Chapter 11 Mountains, Basins, And Continents Test Bank Docx

Exploring Geology, 5e (Reynolds)

Chapter 11 Mountains, Basins, and Continents

1) How can we tell that the Himalaya has been uplifted?

A) Uplift can be measured with a global positioning system (GPS).

B) Deep rocks are exposed at the surface and yield young isotopic ages.

C) The top of Mount Everest contains a limestone with marine fossils.

D) All of these choices are correct.

2) The Himalaya are

A) the highest mountain range in the world and contain Earth's highest peak.

B) near the Colorado Plateau, one of the world's largest plateaus.

C) underlain by abnormally thin lithosphere.

D) an ancient mountain range with most uplift occurring 200 million years ago.

E) All of these choices are correct.

3) If you had this type of deformation of a region, it would

A) thicken the crust and cause subsidence.

B) thicken the crust and cause uplift.

C) thin the crust and cause subsidence.

D) thin the crust and cause uplift.

E) None of these choices are correct.

4) If you had this type of deformation of a region, it would

A) thicken the crust and cause subsidence.

B) thicken the crust and cause uplift.

C) thin the crust and cause subsidence.

D) thin the crust and cause uplift.

E) None of these choices are correct.

5) If you had this type of deformation of a region, it would

A) thicken the crust and cause subsidence.

B) thicken the crust and cause uplift.

C) thin the crust and cause subsidence.

D) thin the crust and cause uplift.

E) None of these choices are correct.

6) If you erode material off of a region, it would

A) thicken the crust.

B) thin the crust.

C) cause the region to increase in elevation.

D) None of these choices are correct.

7) If you had this type of deformation of a region, it would

A) thicken the crust and cause subsidence.

B) thicken the crust and cause uplift.

C) thin the crust and cause subsidence.

D) thin the crust and cause uplift.

E) None of these choices are correct.

8) Regional elevations on land are primarily controlled by

A) the temperature of the crust.

B) whether the crust is old or was formed more recently.

C) whether the area is over a hot spot.

D) the thickness of continental crust.

9) Regional elevation can be increased by

A) thinning the crust.

B) normal faulting.

C) eroding material from the top.

D) heating the crust and mantle.

10) Regional elevation can be decreased by

A) normal faulting that thins the crust.

B) erosion.

C) cooling of the crust.

D) All of these choices are correct.

11) The principle of isostasy was discovered by observing

A) wooden blocks floating in a tank.

B) icebergs of various sizes floating in the ocean.

C) discrepancies in measurements made by surveyors in India.

12) Which of the following will be accompanied by a decrease in elevation?

A) gaining crustal material, such as by deposition

B) moving from oceanic crust to continental crust

C) compressing the crust from the sides

D) increasing the thickness of the lithosphere

13) In which of the following environments is the lithosphere likely to be thinnest?

A) beneath a mid-ocean ridge

B) beneath a typical part of the abyssal plain

C) a tectonically active continental margin

D) the interior of a continent away from plate boundaries

14) What could cause a region to be higher in elevation than an average part of a continent?

A) thinner continental crust

B) less dense continental crust

C) cooler continental crust

D) crust that has been horizontally stretched

15) Regional elevation can be increased by

A) thrust faulting that thickens the crust.

B) constructing huge volcanic fields.

C) adding a significant amount of magma at depth.

D) heating a region's crust and mantle.

E) All of these choices are correct.

16) Which of the following control the regional elevation of the land?

A) thickness of the crust

B) density of materials in the crust

C) temperature of the crust and mantle

D) All of these can control regional elevation of the land.

17) Which of the following may affect crustal thickness?

A) type of crust (continental or oceanic)

B) deformation (like compression or stretching)

C) erosion

D) deposition or burial by volcanic rocks

E) All of these affect crustal thickness.

18) The average thickness of continental crust is

A) 30–50 km.

B) 10–20 km.

C) 100 km.

D) 150 km.

19) The average thickness of oceanic crust is

A) 7 km.

B) 5 km.

C) 50 km.

D) 12 km.

20) Which of the following processes/situations may alter regional land elevation?

A) intrusions of magma

B) thrust faulting or normal faulting

C) erosion or deposition

D) heating or cooling

E) All of these processes/situations can alter regional land elevation.

