Chapter 17 Exam Prep Biotechnology

Biology, 12e (Raven)

Chapter 17 Biotechnology

1) The most recent techniques developed in the biological sciences allow the manipulation of DNA with the ultimate goal of intervening directly with the ________ fate of organisms.

A) genetic

B) developmental

C) adult

D) mitotic

2) Small circular, extrachromosomal DNA segments are known as ________.

A) vectors

B) plasmids

C) clones

D) RNA

3) Enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sites are called ________.

A) vectors

B) peptidases

C) restriction endonucleases

D) DNAses

4) Single-stranded complementary tails that are produced by restriction digestion are called ________ ends.

A) sticky

B) orphaned

C) vectors

D) 5'

5) Bacterial plasmids and artificial chromosomes are used as ________ to insert foreign DNA into host cells and create recombinant genomes.

A) clones

B) vectors

C) endonucleases

D) subunits

6) You want to insert your favorite gene, which has been digested with Ncol endonuclease on both ends, into a vector. Ncol recognizes the DNA sequence C*CATGG. The vector you want to use contains many endonuclease recognition sites, but does not include an Ncol site. Which restriction endonuclease would be the most suitable replacement to digest the vector?

A) Sphl - G*CATGC

B) Sunl - C*GTACG

C) Kpnl - GGTAC*C

D) CViAll - C*ATG

7) Single-stranded ends generated by the same restriction enzyme are complementary to each other. They can be joined together

A) even when the source of the DNA is different.

B) only when the source of the DNA is the same.

C) but the "sticky ends" will most likely have to be modified.

D) but the hybridization of the two ends may cause a problem with cloning.

E) only if the subunits have been methylated.

8) Two strands of DNA that have been cut by an endonuclease can be sealed together by a(n)

A) polymerase enzyme.

B) ligase enzyme.

C) exonuclease enzyme.

D) protease enzyme.

E) methylase enzyme.

9) Which components are required in plasmids? (check all that apply)

A) A selectable marker, usually antibiotic resistance

B) A bacterial artificial chromosome

C) One or more unique restriction sites where foreign DNA can be added

D) An origin of replication to allow it to replicate in E. coli independently of the host chromosome

10) Restriction enzymes are

A) proteases.

B) lipases.

C) endonucleases.

D) exonucleases.

11) Identify a sequence that is most likely to be recognized by a restriction enzyme.

A) CGATGC

B) CCCTTT

C) TGGCCA

D) TCATCA

12) You digest DNA from the frog Xenopus laevis with the enzyme NotI that produces sticky DNA ends. You can ligate your DNA to

A) blunt AluI ends from Xenopus laevis.

B) sticky NotI ends from Xenopus laevis.

C) blunt AluI ends from bacteria.

D) sticky NotI ends from bacteria.

E) sticky EcoRI ends from Xenopus laevis.

F) sticky EcoRI ends from bacteria.

13) BamHI is a Type II restriction enzyme that recognizes the sequence 5' G*GATCC 3', and cuts between the two Gs, leaving a 5' overhang. If you were to digest DNA with BamHI, what would be the sequence of the overhanging sticky ends of the two strands?

A) 5' GATCC 3' and 5' GATCC 3'

B) 5' GATCC 3' and 5' GGATC 3'

C) 5' GATC 3' and 5' GATC 3'

D) 5' GATC 3' and 5' CTAG 3'

E) 5' G 3' and 5' G 3'

F) 5' G 3' and 5' C 3'

14) Which of the following types of information would be most useful in an effort to move a DNA fragment from one plasmid vector to another, using molecular cloning techniques?

A) DNA fingerprint data

B) Sequence of PCR primers

C) Data from cloning of Dolly the sheep

D) Restriction maps of the plasmids

15) A fourth type of restriction enzyme is identified that cleaves at precise locations like a type II enzyme, but it also occasionally makes mistakes and cuts elsewhere. Would this type of enzyme be a useful enzyme to use in molecular cloning?

A) Yes, because it cuts correctly sometimes.

B) No, because it is a precise enzyme.

C) No, because cutting mistakes could lead to incorrect cloning.

D) Yes, because cutting mistakes don't matter in molecular cloning.

16) A 6.85 kb EcoRI fragment of DNA is shown below. The location of several restriction sites is indicated. Scale is approximate.

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If you were to completely digest this fragment of DNA with PstI, how many pieces of DNA would you obtain?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

17) A 6.85 kb EcoRI fragment of DNA is shown below. The location of several restriction sites is indicated. Scale is approximate.

©McGraw-Hill Education

If you were to digest this DNA with PstI, which length of DNA fragment would migrate the fastest on an agarose gel?

A) 803

B) 2622

C) 3425

D) 235

18) Gel ________ is a process that separates DNA or protein fragments according to their size, by causing them to migrate within a gel in response to an electric field.

