Chapter 3 Functional Architecture Of The Test Bank + Answers

Chapter 3: Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 01

1. Which of these cells, found in the retina, sends axons to the lateral geniculate nucleus?

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe the organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Retinal ganglion cells

b. Bipolar cells

c. Horizontal cells

d. Amacrine cells

e. Photoreceptors

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 02

2. Each layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus receives information from

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe the organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. both eyes.

b. a single eye.

c. one quadrant of the visual field.

d. the entire visual field.

e. many different types of retinal cell.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 03

3. Cells in the deep layers (layers 1 and 2) of the lateral geniculate nucleus are characteristically

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe the organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. broadly tuned

b. small

c. elongated

d. large

e. compact

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 04

4. Cells in layers 3 through 6 of the lateral geniculate nucleus have _______.

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular cells.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. a large receptive field

b. sensitivity to blue light

c. small receptive field

d. sensitivity to contrast

e. sensitivity to movement

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 05

5. Small cells that lie in a distinctive zone of the lateral geniculate nucleus are called

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular cells.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. magnocellular.

b. parvocellular.

c. ovocellular.

d. koniocellular.

e. leucocellular.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 06

6. Which of the following structures appears to process motion information in the visual cortex?

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular cells.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Blobs

b. Interblobs

c. Pale stripes

d. Thin stripes

e. Thick stripes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 07

7. Two types of principal cells found in the primary visual cortex are stellate cells and

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe the two principal types of neurons found in the visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. interneurons.

b. mitral cells.

c. pyramidal cells.

d. ganglion cells.

e. multipolar cells.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 08

8. Which of the following is true of the axons of stellate cells?

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe the two principal types of neurons found in the visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. They travel across the corpus callosum.

b. They descend into the white matter.

c. They terminate in the vicinity of the cell.

d. They connect the two hemispheres.

e. They contain spines.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 09

9. In primates, the primary visual cortex is found in the _______ lobe.

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe in general terms how inputs from the two eyes arrive at and are processed in the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. frontal

b. parietal

c. temporal

d. occipital

e. insular

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 10

10. The bundles of axons leaving the LGN are called

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe in general terms how inputs from the two eyes arrive at and are processed in the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. optic radiation.

b. coronal pathway.

c. optic nerve.

d. optic tract.

e. geniculocortical fascicles.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 11

11. Generally, cellular processes (axons and dendrites) in primary visual cortex lie

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex Learning Objective: Describe in general terms how inputs from the two eyes arrive at and are processed in the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. parallel to the cortical surface.

b. perpendicular to the cortical surface.

c. obliquely to the cortical surface.

d. in the white matter.

e. along the midline.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 12

12. How many layers of cells are there in the primary visual cortex?

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe in general terms how inputs from the two eyes arrive at and are processed in the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5

e. 6

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 13

13. The primary visual cortex in a single hemisphere receives information from

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe in general terms how inputs from the two eyes arrive at and are processed in the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. the entire visual field in a single eye.

b. the same half of the visual field (left or right) from both eyes.

c. the opposite half of the visual field (left or right) from both eyes.

d. the entire visual field in both eyes.

e. one half of the visual field (left or right) from a single eye.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 14

14. An axon originating outside of the primary visual cortex and terminating in layer IV is most likely coming from the

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe in general terms how inputs from the two eyes arrive at and are processed in the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. pulvinar nucleus.

b. lateral geniculate nucleus.

c. superior colliculus.

d. visual cortex.

e. auditory cortex.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 15

15. The arrangement of cells relative to the surface of the brain suggests that computational units in primary visual cortex are shaped like

Feedback: Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe in general terms how inputs from the two eyes arrive at and are processed in the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. columns.

b. checkers.

c. stripes.

d. circles.

e. pinwheels.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 16

16. Where do axons from LGN cells with receptive fields in the fovea lie within the primary visual cortex?

Feedback: Subhead: Retinotopic Maps

Learning Objective: Recognize why the fovea claims a disproportionate share of the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Toward the front of the brain (rostral)

b. Toward the side of the brain (lateral)

c. Toward the top of the brain (dorsal)

d. Toward the bottom of the brain (ventral)

e. Toward the back of the brain (caudal)

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 17

17. In the primary visual cortex, where are cells that represent the peripheral visual field found, compared to the representation of the fovea?