21) The principle that regional elevations adjust to the types and thicknesses of rocks at depth is known as

A) isostasy.

B) superposition.

C) elastic rebound.

D) equanimity.

22) Which of these regions is high because of subduction of an oceanic plate?

A) 1, Andes of South America

B) 2, East Africa

C) 3, Tibet

D) None of these choices are correct.

23) Which of these regions is high because of mantle upwelling near a continental rift?

A) 1, Andes of South America

B) 2, East Africa

C) 3, Tibet

D) None of these choices are correct.

24) Which of these regions is high because of a continental collision?

A) 1, Andes of South America

B) 2, East Africa Rift

C) 3, Tibet

D) None of these choices are correct.

25) Which of the following regions below would you predict to have the thickest continental crust?

A) The West Coast because it is close to the plate boundary.

B) The Colorado Rockies and adjacent Great Plains.

C) The area with thick sediments around the Mississippi River.

D) The Appalachian Mountains, the dominant range in the eastern U.S.

E) The East Coast because it is a passive margin.

26) Which of the following is NOT a setting in which regional mountain belts form?

A) continental collision

B) subduction zone

C) upwelling of the mantle

D) passive margin

E) the collision of India with Asia

27) Which of the following correctly matches the tectonic setting of a mountain belt with an example?

A) subduction zone-East Africa

B) continental collision-Andes Mountains

C) mantle upwelling-Tibet

D) All of these choices are correct.

E) None of these choices are correct.

28) Which of the following occurs when mountain belts are eroded?

A) Erosion is accompanied by isostatic rebound.

B) The continental crust becomes thinner.

C) Deep metamorphic and plutonic rocks can be uplifted to the surface.

D) All of these choices are correct.

29) Which of the following are tectonic settings in which regional mountain belts form?

A) subduction zones

B) continental collisions

C) mantle upwellings

D) All of these choices are correct.

30) Using the rule of thumb for elevations and the information provided by the image, what may be said of the actual differences in elevation and crust thickness between Phoenix and Flagstaff (Elevation Phoenix: 300 m, Flagstaff: 2100 m)?

A) The differences are what we would predict. Rule of thumb: increase of 6 km crust thickness = increase in 1 km elevation.

B) The differences are what we would predict. Rule of thumb: increase of 1 km crust thickness = increase in 6 km elevation.

C) The differences are not what we would predict. Rule of thumb: increase of 1 km crust thickness = increase in 1 km elevation.

D) The differences are not what we would predict. Rule of thumb: increase of 6 km crust thickness = increase in 6 km elevation.

31) What is true of regional elevations across North America?

A) Elevations tend to be higher toward the west and decrease toward the east.

B) Elevations are highest in the Appalachian Mountains.

C) Elevations are lowest in the Great Plains.

D) Elevations do not change, when progressing from west to east.

32) Uplifting caused by the removal of weight on top of the crust, as when an ice sheet melts away or when erosion strips material off the top of a thick crustal root of a mountain, is called

A) isostatic rebound.

B) elastic buoyancy.

C) floating equilibrium.

D) the iceberg principle.

33) Which of the following is NOT a way in which local mountains can be built?

A) prolonged volcanism in composite volcanoes

B) thrust faulting

C) normal faulting

D) folding

E) All of these are ways to make local mountains.

34) Volcanism creates mountains that are

A) sometimes local and not accompanied by regional increases in crustal thickness.

B) formed of piled volcanic material, such as scoria, ash, lava flows, debris flows, and mudslides.

C) varied in size from small cinder cones to large shield and composite volcanoes.

D) All of these are types of mountains created by volcanism.

35) A local mountain created by volcanism

A) may be high in elevation but is not accompanied by a regional increase in crustal thickness.

B) is always accompanied by a regional increase in crustal thickness.

C) is always low in elevation and therefore has no need for increase in crustal thickness.

D) cannot be a shield-type volcano.

36) The image shows Stone Mountain in Georgia, a feature made of granite that was uncovered by erosion that removed the overlying and flanking softer rocks. What is the best name for this feature?

A) an erosional remnant

B) a mesa

C) a thrust fault

D) an anticline

37) A mountain or hill that remains when adjacent areas have eroded to lower levels is a(n)

A) erosional remnant.

