Chapter 1B – History Module: Management's Roots | Test Bank – 11th

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Fundamentals of Management, 11e (Robbins)

Chapter 1B History Module: A Brief History of Management's Roots

1) Madam C. J. Walker is best known for ________.

A) becoming the first African-American woman to launch a business

B) inventing a line of African-American hair care products

C) conducting seminars on entrepreneurship for African-American women

D) being the first African-American woman to author a book on becoming a millionaire

Diff: 1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

2) The person responsible for the development of just-in-time manufacturing is ________.

A) Henry Ford

B) Frank Seiberling

C) Charles Spaulding

D) Kiichiro Toyoda

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

3) Henry Ford's statement that "History is more or less bunk" is best refuted by which one of the following statements?

A) History has been shown to be 100 percent accurate.

B) History can put current activities in perspective.

C) Historical facts are seldom proven to be wrong.

D) People who write history always have an agenda.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

4) The best evidence that managers must have guided the construction of the Egyptian pyramids is ________.

A) how long ago they were built

B) the fact that they were built by hand

C) their sheer size

D) their majestic beauty

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

5) How many workers were involved in building a single Egyptian pyramid?

A) millions

B) tens of millions

C) about 50,000

D) about 100,000

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

6) Proof that the pyramids were well-managed projects can be seen in the fact that they ________.

A) are famous the world over

B) are unique

C) have lasted thousands of years

D) were built in a desert land

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

7) Getting 100,000 workers to work together to build an enormous pyramid is evidence of which management function?

A) planning

B) organizing

C) monitoring

D) budgeting

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

8) Successfully designing a 450-foot-tall pyramid is primarily evidence of which management function?

A) planning

B) organizing

C) monitoring

D) leading

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

9) Making sure that a pyramid is built on time and according to plan is evidence of which management function?

A) planning

B) organizing

C) monitoring

D) leading

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

10) Convincing the ministers who controlled money and resources in ancient Egypt that building a pyramid was worth the effort is evidence of which management function?

A) planning

B) organizing

C) monitoring

D) leading

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

11) The shipbuilding facility in fifteenth-century Venice resembled ________.

A) an auto assembly line

B) how Silicon Valley workers design new software

C) how handmade sweaters are knitted

D) how a chef makes a superb pasta dish

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

12) The "floating assembly line" in Venice operated ________.

A) centuries before the Industrial Revolution

B) during the Industrial Revolution

C) shortly after the Industrial Revolution

D) long after the Industrial Revolution

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

13) Evidence that managers in the fifteenth-century Venetian shipbuilding facility were interested in job satisfaction is best shown by which one of the following?

A) inventory systems

B) warehouses for materials

C) wine breaks for employees

D) an accounting system

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

14) Evidence that managers in the fifteenth-century Venetian shipbuilding facility were interested in controlling costs is best shown by which one of the following?

A) inventory systems

B) warehouses for materials

C) wine breaks for employees

D) an accounting system

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

15) Evidence that managers in the fifteenth-century Venetian shipbuilding facility were interested in keeping track of materials is best shown by which one of the following?

A) an accounting system

B) an assembly line

C) an inventory system

D) wine breaks for employees

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

16) The Industrial Revolution is largely credited with ushering in the birth of ________.

A) the corporation

B) fair pay for workers

C) craftsmanship

D) fair treatment for workers

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

17) Industrial Revolution factories needed accurate demand forecasts to avoid making ________ products.

A) the wrong

B) poor quality

C) too many or too few

D) too large or too small

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

18) The Industrial Revolution made ________ necessary for manufacturing organization's success for the first time in history.

A) decentralization

B) customer satisfaction

C) product demand

D) management

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

19) What may be the most important pre-twentieth century development in management was the ________.

A) Industrial Revolution

B) personal computer

C) building of the Brooklyn Bridge

D) American Revolution

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

20) The size and scope of Industrial Revolution factories made such things as ________ necessary for companies.

A) materials

B) hierarchical organization

C) supplies

D) revenues and costs

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

21) What we call job specialization today was termed ________ in the eighteenth century.

A) hierarchy

B) job sharing

C) division of work

D) division of labor

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

22) ________ was a strong proponent of division of labor.

A) Max Weber

B) Frederick W. Taylor

C) Adam Smith

D) Henry Gantt

Diff: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

Question Category: Concept

23) Early proponents of division of labor made claims that it could dramatically ________.

A) improve employee morale

B) increase sales

C) increase quality

D) increase productivity

Diff: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

Question Category: Concept

24) Real world studies have shown that division of labor ________.