Feedback: Subhead: Retinotopic Maps

Learning Objective: Recognize why the fovea claims a disproportionate share of the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Toward the front of the brain (rostral)

b. Toward the side of the brain (lateral)

c. Toward the top of the brain (dorsal)

d. Toward the bottom of the brain (ventral)

e. Toward the back of the brain (caudal)

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 18

18. If you record visual responses from a column of cells in the occipital pole of the V1 along the calcarine fissure, where would you expect to find the receptive fields?

Feedback: Subhead: Retinotopic Maps

Learning Objective: Recognize why the fovea claims a disproportionate share of the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. Lower peripheral field

b. Upper peripheral field

c. Fovea

d. Lower midline visual field

e. Upper midline visual field

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 19

19. When Hubel and Wiesel recorded from a column of cells in primary visual cortex, they found that all the cells

Feedback: Subhead: Ocular Dominance Columns

Learning Objective: Define ocular dominance columns and explain how the cells in them are stimulated.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. were selective for the same color.

b. had different orientation preference.

c. had the same receptive field position.

d. were driven by the same eye.

e. were binocular (responses driven by both eyes).

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 20

20. Which of the following is true of ocular dominance among cells in V1?

Feedback: Subhead: Ocular Dominance Columns

Learning Objective: Define ocular dominance columns and explain how the cells in them are stimulated.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Most cells respond equally well to input to both eyes.

b. Most cells respond only to the ipsilateral eye.

c. Most cells respond only to the contralateral eye.

d. Most cells display responses to both eyes, but prefer one over the other.

e. Cells are equally likely to display all of these traits.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 21

21. Shining a bar of light that is tilted by 45° will activate a cell, but it will not be activated by the same light at 0°. This cell is found to be

Feedback: Subhead: Ocular Dominance Columns

Learning Objective: Define ocular dominance columns and explain how the cells in them are stimulated.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. directionally selective.

b. contrast sensitive.

c. left-eye dominant.

d. orientation selective.

e. motion sensitive.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 22

22. What is the significance of blobs (cytochrome oxidase-positive regions) in the primary visual cortex?

Feedback: Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. These regions are part of the orientation column structure.

b. These regions contain cells sensitive to object motion.

c. These regions are binocular regions of cortex.

d. These regions contain color-sensitive cells.

e. These regions are the centers of “pinwheels.”

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 23

23. The _______ cells from the lateral geniculate nucleus project to the interblobs.

Feedback: Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. magnocellular

b. complex

c. koniocellular

d. x-cells

e. parvocellular

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 24

24. Cells from blobs in primary visual cortex project to which of the following structures in V2?

Feedback: Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Thick stripes

b. Pale stripes

c. Thin stripes

d. Bold stripes

e. The projection is diffuse

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 26

25. Cells in V2 that receive information from blobs tend to have projections to which structure in V1?

Feedback: Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Blobs

b. Interblobs

c. Thin stripes

d. Thick stripes

e. Pale stripes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 26

26. Thick stripes in V2 receive information primarily from

Feedback: Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. blobs.

b. parvocellular pathways.

c. magnocellular pathways.

d. thin stripes.

e. pale stripes.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 27

27. Magnocellular pathway information is important for processing _______ information in V2.

Feedback: Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. color

b. form

c. orientation

d. motion

e. contrast

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 28

28. The transition between cortical areas V1 and V2 is marked by

Feedback: Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. a change in coloration of the tissue.

b. a change from blobs to stripes in tissue stained with cytochrome oxidase.

c. the size of single cells in layer 2.

d. the thickness of cortical layer 4.

e. a shift from ipsilateral to contralateral eye dominance.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 29

29. While recording from a cell in V1, you find that a cell responds best to a horizontal bar of light presented to the left eye, and that it responds better when the cell is green than when it is red. Which of the following structures are you most likely recording from?