B) anticline.

C) syncline.

D) thrust fault.

38) What type of basin is shown in this figure?

A) passive margin

B) normal-fault basin

C) foreland basin

D) basin along a strike-slip fault

39) A continental shelf along a passive margin is below sea level because

A) it is underlain by oceanic crust.

B) it was a mountain that was eroded away.

C) the crust has been thinned by normal faulting.

D) the weight of the continental crust pushes it down.

40) Why is there a basin associated with some thrust faults?

A) Thrust faults thin the crust and cause subsidence.

B) Thrust faults form passive margins.

C) Thrust sheets depress the crust in front of the thrust.

D) Thrust sheets form a continent rift.

41) Which of the following is NOT a tectonic setting in which a basin can form?

A) passive margin

B) in front of a fold and thrust belt

C) along a strike-slip fault

D) at high elevations

E) Basins can form in all these settings.

42) Which part of the United States has present-day basins or basins preserved in its older rocks?

A) Basin and Range province of the western U.S.

B) Gulf Coast region of the southern U.S.

C) Appalachian Mountains

D) center of the continent, such as Michigan

E) All of these choices are correct.

43) Basins may form

A) as a result of normal faulting.

B) on both oceanic and continental plates.

C) along plate margins.

D) All of these choices are correct.

44) The largest type of basin forms as a continental margin that is not a plate boundary. This is called a(n)

A) passive margin.

B) active margin.

C) boundary margin.

D) forearc basin.

45) The Michigan Basin is pictured in the images (yellow and green are the youngest layers). What may be said of this basin?

A) Rock layers form a bulls-eye pattern with the youngest rocks in the center, indicating the presence of the basin.

B) Layers are thicker in the center of the basin, indicating the basin was subsiding during deposition.

C) May have formed during an episode of continental rifting.

D) All of these may be said of the Michigan Basin.

46) Which of these numbered features is a fold and thrust belt?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

47) Which of these numbered features is a foreland basin?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

48) Which of these numbered features is an accretionary prism?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

49) What caused the site of the Catskill Delta in New York to become a basin?

A) rifting of the continent during the breakup of Pangaea

B) formation of a passive margin

C) a foreland basin formed by the weight of thrust sheets

D) down flexing of an oceanic plate during the start of subduction

50) Which of the following would cause uplift along an ocean-continent convergent margin?

A) thinning of the lithosphere above the subduction zone

B) addition of magmas into the crust from the subduction zone

C) formation of a fold and thrust belt

D) All of these choices are correct.

51) What is the main cause of uplift during a continental collision?

A) down flexing of one continent in front of thrust belts

B) addition of magmas from the subduction zone

C) an almost doubling of the thickness of continental crust

D) thinning of the lithosphere

52) Which of the following processes forms basins in an ocean-continent convergent boundary?

A) Flexing and bending of the continental plate as it goes down into the subduction zone.

B) Flexing of the continent by weight of the thrust sheets.

C) Thinning of the lithosphere above the subduction zone.

D) Thickening of the crust by magmas from the subduction zone.

53) What processes associated with mountain and basin formation may accompany ocean-continent convergence?

A) formation of an oceanic trench

B) creation of a fold and thrust belt

C) development of a foreland basin

D) thickening of the crust due to compression and the addition of volcanic rock

E) All of these choices are correct.

54) Subduction is not always accompanied by compression and thrust faulting in the overriding plate. This is especially true when

A) the overriding plate is either not moving toward the subducted slab relative to the asthenosphere, or it is moving away.

B) the overriding plate is moving toward the subducted slab relative to the asthenosphere.

C) no magma is created by the subduction process.

D) an accretionary prism has developed at the convergent plate boundary.

55) An accretionary prism is

A) a wedge-shaped zone of faults, folds, and metamorphosed rocks formed along the upper parts of a subduction zone as material is scraped off.

B) an active volcanic arc created by the subduction of one slab of ocean-crust-capped lithosphere beneath another.

C) a sedimentary basin formed between a mountain range and the continental interior.

D) a triangular-shaped sedimentary structure that allows light to pass through it and into lower areas of the crust.

56) A prism- or wedge-shaped, structurally complex zone of faults, folds, and mostly metamorphosed rocks that form along the upper parts of a subduction zone where sedimentary material and oceanic crust are scraped off the downgoing slab is called a(n)

A) accretionary prism.

