Chapter 3 The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle Exam Questions

Chapter 3: The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle

Multiple-Choice Questions

_______first concluded that all cells arise from preexisting cells.

a. Theodor Schwann

b. Robert Hooke

c. Charles Darwin

d. Rudolf Virchow

e. Matthias Schleiden

Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that eukaryotic cells have:

a. a nucleus.

b. a cytoplasm.

c. a plasma membrane.

d. genetic material.

e. ribosomes.

Cyclosis refers to:

a. the constant streaming of the cytoplasm.

b. the process of cell division.

c. that portion of the cytoplasm outside the plasma membrane.

d. that portion of the cytoplasm inside the plasma membrane.

e. the liquid inside the vacuole.

Which of the following best designates a somatic cell containing 6 chromosomes?

a. n = 6

b. n = 12

c. 2n = 3

d. 2n = 6

e. 3n = 6

If a plant has a diploid chromosome number of 60, how many chromosomes are present in its gametes?

a. 20

b. 30

c. 40

d. 60

e. 80

The nucleolus is the structure in which ______ are formed.

a. nuclear pores

b. chromosomes

c. ribosomes

d. units of endoplasmic reticulum

e. portions of the nuclear envelope

Grana are stacks of ______ within chloroplasts.

a. prolamellar bodies

b. thylakoids

c. stroma

d. carotenoids

e. etioplasts

Chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments are embedded in the:

a. stroma.

b. outer chloroplast membrane.

c. thylakoid membranes.

d. plasmalemma.

e. nucleoids.

Plastids that contain carotenoids but lack chlorophyll are known as:

a. etioplasts.

b. chromoplasts.

c. amyloplasts.

d. proplastids.

e. chloroplasts.

______ are colorless plastids that are the precursors of other, more highly differentiated plastids.

a. Leucoplasts

b. Chromoplasts

c. Amyloplasts

d. Proplastids

e. Chloroplasts

Which of the following statements about mitochondria is FALSE?

a. They are sites where energy is released from organic molecules.

b. They are generally larger than plastids.

c. They can synthesize some of their own proteins.

d. Their DNA is circular.

e. They are bounded by two membranes.

A pivotal step in programmed cell death is the release of ______ from ______.

a. DNA; proplastids

b. ATP; mitochondria

c. starch; chloroplasts

d. secondary metabolites; chloroplasts

e. cytochrome c; mitochondria

Peroxisomes are organelles that:

a. evolved from the endoplasmic reticulum.

b. possess their own DNA.

c. self-replicate.

d. are bounded by a double membrane.

e. possess their own ribosomes.

The ______ in the cell sap are responsible for the red and blue colors of many fruits and vegetables.

a. anthocyanins

b. carotenoids

c. chlorophylls

d. calcium oxalate crystals

e. oil bodies

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in ______ synthesis.

a. protein

b. glycoprotein

c. lipid

d. ribosome

e. carbohydrate

Which of the following lists the correct sequence in which glycoproteins travel through the Golgi complex?

a. Trans-Golgi network, maturing face, shuttle vesicles, forming face

b. Shuttle vesicles, trans-Golgi network, forming face, maturing face

c. Forming face, shuttle vesicles, maturing face, trans-Golgi network

d. Maturing face, shuttle vesicles, trans-Golgi network, forming face

e. Forming face, maturing face, shuttle vesicles, trans-Golgi network

Which of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

a. tonoplast

b. mitochondrial membrane

c. plasma membrane

d. Golgi complex

e. nuclear envelope

Which of the following statements about microtubules is FALSE?

a. They are components of the cytoskeleton.

b. Their subunits are assembled at microtubule organizing centers.

c. Their subunits are arranged in a solid cylinder.

d. They are polar structures, with plus and minus ends.

e. They exhibit dynamic instability.

The alignment of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall is controlled by:

a. cortical microtubules.

b. nuclear microtubules.

c. cortical actin filaments.

d. nuclear actin filaments.

e. cell wall actin filaments.

Which of the following statements concerning actin filaments is FALSE?

a. They are composed of protein subunits.

b. They lack distinct plus and minus ends.

c. They are involved with cell wall deposition.

d. They are involved with cytoplasmic streaming.

e. They are also called micofilaments.