Feedback: Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. Thin stripe

b. Thick stripe

c. Pale stripe

d. Blob

e. Interblob

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 30

30. Injection of horseradish peroxidase in thin stripes results in label in cells in

Feedback: Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. blobs in V1

b. thick stripes in V2

c. interblobs in V1

d. pale stripes in V2

e. M layers of the LGN

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 31

31. Hubel and Wiesl proposed a “hypercolumn” in V1 as a unit that contains

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how the relationship between ocular dominance and orientation columns contributes to image analysis.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. all of the blobs that are connected to each other.

b. cortico-cortical connections between the two hemispheres.

c. all of the orientation columns for a single eye.

d. all of the thick, thin, and pale stripes for a particular region of the visual field.

e. all orientation columns, blobs, and ocular dominance columns for a particular region of the visual field

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 32

32. When compared to ocular dominance columns, how are orientation columns arranged across the cortex?

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between ocular dominance and orientation columns contributes to image analysis.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. The center of orientation columns are found at the borders of ocular dominance columns.

b. Orientation columns do not cross the borders of ocular dominance columns.

c. The center of orientation columns are found within ocular dominance columns.

d. Orientation columns are completely separate from ocular dominance columns.

e. Orientation columns are only found in areas that have binocular input.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 33

33. Cells that respond to a single orientation of light are arranged in

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how the relationship between ocular dominance and orientation columns contributes to image analysis.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. sheets across the cortical surface.

b. blobs within ocular dominance columns.

c. columns perpendicular to the cortical surface.

d. cubes, alternating by ocular dominance.

e. a column between adjacent ocular dominance columns.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 34

34. In an experiment, you inject a neuronal tracer into a cell with a horizontal orientation preference. What is true of the cells in the cortical areas this neuron will project to?

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how horizontal intracortical connections contribute to visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. They will have a vertical orientation preference.

b. They will have a horizontal orientation preference.

c. They will have an oblique orientation preference.

d. They will have many orientation preferences, but not horizontal.

e. They will not display any patterns for orientation preference.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 35

35. Cortico-cortical connections in V1 can extend far beyond the dimensions of a hypercolumn, suggesting that

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how horizontal intracortical connections contribute to visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. individual cells can integrate information from an area larger than their receptive field.

b. single cells process information for a single point in space.

c. receptive fields for the fovea are larger than receptive fields for the periphery.

d. groups of cells selective for a single eye are always interconnected.

e. information from distinct parts of the visual field are processed independently.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 36

36. The elongated receptive field of some cells in V1 can be accounted for by

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how horizontal intracortical connections contribute to visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. long horizontal axon connections within primary visual cortex.

b. dense dendritic trees in layers 2 and 3 of primary visual cortex.

c. the connections of cells from the contralateral hemisphere via the corpus callosum.

d. intermingling of connections from the LGN in layer 4 of the primary visual cortex.

e. connections from V2 back onto V1 cells.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 37

37. Cells that respond to depth are often found in

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how horizontal intracortical connections contribute to visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. V1.

b. V2.

c. association areas of visual cortex.

d. the LGN.

e. the retina.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 38

38. Adjacent hypercolumns will provide information about

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Learning Objective: Explain how horizontal intracortical connections contribute to visual processing.

a. distinct regions of the visual field.

b. alternating eye dominance (ipsilateral vs contralateral).

c. adjacent, overlapping parts of the visual field.

d. different visual properties for the same region of the visual field.

e. adjacent orientations of visual stimuli.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 39

39. Which results provide evidence for longitudinal connections among cells in V1?

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how horizontal intracortical connections contribute to visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. Cortical cells respond to stimuli outside their receptive field after a lesion in the retina.

b. Injections of neuronal dye show that neurons only project to the same eye-specific layers in V1.

c. Monkeys that have one eye covered show evidence of ocular dominance columns in V1.

d. Blobs and interblobs connect to stripes in V2.

e. Magnocellular and parvocellular pathways are segregated in V1.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 40

40. When simultaneously recording from two cells in separate ocular dominance columns in V1, you notice that the firing patterns of these two cells are remarkably similar. What does this suggest?