B) subduction wedge.

C) foreland basin.

D) passive margin.

57) What will happen during movement on these normal faults?

A) The crust will thicken and the region will be uplifted.

B) The crust will thin and the region will be uplifted.

C) The fault blocks will rotate in the same direction, like books sliding on a shelf.

D) The blocks will be uplifted or downdropped with only minor rotation.

58) What will happen during movement on these normal faults?

A) The crust will thicken and the region will be uplifted.

B) The crust will thin and the region will be uplifted.

C) The fault blocks will rotate in the same direction, like books sliding on a shelf.

D) The blocks will be uplifted or downdropped with only minor rotation.

59) What happens during movement along rotating fault blocks?

A) The corner of a block that is rotated down becomes a basin.

B) The layers within the blocks rotate, but the blocks themselves do not.

C) The layers and blocks rotate, but the faults do not rotate.

D) The crust is thickened by the compression.

E) None of these choices are correct.

60) In the region shown in this figure, what is the most likely cause for a basin between the arc and continent?

A) It is a foreland basin.

B) It is an accretionary prism.

C) It formed by back-arc rifting and spreading.

D) It formed by strike-slip motion during a continental collision.

61) In what sites can extension occur near a subduction zone?

A) in front of the arc

B) within the arc

C) behind the arc

D) All of these choices are correct.

E) None of these choices are correct.

62) The basin shown in this figure was actively subsiding during the formation of which unit?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

63) What is the timing of the basin shown in this figure?

A) It was still forming during the eruption of volcanic unit A.

B) It began forming during deposition of unit E.

C) It began forming during deposition of unit D.

D) Both "it was still forming during the eruption of volcanic unit A" and "it began forming during deposition of unit E" are correct.

E) None of these choices are correct.

64) Which of the following happened to form the features in this region?

A) formation of a continental hot spot

B) continental rifting

C) seafloor spreading

D) volcanism that produced new land

E) All of these choices are correct.

65) Which feature is interpreted to be in the Yellowstone region (1)?

A) A continental collision

B) A meteorite impact

C) A continental hot spot

D) A foreland basin

66) On this map of the area around Yellowstone, which feature is interpreted to record the position of the hot spot over time?

A) 2, the Snake River Plain

B) 3, the Uinta Mountains

C) 4, the Bonneville Salt Flats

D) All of these choices are correct.

67) Which of the following is NOT interpreted to be related to a continental hot spot?

A) Afar region of east Africa

B) high elevations of Tibet

C) Yellowstone

D) Snake River Plain of Idaho

E) All of these are related to a continental hot spot.

68) What can occur during the evolution of a hot spot?

A) an initial period of subsidence as magmas rise from the mantle

B) formation of a fold and thrust belt

C) formation of rifts that radiate out from the hot spot

D) thickening of the crust beneath a passive margin

E) None of these choices are correct.

69) What can a continental hot spot lead to?

A) Formation of a curved continental outline along two rifts.

B) Localization of a river and delta along the failed arm of the rift.

C) A thick accumulation of basalts and other volcanic rocks.

D) A region that is high in elevation relative to adjacent parts of the continent.

E) All of these choices are correct.

70) Continental hot spots are typically marked by

A) high elevations.

B) abundant volcanism.

C) continental rifting.

D) All of these typically mark continental hot spots.

71) Two well-known regions of currently active continental hot spots are

A) Afar Region in East Africa, and Yellowstone National Park in North America.

B) Great Lakes in North America, and Great Dividing Range in Australia.

C) Andes Mountains in South America, and the Cascade Range in North America.

D) Antarctica and Greenland.

72) Hot spots have helped define the outlines of the continents by

A) shaping the boundaries along which continents separate, due to location of the rift arms.

B) "welding" continents together due to rising magma bodies and eruptions of lava.

C) melting the edges of continents away to form indentions along the coast.

73) Which numbered site is likely to have exposure of crystalline rocks?

A) 1, the continental shield

B) 2, the continental platform

C) 3, a basin in the continent

D) 4, a continental shelf

E) 5, a deep sediment-filled basin next to the continent

74) Which numbered site is likely to have a thin sequence of sediments over crystalline rocks of the basement?