In plants, flagella are found only in:

a. leaves.

b. phloem.

c. xylem.

d. mosses.

e. motile sperm.

A ______ has an internal arrangement of nine triplets of microtubules.

a. flagellum

b. cilium

c. basal body

d. microfilament

e. basal root

Stretching of the cell wall can be prevented by the cross-linking of _____ with _____.

a. pectins; calcium

b. the cytoskeleton; potassium

c. microtubules; oligosaccharins

d. hemicelluloses; phosphates

e. microfilaments; disulfide bridges

24. Cell Wall; p. 58; easy; moderate: e

Which of the following statements concerning callose is FALSE?

a. It is deposited in response to mechanical wounding.

b. It is associated with aspects of cell division.

c. It consists of spirally wound chains.

d. It is composed of glucose residues.

e. It opens plasmodesmata between contiguous cells.

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of cell wall layers, beginning with the outermost layer and progressing inward?

a. middle lamella, primary wall, secondary wall

b. secondary wall, primary wall, middle lamella

c. secondary wall, middle lamella, primary wall

d. primary wall, middle lamella, secondary wall

e. middle lamella, secondary wall, primary wall

Which of the following statements about the primary wall is FALSE?

a. It is deposited before and during cell growth.

b. It may contain lignin, suberin, or cutin.

c. Actively dividing cells have only primary walls.

d. Some mature plant cells have only a primary wall.

e. It is usually of uniform thickness.

An interruption in the secondary wall is called a:

a. primary pit-field.

b. pit membrane.

c. pit.

d. pit cavity.

e. pit-pair.

Cellulose synthase is an enzyme situated in the:

a. vacuole.

b. chloroplasts.

c. cell wall.

d. mitochondria.

e. plasma membrane.

In the cell cycle, interphase consists of:

a. mitosis and cytokinesis.

b. mitosis and the S phase.

c. the G₁ and G₂ phases.

d. the G₂ and S phases.

e. the G₁, G₂, and S phases.

Which of the following statements concerning endoreduplication is FALSE?

a. It may result in gigantic nuclei.

b. It involves multiple rounds of DNA synthesis.

c. It provides a mechanism for increasing the level of gene expression.

d. It may result in thousands of copies of each gene.

e. It usually occurs following the differentiation of cells.

Which of the following statements concerning checkpoints is FALSE?

a. Checkpoints control the progression between certain phases of the cell cycle.

b. Checkpoints control the rate at which cells are produced.

c. Checkpoints enable a cell to sense whether certain conditions have been met.

d. Checkpoints involve the control of DNA and protein synthesis.

e. Checkpoints differ significantly among eukaryotic cells.

DNA replication occurs during the ______ phase.

a. G₀

b. G₁

c. G₂

d. S

e. M

Which of the following is unique to cell division in plants?

a. migration of the nucleus to the center of the cell

b. migration of the mitochondria to the periphery of the cell

c. duplication of the centrosome

d. duplication of the mitochondria

e. duplication of the endoplasmic reticulum

In the developing cell plate, the initial polysaccharide is:

a. cellulose.

b. pectin.

c. callose.

d. chitin.

e. hemicellulose.

In late prophase, sister chromatids are joined by a constriction at the:

a. phragmosome.

b. preprophase band.

c. centriole.

d. centromere.

e. centrosome.

The ______ is the earliest manifestation of the mitotic spindle.

a. preprophase band

b. prophase spindle

c. phragmosome

d. centrosome

e. phragmoplast

Sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes at the beginning of:

a. prophase.

b. metaphase.

c. anaphase.

d. telophase.

e. interphase.

Chromosomes lengthen and become indistinct during:

a. anaphase.

b. metaphase.

c. prophase.

d. interphase.

e. telophase.

During ______, the nuclear envelopes and nucleoli re-form.

a. anaphase

b. metaphase

c. prophase

d. interphase

e. telophase

The longest phase of mitosis is always:

a. anaphase.

b. metaphase.

c. prophase.

d. interphase.

e. telophase.