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how horizontal intracortical connections contribute to visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. These two cells have different receptive fields.

b. These two cells are connected through an intercortical connection.

c. These two cells cannot both be in V1; one must be in V2.

d. These two cells receive input from both the ipsilateral and contralateral LGN.

e. These two cells are on opposite sides of an orientation column.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 41

41. Unlike other cells, neurons in V1 with receptive fields that straddle the midline rely on axons that travel in the

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Describe the role of the corpus callosum in visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. optic chiasm.

b. optic disc.

c. optic nerve.

d. corpus callosum.

e. hypothalamus.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 42

42. Cells in V1 that have receptive fields that straddle middle of the visual field are found

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Describe the role of the corpus callosum in visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. at the very caudal part of V1.

b. in the middle of V1.

c. along the boundary of V1 and V2.

d. at the dorsal edge of V1.

e. along the ventral portion of V1.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 43

43. Which structure is especially important for reconstructing the whole visual field after processing by primary visual cortex?

Feedback: Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Describe the role of the corpus callosum in visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. Optic nerve

b. Optic chiasm

c. Corpus callosum

d. Corona radiata

e. Optic disc

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 44

44. Which visual analysis does not appear to be processed by cells in primary visual cortex?

Feedback: Subhead: Association Areas of Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Not aligned

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. Orientation

b. Direction

c. Color

d. Depth

e. Color

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 45

45. Briefly describe the arrangement of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus and describe their output.

Feedback: In primates, including humans, geniculate layers 6, 4, and 1 are supplied by the contralateral eye, while layers 5, 3, and 2 are supplied by the ipsilateral eye. Cells in layers 1 and 2 are termed Magnocellular, as they are larger than parvocellular cells in layers 3-6.

Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning Objective: Describe the organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 46

46. What are the two types of principal cells in the primary visual cortex? How do they differ

Feedback: The first are stellate cells, which have a multipolar, star-like appearance, and a relatively short axon that terminates locally. The second are pyramidal cells, which have a long apical dendritic tree and a shorter basal dendritic tree, and long axons that descend into the white matter.

Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning objective: Describe the two principal types of neurons found in the visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 47

47. If an anterograde dye is injected into a single layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus, what will the resulting pattern of axons look like in the primary visual cortex? Why?

Feedback: There will be dye in stripes across the surface of the primary visual cortex. This is because a single layer of the LGN only receives input from a single eye, and this will be reflected in the ocular dominance column architecture of the primary visual cortex.

Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning objective: Describe in general terms how inputs from the two eyes arrive at and are processed in the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 48

48. What is meant by “ocular dominance column”? Describe the arrangement of ocular dominance columns found in primary visual cortex.

Feedback: An ocular dominance column is a column of cells arranged perpendicular to the cortical surface that contains cells with a common response to a given eye or combination of eyes. They are arranged in stripes across the cortical surface.

Subhead: From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex

Learning objective: Describe in general terms how inputs from the two eyes arrive at and are processed in the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 49

49. Why is the representation of the fovea disproportionately larger than the periphery in the primary visual cortex?

Feedback: The representation of the fovea is larger because there is a higher density of photoreceptors in foveal and parafoveal areas; this is analogous to the enlarged areas devoted to the hand and face in the primary somatosensory cortex.

Subhead: Retinotopic Maps

Learning objective: Recognize why the fovea claims a disproportionate share of the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 50

50. Describe the retinotopic organization of the cortex.

Feedback: This describes the layout of cellular receptive fields across the surface of the cortex. The representation of the fovea is found at the occipital pole of V1, and is disproportionately large. Adjacent areas of the retina are found in adjacent areas of the cortex , moving anteriorly from the occipital pole as receptive fields move peripherally from the fovea. The upper visual field is found ventral to the calcarine fissure, while the lower visual field is found dorsal to it.