A) 1, The continental shield

B) 2, The continental platform

C) 3, A basin in the continent

D) 4, A continental shelf

E) 5, A deep sediment-filled basin next to the continent

75) Which of the following is a valid description of features within continental interiors?

A) the central region of a continent is called a shield and is a broad, basaltic volcano with gentle slopes

B) the continental platform has nearly horizontal sedimentary rocks deposited on crystalline basement

C) the oldest exposed rocks in a continent are usually along the coastline

D) broad domes and basins in continental interiors have nearly vertical beds around their flanks

E) All of these choices are correct.

76) What regional effects influence continental interiors?

A) Rises and falls in sea level related to changes in global climate.

B) Stresses transmitted from distant plate boundaries and mountain belts.

C) Preexisting fault that can be activated by stresses, causing faulting and folding.

D) All of these choices are correct.

77) How did the Ural Mountains within the middle of the Eurasian plate form?

A) Stresses from a distant plate boundary reactivated ancient faults.

B) The continent is beginning to break apart along a line of hot spots.

C) The area is presently a plate boundary.

D) Two continents collided, trapping the mountain within the new, larger continent.

78) The Ural Mountains in central Russia are a mountain range in the middle of a continent. How did this happen?

A) Europe collided with Siberia 200–300 million years ago, forming a range in the center of the new continent as the landmasses joined.

B) A hot spot developed beneath central Russia 250 million years ago and subsequent volcanism created a mountain range.

C) Subduction along the eastern coast of Russia has created a volcanic range near the center of Eurasia.

79) For a terrane to become attached to a continent, it typically

A) enters a subduction zone, where it is scraped off the subducting plate and added to the continent.

B) floats across the ocean until it becomes lodged against the coast of a continent.

C) is welded to the continent through volcanic activity.

D) must result from the development of a hot spot and continental rifting.

80) The process of adding a terrane to another landmass is called

A) accretion.

B) rifting.

C) subsidence.

D) back-arc spreading.

81) Which feature on this figure formed during the time when these two terranes joined?

A) sediment with fossils (F)

B) the overlapping sedimentary unit (O)

C) the pluton (P)

D) the shear zone and fault (S)

E) All of these choices are correct.

82) Which feature on this figure formed entirely before joining of these two terranes?

A) sediment with fossils (F)

B) the overlapping sedimentary unit (O)

C) the pluton (P)

D) the shear zone and fault (S)

E) None of these choices are correct.

83) Which feature on this figure formed after the two terranes were already joined?

A) sediment with fossils (F)

B) the overlapping sedimentary unit (O)

C) the pluton (P)

D) All of these choices are correct.

84) Which of the following is NOT a common setting in which a terrane originally forms?

A) oceanic plateau

B) island arc

C) oceanic crust

D) linear island chain

E) All of these are common settings for a terrane.

85) Which of the following is a characteristic of a terrane?

A) The boundaries of a terrane are generally major faults or shear zones.

B) A terrane has the same sequence of rocks as adjacent areas.

C) To be a terrane, the rocks must form in a deep marine environment.

D) The layers and fossils in a terrane can be matched with those in adjacent areas.

E) None of these choices are correct.

86) Which of the following does NOT indicate that two terranes were already in contact by a certain time?

A) A sedimentary or volcanic unit of that age overlaps their mutual boundary.

B) An intrusion invades both terranes or crosscuts their boundary.

C) Rock on both side shared the same deformation or metamorphic event.

D) The two terranes have fossils of the same age that originated in different environments.

87) A fault-bounded body of rock that has a different geologic history than adjacent regions is called a

A) tectonic terrane.

B) horst and graben.

C) forearc basin.

D) continental shield.

88) Numerous terranes exist in Alaska. One of these is the Wrangellia terrane. Why is the Wrangellia terrane considered part of the same terrane as that from pieces scattered from western Idaho northward to Alaska?

A) The terranes have similar ages and sequences of rocks.

B) The terranes are joined by a single fault line.

C) The terranes are of distinctly different rock types from each other.

D) The terranes were formed during increasingly older times as they progress northwest.

89) Which numbered area on this geologic map of North America consists of recently added tectonic terranes?

A) 1, southern Alaska

B) 2, continental platform of west-central Canada

C) 3, continental shield of eastern Canada

D) 4, coastal plain along the Gulf Coast of the U.S.

90) Which numbered area on this geologic map of North America would contain the oldest rocks exposed at the surface?

A) 1, southern Alaska

B) 2, continental platform of west-central Canada

C) 3, continental shield of eastern Canada

D) 4, coastal plain along the Gulf Coast of the U.S.

91) What is the main reason why the age of oldest rocks can vary from one part of a continent to another?

A) Older rocks are commonly remelted over huge regions.

B) Older rocks have been uplifted and eroded away.

C) Large parts of the continent are subducted deep within the mantle.

D) Parts of the continent have been added by the accretion of tectonic terranes.

92) What part of North America contains the oldest exposed rocks?

A) the Appalachian Mountains

B) western North America

C) Alaska and western Canada

D) the Canadian Shield

E) the east coast of Canada and nearby parts of the U.S.

93) Which of the following is NOT a type of terrane in California?

A) oceanic crust

B) island arcs

C) accretionary prism

D) displaced granitic rocks

E) All of these are present in California.

94) Which parts of North America have NOT been added to the continent since the Precambrian?

A) some parts of the Appalachian Mountains

B) rocks along the West Coast

C) Alaska and western Canada

D) Canadian Shield

E) All of these choices are correct.

95) Why are different parts of a continent often different ages?

A) Different ages of terranes may be accreted onto continents, and newer-aged sedimentary rocks or volcanic rocks are deposited on top of older rocks.

B) Different ages only mean that different radiometric isotopes have been used to date the different parts; rocks on one continent are the same age.

C) Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks were all created at different times, so these different types of rock yield the different ages.

96) Which interpretation of the image is correct?

A) Different parts of the continents are of different ages.

B) Each continent was formed during one specific time period.

C) Individual continents are formed of only one age of rock.

D) The continents have different types of rocks exposed, but are all of the same age.

97) Where was North America 150 million years ago?

A) next to Antarctica

B) next to Australia

C) over the south pole

D) closer to Africa and South America

E) None of these choices are correct.

98) Where was India located during most of the Mesozoic?

A) the Southern Hemisphere

B) connected with Africa and Antarctic

C) part of the supercontinent of Gondwana

D) All of these choices are correct.

E) None of these choices are correct.

99) Which of the following is NOT the name of a supercontinent?

A) Gondwana

B) Laurasia

C) Pangaea

D) Rodinia

E) Tethys

100) Which of the following is used to match continents or track positions of the continents in the past?

A) reconstructions of seafloor spreading

B) rock types and structures

C) magnetism stored in rocks

D) All of these choices are correct.

101) What geologic events are expressed in this cross section showing the interpreted geologic setting of the eastern U.S. during middle Paleozoic time?

A) the collision of an island arc with eastern North America

B) the collision of a microcontinent with eastern North America

C) a foreland basin

D) a future continental collision

E) All of these choices are correct.

102) According to the cross sections in the textbook, which of the following tectonic settings did not happen during the Paleozoic evolution of northern Appalachian Mountains?

A) continental rifting

B) passive margin

C) subduction beneath an offshore island arc

D) continental collision

E) All of these occurred at one time or another.

103) How many times has rifting occurred along eastern North America since 600 million years ago?

A) once in the Mesozoic

B) once near the start of the Paleozoic

C) twice, once in the Mesozoic and once near the start of the Paleozoic

D) four times

104) Which of the following resulted in an orogeny in eastern North America?

A) collision with an island arc

B) collision with a land mass called Avalonia

C) continental collision

D) All of these choices are correct.

105) The formation of mountains or the time period during which tectonic activity causes deformation and forms mountains is called a(n)

A) orogeny.

B) tectonism.

C) hot spot.

D) terrane.

106) An orogeny is

A) the formation of mountains or the time period during which tectonic activity causes deformation and forms mountains.

B) the subsidence of a continent under the weight of continental glaciation during an ice age.

C) a cycle of erosion and deposition during which large areas of horizontal sedimentary rock are created.

D) a unit of geologic time which is longer than an epoch, but shorter than a period.

107) Which of the following may be said about the geologic history of east and southeast North America?