Which of the following statements about the phragmoplast is FALSE?

a. It forms between the two daughter nuclei.

b. It is composed of microtubules.

c. Its formation precedes the growth of the cell plate.

d. It begins to form at the walls of the dividing cell and grows inward.

e. In cells with large vacuoles, it is formed within the phragmosome.

True-False Questions

Most prokaryotic cells have only one chromosome.

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having organelles.

The membrane of a vacuole is called the tonoplast.

The largest supramolecular complex assembled in the eukaryotic cell is the nuclear pore.

If a plant has 50 chromosomes in each of its somatic cells, then each of its gametes will have 25 chromosomes.

Proplastids that contain prolamellar bodies are called etioplasts.

The outer mitochondrial membrane is called the crista.

Most of the increase in size of a plant cell results from enlargement of the vacuole.

Anthocyanins are found in the vacuole.

A protein destined for secretion at the cell surface is packaged at the trans-Golgi network into coated vesicles rather than smooth-surfaced vesicles.

Substances contained in Golgi vesicles leave the cell by the process of exocytosis.

The cytoskeleton of plant cells consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and, in some cases, intermediate filaments.

Once tubulin molecules are joined together they cannot un-join.

Flagella and cilia grow out of basal bodies.

Micelles are composed of cellulose.

A compound middle lamella may consist of the middle lamella, the two adjacent primary walls, and the first layer of the secondary wall of each cell.

A primary wall contains pit-fields, but a secondary wall contains pits.

An expansin is a protein found in the cell wall.

In cells that enlarge in all directions more or less uniformly, microfibrils have been deposited perpendicular to the axis of elongation.

The product of the cellulose synthase enzyme complex is released into the cytoplasm.

During winter dormancy, root initials are most likely to be in the G₀ phase of the cell cycle.

The phragmosome is a sheet of cytoplasm that anchors the nucleus in the center of the cell prior to nuclear division.

At full metaphase, all chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.

Polar microtubules are attached to kinetochores.

The most rapid phase of mitosis is anaphase.

Essay Questions

1. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; pp. 39–41; easy

Discuss the major differences and similarities between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

2. Nucleus; p. 43; moderate

Explain the relationship among the terms haploid, diploid, and polyploid. How do they relate to the designations n, 2n, and 3n?

3. Chloroplasts and Other Plastids; pp. 45–48; moderate

In what ways are the various types of plastids similar? In what ways are they different?

4. Chloroplasts and Other Plastids; pp. 45, 47; Vacuoles; p. 57; difficult

For the following plant pigments, describe their color, their function(s), and the precise locations where they are found in a plant cell.

5. Mitochondria; p. 49; easy

Describe the symbiotic events that probably gave rise to chloroplasts and mitochondria.

6. Peroxisomes; p. 49; easy

Describe the structure and function of the peroxisome. How do peroxisomes differ from mitochondria?

7. Endoplasmic Reticulum; p. 51; moderate

Explain the similarities and differences among rough ER, smooth ER, and cortical ER.

8. Golgi Apparatus; p. 53; difficult

Describe the pathway taken by a protein from its location of synthesis on rough ER until it is secreted from the cell.

9. Golgi Apparatus; p. 54; moderate

List the components of the endomembrane system. Explain how they are interrelated.

10. Cytoskeleton; p. 54; easy

What is meant by the “dynamic instability” of microtubules?

11. Cell Wall; pp. 57–60; difficult

List the major components of the primary cell wall. How do primary and secondary walls differ in structure?

12. The Cell Cycle; pp. 62–64; moderate

Name the phases of the cell cycle, and describe the main events that occur in each.

13. Interphase; pp. 64-65; moderate

Describe the two events in interphase that are unique to plants.

14. Mitosis and Cytokinesis; pp. 65–68; moderate

List the four stages of mitosis, and explain the main events that occur in each.

15. Mitosis and Cytokinesis; p. 67; moderate

What is the difference between a sister chromatid and a daughter chromosome?

16. Mitosis and Cytokinesis; pp. 68–71; moderate

Discuss the mechanism by which the new cell wall forms following cell division in plant cells.