Subhead: Retinotopic Maps

Learning Objective: Recognize why the fovea claims a disproportionate share of the primary visual cortex.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 51

51. You are conducting an experiment in which you inject radioactive amino acids into one eye. Several days later, you examine the visual cortex. What results do you see? Provide an interpretation for your observations.

Feedback: Observation: A striped appearance across the surface of the cortex (see Figure 3.6). Interpretation: Radioactive amino acids were transported to the LGN, crossed the synapse in eye-specific layers, and were transported to ocular dominance columns in V1.

Subhead: Ocular Dominance Columns

Learning objective: Define ocular dominance columns and explain how the cells in them are stimulated.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 52

52. What is meant by an “orientation column?” Describe the arrangement of orientation columns found in primary visual cortex.

Feedback: An orientation column is a column of cells arranged perpendicular to the cortical surface that contains cells which display a common response to stimulus orientation. They are arranged within ocular dominance columns across the cortical surface.

Subhead: Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Define orientation columns and explain how the cells in the mare stimulated.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 53

53. Briefly, describe how blobs and interblobs in V1 connect with stripes in V2.

Feedback: Blobs in V1 send projections to thin stripes in V2, while interblobs send projections to both pale stripes and thick stripes in V2. These connections are reciprocal.

Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 54

54. What characterizes cells in blobs? What does this suggest about their function?

Feedback: Cells found in blobs have concentric receptive fields with on and off regions, and are often color sensitive, suggesting that they represent a Separate pathway for color, intermingled with orientation and ocular dominance columns.

Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Explain the role of blobs in color vision.

Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 55

55. What is the functional significance of the magnocellular input to visual cortex?

Feedback: The Magnocellular pathways carry information about motion and depth to the cortex. Input from these pathways is found diffusely throughout layer 4B in V1, and projects two thick stripes in V2.

Subhead: Cell Groupings for Color

Learning Objective: Not aligned

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 56

56. Describe how Hubel and Wiesel envisioned the arrangement of hypercolumns in V1.

Feedback: Within a cube of cortical tissue (resembling an ice cube), the sets of columns for eye preference and orientation run at right angles to one another, with blobs in the center of an eye-specific layer (see Figure 3.13 for a diagram).

Subhead: Relations between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning objective: Explain how the relationship between ocular dominance and orientation columns contributes to image analysis.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 56

56. How are the horizontal projections in V1 arranged? How do we know?

Feedback: Cells with Horizontal projections within V1 project to other cells that have the same orientation specificity. This has been shown using injection of labeled microspheres into a V1 cell with a known orientation preference, and then using 2-DG to view the orientation columns to which that cell projects (see Figure 3.15)

Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how horizontal intracortical connections contribute to visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 57

57. Describe the progression of the magnocellular pathway at each stage from the retina to the association areas of visual cortex.

Feedback: Cells in the Magnocellular pathway project to the deep layers of the LGN, layers one and two. LGN cells in these layers project 2 V1 layer 4. Cells receiving this information have a diffuse projection within V1 in layer 4B, and send axons to thick stripes in V2. From there, the magnocellular information is sent to the middle temporal cortex (MT) in association cortex.

Subhead: Relations Between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning Objective: Explain how horizontal intracortical connections contribute to visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 58

58. You are recording visual responses from a cell in V1, with a receptive field on the midline of the visual field. Next, you cool the fibers of the corpus callosum, inactivating them. What results would you expect to find? Why?

Feedback: Cooling the corpus callosum causes the receptive field to shrink and become confined to just one side of the midline, because these cells receive information from the contralateral hemisphere that is sent across the corpus callosum.

Subhead: Relations between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

Learning objective: Describe the role of the corpus callosum in visual processing.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing