Chapter 15 The Corrections Subsystem And + Full Test Bank

Chapter 15: The Corrections Subsystem and White-Collar Crime

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. What did Wheeler et al. conclude in their 1982 study of sentencing practices

for white-collar offenders?

• 1. White-collar offenders were sentenced to a very narrow range of sanctions.
  2. Offenders were deterred from re-offending by lengthy prison sentences.
  3. Corporate officers were not included in sentencing of a corporation.
  4. White-collar offenders were more likely to go prison for longer periods of

time than conventional offenders.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Practices and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Which factor leads to lenient sentences for white-collar offenders?
2. the “status shield”
3. media attention
4. incompetent attorney
5. the offender’s attitude

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Practices and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. What was the purpose of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984?
   1. give white-collar offenders harsher sentences
   2. give white-collar offenders a lower chance of incarceration
   3. equalize sentences for street criminals and white-collar offenders
   4. increase sentences for street criminals to increase the gap between

street criminals and white-collar offenders

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Policies and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. What was the result of the Supreme Court’s review of the federal sentencing

guidelines in Booker v. Washington?

• 1. The guidelines set forth in the Sentencing Reform Act were made more

advisory than mandatory.

• 1. The Sentencing Reform Act was declared unconstitutional.
  2. Judges were given less discretion in sentencing white-collar offenders.
  3. The guidelines were revised to allow harsher sentences.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Policies and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. How did the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 affect sentences

for white-collar criminals?

• 1. made them less strict
  2. gave more offenders probation over prison
  3. gave more offenders fines over prison
  4. dramatically increased prison time for some white-collar crimes

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Policies and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. How does the three-strikes law come into play with white-collar offending?

1. It does not apply to white-collar offending.
2. It applies the same way as it does for street criminals.
3. White-collar offenders are only given two strikes.
4. It provides sentencing guidelines.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Patterns

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. How does Gerber’s 1994 study explain what is perceived by some to be unusually high sentences for white-collar offenders?

1. White-collar offenders are sentenced according to federal guidelines.
2. A majority of white-collar offenders make it through the criminal justice

process because there is substantial evidence against them, which leads to harsher sentences.

1. Only a small proportion of offenders receive extremely large prison sentences,

raising the average dramatically and giving the perception that all white-collar offenders have particularly long sentences.

d. There are rarely high sentences for white-collar offenders who commit serious crimes when compared to conventional criminals.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Practices and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What is ironic about the short prison sentences white-collar offenders are

likely to receive?

1. The short sentences can still ruin their life and career.
2. With short sentences white-collar offenders are more likely to offend again

when released or while in prison because they have the attitude that it can't get any worse.

1. Most depression and adjustment problems in prison occur in the first six

months.

1. White-collar offenders are determined to rehabilitate themselves when they

are released.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Depression and the White-Collar Offender

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. What problem is accompanying the growing prison sentences of white-collar

offenders?

1. Offenders are more likely to offend again or while in prison.
2. Offenders are being placed in higher-level-security prisons.
3. Offenders are less able to repay victims.
4. Offenders have difficulty adapting to the prison environment.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Describe the problems white-collar offenders experience in the prison system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Danger and the White-Collar Offender

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What is it called if a white-collar offender uses a prison phone to commit a

crime, like orchestrating a fraud scheme?

1. jailstripe crime
2. rule violations
3. relapse
4. prison deviance

Learning Objective: 15-2: Describe the problems white-collar offenders experience in the prison system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prison Deviance and the White-Collar Offender

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which of the following is a community-based sanction for white-collar

criminals?

1. incarceration
2. probation
3. fines
4. community service

Learning Objective: 15-3: Explain how the experience of probation differs for white-collar offenders than for other offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Probation and Parole Experience for White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. In a study conducted by Michael Benson, which of the following plays a

role in probation, allowing white-collar offenders to deny their criminal status?

1. Probation officers are supervising from a lower-class status.
2. Probation officers believe white-collar offenders need closer supervision.
3. White-collar offenders are expected to take probation seriously.
4. White-collar offenders report to their probation offers willingly.

Learning Objective: 15-3: Explain how the experience of probation differs for white-collar offenders than for other offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Probation and Parole Experience for White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. How do judges typically view using large fines as criminal sanctions

for white-collar offenders?

1. It’s a fair way to punish white-collar offenders.
2. For some offenders, large fines could be worse than jail.
3. Money collected from criminal fines are not used properly.
4. Fines do not have a significant impact on offending.

Learning Objective: 15-4: Analyze the arguments for or against the use of monetary fines rather than prison for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Monetary Fines and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. How do some organizations view large fines that are imposed on their companies for white-collar crimes?

1. They are unfair to their customers.
2. Many see them as extremely punitive.
3. They are viewed as just a cost of doing business.
4. The cost of such fines can be passed on to investors.

Ans: C

Learning Objective: 15-4: Analyze the arguments for or against the use of monetary fines rather than prison for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Monetary Fines and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. What is one problem that arises from the optimal penalty theory?

1. Offenders who have the ability to pay large fines don’t go to prison.
2. There are no guidelines for determining the dollar amount for fines

or ability to pay.

1. White-collar offenders often spend more time in prison than conventional

criminals in addition to a fine.

1. White-collar offenders receive longer prison sentences because of their

inability to pay a fine.

Learning Objective: 15-4: Analyze the arguments for or against the use of monetary fines rather than prison for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Monetary Fines and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Who would most likely be affected by large punitive damages a company is forced to pay for committing a white-collar crime?

1. CEOs who may be forced to resign and forfeit bonuses
2. top managers who would get lower bonuses or lose other perks to repay the

damages

1. lower-level employees who would not get wage increases until the damages

are recovered by the company

1. customers who will pay higher prices so the company can recover profits

lost to paying the damages

Ans: D

Learning Objective: 15-4: Analyze the arguments for or against the use of monetary fines rather than prison for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Monetary Fines and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The feeling of being controlled while under house arrest falls under which

type of deprivation?

1. deprivation of liberty
2. deprivation of heterosexual relations
3. watching others effect
4. deprivation of autonomy

Learning Objective: 15-5: Discuss the alternative sanctions used by the court as punishment for white-collar crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: House Arrest and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which of the following demonstrates how community service is a beneficial

sanction for white-collar offenders?

1. White-collar offenders can serve their community service in a specialty area,

like a medical clinic.

1. Community service places white-collar offenders in a group of traditional

criminals and forces them to come to terms with their criminal status.

1. Community service allows the community time to heal as well.
2. White-collar offenders can serve their sentence anywhere they desire.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Discuss the alternative sanctions used by the court as punishment for white-collar crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Community Service

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which of the following describes a difference between disintegrative

shaming and reintegrative shaming?

1. Disintegrative shaming focuses on the bad act itself and reintegrative

shaming focuses on causing embarrassment.

1. Reintegrative shaming has the potential to cause more harm, whereas

disintegrative shaming tries to fix the harm that has already been caused.

1. Reintegrative shaming tries to minimize harm to family and disintegrative

shaming focuses on deterring others from offending.

1. Disintegrative shaming has the potential to cause a lot of anger and

reintegrative shaming focuses on communicating messages of disapproval, but at the same time helping the offender integrate back into society.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Discuss the alternative sanctions used by the court as punishment for white-collar crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shaming

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. How is the loss of a job an appropriate sanction for white-collar offenders?

1. They are not able to support their family.
2. They can be barred from working in a certain industry.
3. It is a part of shaming.
4. They can start a new career.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Discuss the alternative sanctions used by the court as punishment for white-collar crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Loss of Job

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. How do criminologists view monetary fines as punishments for

corporations?

1. Fines are useful when added onto other punishments, like probation
2. They are adequate punishment as long as the dollar amount is high enough
3. Fines are useful as punishments for corporations
4. They appear to be arbitrarily based on an organization’s size or number

of employees.

Learning Objective: 15-6: Compare and contrast punishments given to corporations and white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Punishing Corporations for White-Collar Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Which of the following is not a sanction that can be applied to corporations?

1. rehabilitation
2. fines
3. punitive damages
4. restitution

Learning Objective: 15-6: Compare and contrast punishments given to corporations and white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Punishing Corporations for White-Collar Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Forcing corporations to publicly apologize for their misconduct is an example of which type of sanction?

1. probation
2. shaming
3. community service
4. restitution

Learning Objective: 15-6: Compare and contrast punishments given to corporations and white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Punishing Corporations for White-Collar Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. What is one reason described by criminologists why society punishes white-collar criminals?

1. rehabilitation
2. victimization
3. justice
4. moral guideline

Learning Objective: 15-7: Evaluate the reasoning behind punishing white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reasons for Punishing White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which of the following describes a reason for punishing criminals simply

because they deserve it?

1. general deterrence
2. specific deterrence
3. just deserts
4. restitution

Learning Objective: 15-7: Evaluate the reasoning behind punishing white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reasons for Punishing White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. In criminal proceedings, judges take into consideration punishments already

imposed on the offender by civil and administrative proceedings.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Practices and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. A complex white-collar case is more likely to receive a lenient plea

bargain than a straightforward case.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Practices and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. In white-collar cases the attention is given more to the actor than the action.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Patterns

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Offenders can fake their way into treatment programs they do not really

need to get out of prison early.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Describe the problems white-collar offenders experience in the prison system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Prison Experience for White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Probation officers take white-collar criminals very seriously and monitor

them to the fullest extent.

Learning Objective: 15-3: Explain how the experience of probation differs for white-collar offenders than for other offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Probation and Parole Experience for White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Punitive damages are frequently sought out and applied only in civil cases

initiated by a civilian.

Learning Objective: 15-4: Analyze the arguments for or against the use of monetary fines rather than prison for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Monetary Fines and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

1. Monetary fines are often not applied swiftly enough to be considered a

deterrent for future crime.

Learning Objective: 15-4: Analyze the arguments for or against the use of monetary fines rather than prison for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Monetary Fines and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Disintegrative shaming is effective because white-collar criminals want

to minimize the harm done to their family.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Discuss the alternative sanctions used by the court as punishment for white-collar crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaming

Difficulty Level: Easy

1. The organizational guidelines for sentencing corporations have been

applauded for determining sanctions based on organizational characteristics of the company.

Learning Objective: 15-6: Compare and contrast punishments given to corporations and white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Punishing Corporations for White Collar Crimes

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. General deterrence refers to the idea that offenders should be punished

to keep other potential offenders from offending.

Learning Objective: 15-7: Evaluate the reasoning behind punishing white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: General Deterrence and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. List two results of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Policies and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. List three sources of depression for white-collar inmates.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Describe the problems white-collar offenders experience in the prison system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Depression and the White-Collar Offender

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. List the three dangers white-collar offenders face in prison.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Describe the problems white-collar offenders experience in the prison system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Danger and the White-Collar Offender

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Describe the four types of monetary fines for white-collar offenders.

Learning Objective: 15-4: Analyze the arguments for or against the use of monetary fines rather than prison for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Monetary Fines and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Describe two specific ways in which house arrest can be penalizing

for a white-collar offender.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Discuss the alternative sanctions used by the court as punishment for white-collar crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: House Arrest and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Define the factors that contribute to leniency in the sentencing of white-collar

crime offenders.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sentencing Practices and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Define and discuss the merits of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Summarize the policies and practices that govern sentencing for white-collar offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sentencing Policies and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Provide an argument for an alternative sanction versus imprisonment for

white-collar criminals.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Discuss the alternative sanctions used by the court as

punishment for white-collar crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Alternative Sanctions and White-Collar Offenders

Difficulty Level: Hard