A) results in dramatic, permanent productivity increases

B) has drawbacks

C) has no drawbacks

D) works only in very small organizations

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

25) Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations was first published in the same ________ as the Declaration of Independence.

A) city

B) year

C) publishing house

D) country

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

26) Job specialization entails breaking down a complex job into ________.

A) five key components

B) broad general categories

C) simple, narrow repetitive tasks

D) nonrepeating tasks

Diff: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

Question Category: Concept

27) Frederick W. Taylor is most closely associated with which one of the following?

A) general administrative theory

B) time-and-motion studies

C) idealistic workplace

D) scientific management

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

28) Max Weber helped ________.

A) develop the idea of the idealistic workplace

B) develop general administrative theory

C) develop scientific management

D) carry out time-and-motion studies

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

29) ________ is the originator of the principles of management.

A) Henri Fayol

B) Max Weber

C) Hugo Munsterberg

D) Henry Gantt

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

30) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were best known for ________.

A) time-and-motion studies

B) industrial psychology

C) the Fourteen Principles of Management

D) scientific management

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

31) Henry Gantt developed graphical methods to help managers with ________ problems.

A) discipline

B) scheduling

C) leadership

D) decision-making

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

32) Cheaper by the Dozen is a book about this topic.

A) efficiency in bulk buying

B) life in a large family

C) the rise of Japanese manufacturing

D) the theory of pricing

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

33) According to Henri Fayol, the principle of ________ gives managers the right to give orders.

A) discipline

B) centralization

C) order

D) authority

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

34) According to Henri Fayol, the principle of ________ requires employees to respect the rules of their organization.

A) equity

B) remuneration

C) discipline

D) order

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

35) Fayol's principle of ________ states that an employee in an organization should answer to only one superior.

A) authority

B) unity of command

C) equity

D) centralization

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

36) Fayol's principle of ________ states that employees in an organization should be fairly compensated for their labor.

A) remuneration

B) discipline

C) authority

D) unity of command

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

37) Fayol's principle of ________ refers to how extensively employees participate in decision making in an organization.

A) division of labor

B) centralization

C) order

D) equity

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

38) Fayol's principle of ________ allows employees to originate and carry out plans.

A) discipline

B) remuneration

C) initiative

D) authority

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

39) Fayol's principle of ________ refers to how to build harmony and unity in an organization.

A) centralization

B) equity

C) order

D) esprit de corps

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

40) Max Weber felt this was an ideal form of organization.

A) a democracy

B) a work group

C) a bureaucracy

D) a meritocracy

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

41) Robert Owen tried to develop ________ to improve the workplace conditions in factories.

A) managerial scheduling methods

B) the idealistic workplace

C) general administrative theory

D) industrial psychology

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

42) What inspired Robert Owen to devote efforts into creating a safer workplace?

A) possible profit from factories

B) articles in the newspaper

C) deplorable factory conditions

D) greedy factory owners

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

43) Robert Owen, Mary Parker Follett, and Hugo Munsterberg wrote extensively about how important ________ to an organization's success.

A) people are

B) top-level managers are

C) resources are

D) financial backing is

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

44) ________ felt that managers could learn how to motivate workers better by studying basic human behavior.

A) Mary Parker Follett

B) Hugo Munsterberg

C) Robert Owen

D) Douglas McGregor

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

45) Mary Parker Follett's work was devoted to identifying differences in the way individuals behaved when they were ________.

A) under stress

B) discriminated against

C) lacking in resources

D) in groups

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

46) Hugo Munsterberg suggested that psychological tests could be helpful in ________ for an organization.

A) finding customers

B) selecting employees

C) firing employees

D) selecting advertisements

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

47) Mary Parker Follett felt that an organization functioned best when employees had a strong sense of this.

A) individual independence

B) group ethic

C) autonomy

D) self-confidence

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

48) A good model for Mary Parker Follett's view of a successful organization might be ________.

A) a movie theater audience

B) a state legislature

C) a beehive

D) a college classroom

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

49) The organizers of the Hawthorne studies expected worker productivity to be proportional to ________ in the factory.

A) light levels

B) pay rates

C) temperature levels

D) noise levels

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

50) The Hawthorne studies engineers found that brighter light levels in the factory ________ productivity.

A) dramatically increased

B) had no consistent effect on

C) decreased

D) slightly increased

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

51) This was one of the conclusions of the Hawthorne studies engineers.

A) Group pressure can affect individual productivity.

B) Group pressure has no effect on individual productivity.

C) Light levels can affect individual productivity.

D) Noise levels can affect individual productivity.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

52) From the Hawthorne studies' results, you might predict that the performance of a poor performing individual might ________ when he or she joins a high performing group.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) not change

D) become erratic

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

53) A conclusion that engineers from the Hawthorne studies made was that people behave ________ when they are being observed.

A) differently

B) consistently

C) naturally

D) comfortably

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

54) Prior to the Hawthorne studies, managers paid little attention to the role of ________ in making decisions.

A) productivity

B) human behavior

C) efficiency

D) cost control

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

55) Organizational behavior (OB) uses ________ experiments to find out how and why people behave in certain ways.

A) nontheoretical

B) animal

C) laboratory

D) empirical

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

56) A manager might turn to organizational behavior research when he or she has problems ________.

A) controlling costs

B) with budgets

C) with scheduling

D) building employee trust

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Application

57) Which one of the following is NOT a topic that is addressed by organizational behavior research?

A) motivation

B) managing conflict

C) demand forecasts

D) establishing trust

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

58) Which one of the following is most closely associated with making the workplace more humane?

A) the classical approaches

B) the human relations movement

C) the Hawthorne studies

D) the general administrative theory

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

59) Which person was best known for developing the hierarchy of needs theory?

A) Elton Mayo

B) Abraham Maslow

C) Hugo Munsterberg

D) Douglas McGregor

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

60) Maslow felt that once a need was satisfied, it ________.

A) made people very happy

B) motivated people strongly to maintain the need

C) made people lazy

D) stopped being a motivating factor for people

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

61) Which person was best known for developing Theory X and Theory Y?

A) Douglas McGregor

B) Abraham Maslow

C) Robert Owen

D) Elton Mayo

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

62) A problem with the theories of both Maslow and McGregor is that they ________.

A) made no intuitive sense

B) focused exclusively on fear as a motivating factor

C) were never questioned by researchers

D) were never supported by empirical research

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

63) Which one of the following is NOT included as part of the quantitative approach to management?

A) statistics

B) optimization models

C) organizational behavior

D) computer simulations

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

64) The quantitative approach to management was largely used to improve ________.

A) productivity

B) efficiency

C) decision making

D) planning

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

65) Many techniques in the quantitative approach to management were borrowed from ________.

A) computer models

B) the physical sciences

C) the military

D) biological science

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

66) The "Whiz Kids" applied statistical methods to management at ________.

A) the Western Electric Company

B) the Ford Motor Company

C) IBM

D) the Sony Corporation

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

67) These organizations were the first to employ the ideas of quality experts such as W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Duran.

A) Japanese companies

B) Chinese companies

C) American companies

D) Canadian companies

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

68) Which one of the following is most closely associated with the work of W. Edwards Deming?

A) total quality management

B) the Hawthorne studies

C) the general administrative theory

D) the human relations movement

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

69) One of the key components of total quality management (TQM) is a focus on ________ improvement.

A) gradual

B) dramatic

C) continual

D) meaningful

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

70) Which one of the following is a key element of total quality management (TQM)?

A) responding to customer needs

B) responding to employee needs

C) anticipating moves of competitors

D) anticipating employee needs

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

71) Managers began to look at how systems theory related to organizations in this decade.

A) 1940s

B) 1950s

C) 1960s

D) 1980s

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

72) A system is defined as a set of interrelated and interdependent parts that function ________.

A) as separate entities

B) together as a unified whole

C) in competition with one another

D) without any link to the outside world

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

73) A typical organization can be characterized as ________.

A) a one-way system

B) a closed system

C) an open system

D) a virtual system

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

74) In an open system, a manager is responsible for managing ________.

A) just the internal company itself and not the external environment

B) just the external environment

C) both the internal and the external environment

D) the inputs but not the outputs

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

75) The idea of an organization being a system was borrowed from this discipline.

A) mathematics

B) the physical sciences

C) game theory

D) psychology

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

76) Material outputs in an open system organization include ________.

A) services

B) products

C) raw materials

D) information

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

77) Material inputs in an open system organization include ________.

A) capital

B) human resources

C) raw materials

D) information

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

78) Contingency approaches to management contend that ________.

A) situations determine managerial approach

B) all organizations should be managed in the same way

C) managers determine managerial approach

D) no two organizations should be managed the same way

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

79) A contingency variable is a factor that can ________.

A) make an organization successful

B) destroy an organization

C) influence choice of managerial style

D) improve organizational morale

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

80) Which one of the following is a contingency variable?

A) how successful an organization is

B) how large an organization is

C) how well known an organization is

D) how well managed an organization is

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

81) Which one of the following is NOT a contingency variable?