A) duplication

B) blotting

C) electrophoresis

D) migration

19) A gel electrophoresis is performed, but when the gel imager is used, no bands appear. The researcher might have forgotten to

A) add electric current.

B) add antibody.

C) ligate the DNA fragments together.

D) include DNA dye.

E) include an RNA probe.

20) All of the following involve molecular biology techniques except

A) ligating DNA fragments together.

B) using restriction enzymes to cut specific sequences of DNA.

C) using a DNA polymerase to copy DNA via PCR.

D) creation of Okazaki fragments.

21) An enzyme that has been isolated from retroviruses and is used to generate cDNA is

A) transverse ligase.

B) reverse transcriptase.

C) reverse endonuclease.

D) recombinant RNase.

E) RNA polymerase.

22) The most common way to follow bacterial transformation with a plasmid is by

A) manufacturing the bacterial protein.

B) conferring antibiotic resistance.

C) separating the altered cell surface.

D) making the cells immortal.

E) altering the physical appearance of the cells.

23) Which of the following two enzymes are needed to construct a cDNA library?

A) Reverse transcriptase and DNA ligase

B) Reverse transcriptase and Taq polymerase

C) DNA ligase and Taq polymerase

D) Taq polymerase and RNA polymerase

24) Investigators have found a new species bacteria that lives under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. They hypothesize that different genes are expressed in each condition. What experiment could test this hypothesis and identify important genes?

A) Completely sequence the genome of the bacteria in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions

B) Collect mRNA from both anaerobic and aerobic conditions and generate two cDNA libraries

C) Measure levels of RNA Polymerase in both conditions

D) Design primers to a specific region of the genome and sequence this region during both anaerobic and aerobic conditions

25) Both DNA replication and PCR require: (check all that apply)

A) DNA polymerase.

B) DNA helicase.

C) a DNA template.

D) a thermocycler machine.

E) plasmid DNA.

26) The PCR technique requires a DNA polymerase from an organism that can endure high heat, such as Thermus aquaticus. What step of the protocol makes the heat-stability most necessary?

A) Synthesis

B) Primer annealing

C) Denaturation

D) Antibody binding

27) A technique used to amplify a desired piece of DNA is 

A) gel electrophoresis.

B) RFLP.

C) PCR.

D) plasmid replication.

E) Northern Blot.

28) You have discovered a very small amount of DNA from an ancient organism that you want to save and study. What is the very first thing you should do to allow you to study this DNA in the lab?

A) RT-PCR

B) Gel electrophoresis

C) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

D) Insert the DNA into a vector

29) Three scientists are using different forms of PCR for their research. Abby wants to determine changes in gene expression levels in a tissue, so she uses ________. Bob is trying to extract genetic information from a wooly mammoth fossil, so he uses ________. Chris needs to express a gene in bacteria that matches the form expressed in kidney cells, so she uses ________.

A) quantitative RT-PCR;  PCR;  RT-PCR

B) PCR;  quantitative RT-PCR;  RT-PCR

C) RT-PCR;  PCR;  quantitative RT-PCR

D) RT-PCR;  quantitative RT-PCR;  PCR

E) quantitative RT-PCR;  RT-PCR;  PCR

30) You are the scientific consultant for a television show about forensic analysis. In an upcoming episode, investigators will compare the DNA of a suspect and a DNA sample collected from the victim's fingernails. You are to write up a brief explanation of the technique required for comparing the DNA. Which technique should you explain?

A) DNA fingerprinting

B) Fluorescent in situ hybridization

C) RNAi

D) RT-PCR

31) Prior to using PCR to introduce mutations into DNA in vitro, what was a common method of mutagenesis used by scientists?

A) Self-fertilization of plants or inbreeding of animal models

B) Chemicals to induce mutations

C) Physical manipulation of DNA (e.g. vortexing)

D) Using only old parents to set crosses in plants and animals

32) Which component of the PCR mix do researchers manipulate to induce a site-specific mutation? 

A) Primers

B) Taq polymerase

C) DNA template

D) Reverse transcriptase

33) Select the experiments that can be characterized as reverse genetics: (check all that apply)

A) Generation and analysis of a knockout mouse

B) Random mutagenesis of an organism, then selecting mutants by phenotype

C) RNA interference of a gene in C. elegans

D) Using reverse transcriptase to create a cDNA library

34) Which type of disease is LEAST likely to be able to be treated using genome editing with TALEN or CRISPR?

A) Trisomy-21

B) Leukemia

C) Cystic fibrosis

D) Huntingtons

35) Organisms containing DNA from an outside source are called

A) transcribed organisms.

B) compound organisms.

C) hybrid organisms.

D) plasmid organisms.

E) transgenic organisms.

36) In some ciliate protozoa, the codons UAA and UAG encode glutamate, rather than acting as STOP codons. How does this compare to other species?

