugars and flatus

56) An example of a prebiotic is ________.

A) a food that contains a naturally occurring antibiotic

B) cheese, because of its short-chain fatty acid content

C) any food that contains organic acids and short-chain fatty acids

D) inulin, a poorly digested carbohydrate found in foods such as onions, garlic, and asparagus

57) Functions of the large intestine include ________.

A) housing bacterial flora that keep the GI tract healthy

B) absorption of water and electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium

C) the defecation of feces

D) All of these responses are correct.

58) Which of the following dietary or nutritional factors may worsen gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A) being overweight

B) consuming a high-fat diet

C) alcohol and caffeine consumption

D) consumption of large meals

E) All of these responses are correct.

59) The leading cause of peptic ulcer disease is ________.

A) consumption of spicy foods

B) stress

C) Helicobacter pylori infection

D) alcohol consumption

60) Which of the following is NOT an appropriate recommendation for treatment of peptic ulcer disease?

A) Limit heavy use of aspirin and other NSAID medications.

B) Consume pepper and other strong spices to help move foods through the GI tract.

C) Treat with an antibiotic under the care of a physician.

D) Stop smoking and limit alcohol intake.

61) Gallstones are formed mainly from ________.

A) pancreatic secretions

B) cholesterol

C) phospholipids

D) minerals

62) Factors associated with gallstone formation include ________.

A) rapid weight loss

B) high fiber intake

C) being underweight

D) None of these answers are correct.

63) A main cause of intestinal gas formation is ________.

A) a lack of bacteria in the large intestine

B) the breakdown of undigested carbohydrates by bacteria in the large intestine

C) insufficient bile production for fat digestion and absorption

D) All of these choices are correct.

64) Carbohydrates that may contribute to intestinal gas formation include ________.

A) lactose, fructose, and raffinose

B) amylose, glucose, and starch

C) sucrose, starch, and glucose

D) amylose, glucose, and sucrose

65) A sensible idea for preventing constipation is to ________.

A) use a laxative when needed

B) decrease fluid intake

C) include more white bread, white rice, and ice cream in the diet

D) include more whole grain breads, beans, and apples in the diet

66) Celiac disease is best treated by ________.

A) medication prescribed by a physician

B) a high-fiber diet

C) a gluten-free diet

D) an allergen-free diet

67) Gluten is best described as ________.

A) a protein found in wheat and related grains

B) a carbohydrate found in wheat and related grains

C) a substance found in wheat and related grains that causes irritable bowel disease

D) a medication used to treat celiac disease

68) Swollen veins in the rectum or anus are called ________.

A) hemorrhoids

B) peptic ulcers

C) heartburn

D) irritable bowel syndrome

69) Using mineral oil as a laxative can cause ________.

A) colon cancer

B) loss of water-soluble vitamins

C) loss of fat-soluble vitamins

D) diverticulosis

70) Which of the following digestive disorders is caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori?

A) flatulence

B) constipation

C) diarrhea

D) peptic ulcer

71) Which of the following is NOT true about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

A) The most common types are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

B) It can cause inflammation and ulceration throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

C) IBD is caused by a reaction to proteins in foods.

D) Nutritional problems related to IBD include anemia, osteoporosis, and poor growth (in children)

72) Most of the water in the gastrointestinal tract is absorbed in the small intestine.

73) Removal of the gallbladder prevents normal digestion and absorption of dietary fat.

74) Diarrhea is most often caused by bacterial or viral infection of the GI tract.

75) Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the cardiovascular system.

76) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is caused by bacterial pathogens.

77) A good way to treat mild constipation is to consume 25 to 35 grams of fiber each day.

78) Not eating or drinking anything at all is the best way to treat diarrhea in adults and children.

Match the term and its description.

A) opening of the trachea

B) flap of tissue that closes off the larynx

C) tube connecting the mouth and stomach

D) windpipe

79) esophagus

80) trachea

81) larynx

82) epiglottis

Match the gastrointestinal secretion with its function(s).

A) signals chief cells to produce pepsinogen and HCL

B) stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions

C) stimulates the gallbladder and pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice

D) delays the emptying time of the stomach

E) aids in digestion and absorption of fat

83) Gastrin

84) Gastric inhibitory peptide

85) Bile

86) Cholecystokinin

87) Secretin

Match each secretion with the organ that produces it.

A) stomach

B) small intestine

C) pancreas

D) liver

88) cholecystokinin

89) pancreatic lipase

90) bile

91) hydrochloric acid

92) Describe the major function of each organ used in the digestive process.

93) A person with a bad cold reports not being able to "taste" anything. Explain what has happened.

94) Describe the functions of 4 major hormones specific to the digestive process.

95) The hormone gastrin is made in the ________ and controls the release of ________.

A) stomach; HCl

B) pancreas; insulin

C) small intestine; CCK

D) mouth; saliva

96) Explain the 3 major functions of the large intestine.

97) List the major substances absorbed in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

98) Provide four suggestions for someone who commonly develops constipation.

99) In celiac disease, the protein gluten damages the intestinal villi. Describe why this damage often results in significant malabsorption and malnutrition.

100) Which structure prevents food and liquid from entering the airway?

A) tongue

B) epiglottis

C) salivary glands

D) lower esophageal sphincter

101) In what order does food pass through the organs of the GI tract?

A) duodenum, stomach, colon, ileum, rectum

B) ileum, jejunum, duodenum, colon, rectum

C) stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon

D) stomach, jejunum, duodenum, colon, ileum

102) What would happen to the lining of the stomach if mucus were not produced?

A) The production of intrinsic factor would decrease.

B) Carbohydrates could not be digested.

C) Pepsinogen would not become activated.

D) Cells in the stomach would not be protected from gastric juices.

103) Which of the following nutrients is NOT acted on by pancreatic juices?

A) protein

B) fat

C) carbohydrates

D) fiber

104) Which of the following foods promotes the colonization of microflora in the GI tract?

A) fish

B) yogurt

C) poultry

D) iron-rich foods

105) What will happen to fat digestion if a gallbladder is removed?

A) Fats will no longer be able to be digested because of lack of bile from gallbladder.

B) The pancreas will no longer produce lipase, resulting in incomplete fat digestion.

C) The liver will stop producing bile and fat digestion will cease.

D) Bile will be directly secreted to the small intestine, continuing fat digestion.

106) Which of the following grains should be consumed by an individual with gluten sensitivity or celiac disease?

A) rye

B) barley

C) quinoa

D) spelt

107) Diarrhea in young children is most typically caused by ________.

A) excessive fruit juices

B) pathogenic microorganisms

C) food poisoning

D) food allergies