A) routineness of tasks performed

B) organizational size

C) environmental uncertainty

D) organizational history

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

82) People value history because it can help put events that are taking place today into perspective.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

83) The Egyptian pyramids are an example of a project that was completed without the aid of managers.

Diff: 1

Question Category: Concept

84) The Industrial Revolution marked the birth of management.

Diff: 1

Question Category: Concept

85) Adam Smith argued that division of labor increased productivity.

Diff: 1

Question Category: Concept

86) The division of labor is also referred to by the term job specification.

Diff: 1

Question Category: Concept

87) Factories in the Industrial Revolution needed to forecast demand to make sure that workers were paid fairly.

Diff: 1

Question Category: Concept

88) The Industrial Revolution began in the seventeenth century.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

89) Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations was published 100 years before the Declaration of Independence of the United States in 1776.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

90) Job specialization continues to be a popular way to increase productivity today.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

91) Classical approaches to management include the work of Taylor, Fayol, and Weber.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

92) "Employee motivation" is the phrase most associated with scientific management.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

93) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth got their ideas for management from the book Cheaper by the Dozen.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

94) The primary issue that motivated Taylor to create a more scientific approach to management was worker satisfaction.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

95) Taylor was the originator of the concept of scientific management.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

96) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker for a particular job.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

97) Frederick W. Taylor published his book on the Principles of Scientific Management to illustrate the importance of bureaucracies in managing people.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

98) Henry Gantt's contribution to management theory was to develop efficient ways to schedule.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

99) Henri Fayol and Max Weber developed the idea of the five basic management functions.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

100) Both Henri Fayol and Adam Smith saw division of work as an important principle of management.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

101) Fayol felt that managers should be given authority over workers, but not the ability to give orders.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

102) Unity of command means that all employees should answer to only one superior.

Diff: 1

Question Category: Concept

103) A highly centralized organization is one in which subordinates are given a lot of opportunity to make decisions.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

104) Fayol thought that allowing employees to originate their own plans would increase motivation.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

105) The idea of employees being paid a fair wage for their services did not emerge until the 1960s.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

106) The behavioral approach to management focuses on motivating workers to work productively.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

107) The behavioral approach to management began in the 1960s with organizational behavior (OB).

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

108) Robert Owen was greatly concerned with how workers were treated in factories of the Industrial Revolution.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

109) Organizational behavior studies were based purely on theoretical ideals rather than actual observation.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

110) The Hawthorne studies showed that the brighter the lights in the room, the more productive were workers who worked in the room.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

111) Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggested once a need was satisfied, it stopped motivating behavior.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

112) The Hawthorne studies suggested that groups could influence the productivity of an individual.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

113) The quantitative approach to management evolved out of mathematical methods of solving military problems.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

114) The "Whiz Kids" used statistical methods to improve decision making at the Ford Motor Company in the mid-1940s.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

115) W. Edwards Deming's ideas about quality and management were first embraced by Japanese companies.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

116) Deming's total quality management system largely ignored the needs of customers.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

117) Contemporary approaches to management see the organization as a closed system in which all inputs and outputs stay within the system.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

118) The idea of an organization as a system was borrowed from psychological concepts.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

119) The contingency approach to management states that there is a single best way to manage all organizations.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

120) A contingency variable that can affect managing style is organization size.

Diff: 2

Question Category: Concept

121) In today's organization, almost all employees have access to the mainframe computers that make up the company's computing resources.

Diff: 2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

122) In a short essay, discuss the impact that the Industrial Revolution had on management.

Clearly, these kinds of activities could not be done casually or haphazardly, so a group of management professionals emerged. Large efficient factories needed managers to forecast demand and to ensure that enough material was on hand to make products. Managers were also needed to assign tasks to people and to direct daily activities. The increase in managers in turn necessitated the development of formal theories to guide managers in running large organizations.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

123) In a short essay, discuss the impact that the publication of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations had on management.

Smith's prediction turned out to be only partly true as division of labor was discovered to have drawbacks. Though division of labor initially increased productivity, that increase tended to fade as workers, bogged down in repetitive tasks, lost morale and motivation to put out maximum effort.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

124) In a short essay, discuss scientific management.

Taylor felt that job performance of workers generally lacked uniformity, and rather than perform the task in the best way possible, workers were apt to use sloppy, ineffective, or inefficient techniques. Accordingly, Taylor developed the idea of the "one best way" to perform a job that maintained that managers should (a) identify the best possible manner in which a task could be performed and (b) require that workers use this method on the job.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

125) In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol and Max Weber as it relates to the general administrative approach to management.