A) This is unusual – almost all species share the same "universal" genetic code.

B) This is typical – every species has its own unique genetic code.

C) This is not unusual – while most species have a similar genetic code, there are often variations for some of the amino acids.

37) A researcher wants to create a mouse model for a disease, to allow her team to study possible therapies. The disease is known to be caused by a small deletion that removes a certain gene. Which type of mouse would be the best choice for this purpose?

A) Knockout mouse

B) Knockin mouse

C) Conditional knockout mouse activated by a drug

D) Mutant derived by traditional forward genetics screen

E) Tissue-specific gene knockout

38) A key difference between transforming plant cells and human cells is

A) genes to be expressed in human cells require a eukaryotic promoter, and genes to be expressed in plants don't.

B) DNA cannot be introduced into human cells.

C) Agrobacterium is commonly used as a tool to directly transform plant cells but not human cells.

D) a vector is needed to introduce DNA into human cells and not plant cells.

39) The ________ from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used in genetic engineering involving crop plant genes.

A) restriction endonucleases

B) DNA

C) Ti vector

D) Ti plasmid

40) Your city is considering a proposal to build a new algae-based biofuel plant. What benefits would this have over traditional fossil fuels? (check all that apply)

A) The kelp fronds would provide habitat for endangered sea otters.

B) It contributes less carbon to the atmosphere overall.

C) It is a renewable resource.

D) Biofuel doesn't need to be burned to provide energy.

E) The system could be paired with wastewater treatment.

F) The algae can be filtered from the water and used for fuel without refinement.

41) After an oil spill, bacteria that can metabolize hydrocarbons are released for bioremediation. After a month, two areas affected by the spill show different levels of improvement. Which factor should be measured to determine the difference in effectiveness between the two sites?

A) Temperature

B) Oxygen levels

C) pH

D) Salinity

E) Nutrient levels

F) All of these factors may play a role.

42) A certain wastewater treatment plant uses aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and archaebacteria during secondary treatment of sewage. Unfortunately, during a bad blizzard the aerated tanks froze, killing the microbes inside. What is likely to result?

A) Floc levels will diminish.

B) Methane production will go down.

C) Solid material will not be effectively filtered out.

D) Floc will not be effectively filtered out.

43) A commercially significant human protein now produced in bacteria is

A) hemoglobin.

B) gamma globulins.

C) AZT.

D) human insulin.

E) HIV vaccine.

44) A rare disease is now understood to be caused by a single mutant gene. When the researcher learns that the gene encodes a ________, he says "Oh good! We may be able to treat the disease with recombinant protein produced in E. coli and delivered by injection."

A) protein hormone

B) cell-surface receptor

C) ribozyme

D) component of chromatin

E) mitochondrial enzyme

45) A medical researcher is trying to develop a diagnostic technique for a disease which is characterized by replication of a particular chromosomal region. What would be the most appropriate technique?

A) FISH

B) Gene chip

C) Genome sequencing

D) White blood cell count

46) An immunoassay was developed to rapidly diagnose patients infected with an emerging virus. However, the researchers discovered that some individuals were producing false negatives when tested, despite being infected with the virus. What might explain this?

A) Rapid evolution of the viral antigen

B) Changes in the length of the viral DNA

C) Number of genome copies carried in each virion

D) Changes in the antibody produced by the virus

47) Crop plants have been protected from certain insects by the addition of a gene for a specific insect toxin from the bacterium

A) Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

B) Bacillus thuringiensis.

C) Herpes simplex.

D) Pseudomonas.

E) tobacco mosaic.

48) A farmer is growing glyphosate-resistant transgenic soybeans. What are you unlikely to see in those fields during the growing season?

A) A tilling machine

B) Caterpillars

C) Field mice

D) Irrigation

49) An insecticidal protein has been discovered in a bacterium known as

A) Escherichia coli.

B) Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

C) Bacillus thuringiensis.

D) Aspergillus sp.

50) Which genes were incorporated into the genome of Golden Rice? (check all that apply)

A) Daffodil phytoene synthase gene

B) Bacterial carotene desaturase gene

C) Bacterial beta-galactosidase

D) Daffodil lycopene beta-cyclase gene

51) A friend makes the argument that transgenic crops have only been used to enrich large corporations, not to improve people's health. What is the best counterexample?

A) Golden rice

B) Bt maize

C) Glyphosate-resistant soybeans

D) Cre-Lox

52) Imagine that a very unusual animal species had the ability to make its own aromatic amino acids using a 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase enzyme similar to that of plants. What would happen if this animal foraged in a field of glyphosate-resistant plants?

A) No effect

B) They would become sick from the glyphosate that was sprayed on the plants

C) They would also become glyphosate-resistant

D) They would no longer need to make their own aromatic amino acids