Fayol's first major contribution was to identify the five fundamental functions of management. These five functions still serve as major building blocks of basic management theory today, though they have been pared down to only four functions: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Fayol also identified the Fourteen Principles of Management.

Weber focused on observing and analyzing bureaucracies, which he saw as highly rational, and constituted an ideal way to configure an organization. Weber did not feel that all organizations should be bureaucracies, however. The form worked best, he thought, for very large organizations.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

126) In a short essay, describe how the work of Abraham Maslow influenced management.

As an example of Maslow's view, when a person is hungry, he or she is highly motivated to fulfill that need, even risking his or her life to obtain nourishment. Indeed, while the person is still without food, that need totally dominates the person's consciousness. However, once the person finds a situation that supplies ample food to meet that unfulfilled need, the motivation to obtain the need is greatly reduced. Instead of thinking about the need all the time, the person rarely gives the now-fulfilled need even a thought.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

127) In a short essay, identify the principles of management identified by Henri Fayol that are most important for establishing a manager's control over employees.

Authority—gives managers the right to give orders and have those orders followed.

Discipline—requires employees to obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.

Unity of command—states that every employee should receive orders from only one superior.

Subordination of individual interests to the general interest—states that the interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.

Scalar chain—the chain of command that allows the individuals who rank higher in the hierarchy to have authority over individuals below them.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

128) In a short essay, identify the principles of management identified by Henri Fayol that are most important for the satisfaction and welfare of employees.

Remuneration—workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.

Centralization—the degree to which employees are allowed to make decisions.

Equity—the idea that managers should treat subordinates fairly and with kindness.

Initiative—the opportunity for employees to originate and carry out their own plans to solve problems.

Esprit de corps—a feeling of team spirit that gives employees a sense of belonging.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

129) In a short essay, identify the principles of management identified by Henri Fayol that are most important for efficiency and productivity of the entire organization.

Division of work—job specialization that increases individual output by having employees perform simple, easy-to-perform job tasks.

Unity of direction—the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.

Order—people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.

Stability of tenure of personnel—management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

130) In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne studies and how they were interpreted.

The results did not support the expectations of the engineers. Instead of a clear-cut relationship between light intensity and productivity, they saw varied results—some groups performed better than others in low light levels, for example. To explain these results, they began exploring the nature of groups and group interactions. These additional studies resulted in two primary conclusions. First, the authors of the studies concluded that group pressures could significantly affect individual performance. And second, they concluded that people behave differently when they know they are being observed in a test situation.

These results functioned to further the importance of human behavior as it pertains to management. After the Hawthorne studies, managers realized that people in a workplace could be affected by more things than just their jobs and the work conditions themselves.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

131) In a short essay, explain how the systems approach contributes to the understanding of management.

The second aspect of the systems approach that helps inform managers is the idea that an organization is an open system—that is, an organization doesn't exist in isolation from the rest of the world. The organization has its boundaries, and within those boundaries, managers need to work to make sure that things are performing at an optimal level.

That said, managers also need to keep the outer environment in mind from which organizations obtain inputs and to which they provide outputs. Though managers have much less control of the outer environment than they do of the inner organization itself, paying attention to the outer world and how it relates to the organization can help the organization become successful.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

132) In a short essay, describe the contingency approach to management.

Theorists dubbed this method of finding an appropriate management style the contingency approach because the style a manager would choose was contingent, or dependent, on the situation. To define different situations, the theorists identified a number of contingency variables that included organization size, routineness of task, and environmental uncertainty.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

133) In a short essay, describe how the contingency variable of organization size might affect management style.

However, when the size of the organization suddenly jumps to twenty or thirty, a certain amount of formal hierarchy must be instituted, and when it jumps to one hundred or five hundred employees, the organization must feature quite a bit of formal structure and control. Therefore, the ideal management style of a small organization is necessarily very different from that of a very large organization.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

134) In a short essay, describe how the contingency variable of routineness of task might affect management style.

Assembly line workers, on the other hand, who perform the same repetitive tasks every day, might require a managerial style that includes quite a bit of motivation and encouragement as well as a variety of different rewards, such as prizes, to keep workers working at a highly productive rate.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical

135) In a short essay, describe how the contingency variable of environmental uncertainty might affect management style.

In an industry with much less environmental uncertainty, managers can take a much more formal and prescribed course of action, putting, for example, great emphasis on sticking to planned goals rather than changing plans.

Diff: 3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

Question Category: Analytical