A) Rifting occurred to separate North America from Rodinia around 600 Ma.

B) Convergence and collisions occurred between about 500 Ma to 220 Ma, causing the Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghenian orogenies.

C) Rifting once again occurred around 200 Ma and created the Atlantic Ocean; North America underwent a cycle of rifting, collisions, and rifting.

D) All of these choices are correct.

108) What geologic setting is expressed by the formation of the Sierra Nevada and adjacent features?

A) a continental collision east of (to the right of) the Sierra Nevada

B) an ocean-continent convergent zone

C) a continental rifting event east of (to the right of) the Sierra Nevada

D) continental rifting west (to the left of) of the Sierra Nevada

109) What geologic events are expressed in this cross section of the western U.S. in late Paleozoic – early Mesozoic time?

A) an old episode of continental rifting that lead to a passive margin

B) collision of an island arc with western North America

C) oceanic crust and sediment that was thrust onto North America

D) a basin formed by the weight of thrust sheets

E) All of these choices are correct.

110) What was the main tectonic setting of the western U.S. in early Paleozoic time?

A) continental collision

B) transform fault

C) passive margin

D) the interior of a supercontinent

111) What events occurred in the western U.S. during middle and late Paleozoic time?

A) collisions with island arcs

B) thrust faults

C) formation of mountains called the Ancestral Rockies

D) All of these choices are correct.

112) During what time did the western U.S. experience a large amount of crustal extension?

A) Middle Paleozoic

B) Early Mesozoic

C) Late Mesozoic

D) Middle and late Cenozoic

113) In what tectonic setting was the Sierra Nevada formed?

A) melting along a transform fault

B) continental rifting

C) a continental collision

D) subduction beneath the continent

E) All of these choices are correct.

114) What tectonic event in the western U.S. caused magmatism and deformation to move farther into the continent during the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic Laramide Orogeny?

A) The continent overran a hot spot.

B) The continent overran the East Pacific Rise.

C) Continental extension stretched the continent to twice its original width.

D) An oceanic plate subducted at a low angle beneath the continent.

115) What would probably happen to the small piece of continent that was offshore (in the middle of the ocean)?

A) It will be rifted in two, forming a new ocean basin.

B) It will be carried farther out to sea by seafloor spreading.

C) It will be carried toward and collide with the continent.

D) There was no small piece of continent offshore in the ocean.

116) What features are predicted to form near the western coast of the continent?

A) magmatic belt from subduction

B) hot spot

C) passive margin

117) How will future tectonic events change the thickness of the crust?

A) They will thin the crust along the west coast and the east coast.

B) They will thin the crust along the west coast and thicken the crust along the east coast.

C) They will thicken the crust along the west coast and thin the crust along the east coast.

D) They will thicken the crust along both the west and east coast.

118) On the image below, what feature(s) will be present in the future at site A?

A) passive margin

B) trench and accretionary prism

C) volcanic mountain belt and nearby fold and thrust belt

119) On the image below, what feature(s) will be present in the future at site B?

A) passive margin

B) trench and accretionary prism

C) volcanic mountain belt

120) On the image below, what feature(s) will be present in the future at site D?

A) passive margin

B) trench and accretionary prism

C) volcanic mountain belt and nearby fold and thrust belt

121) Which statement best describes how region 1 will look in the future?

A) higher in elevation because magma generated along a subduction zone will rise into and thicken the crust

B) a deep basin that is underlain by oceanic crust and a thin sediment cover

C) above sea level as this area becomes rifted apart

122) Which statement best describes how region 2 will look in the future?

A) close to sea level because divergence between the two plates will thin the continental crust, forming a passive margin

B) added to the edge of a continent, forming a tectonic terrane

C) a deep basin that is underlain by oceanic crust and a thin sediment cover

123) Which statement best describes how region 3 will look in the future?

A) lower in elevation as thrusting thickens the crust

B) higher in elevation because magma generated along a subduction zone will rise into and thicken the crust

C) below or close to sea level as this area becomes part of an accretionary prism

124) Which statement best describes how region 4 will look in the future?

A) lower in elevation because the weight of nearby thrust sheets will cause this part of the continent to flex downward, forming a basin

B) higher in elevation because magma generated along a subduction zone will rise into and thicken the crust

C) close to sea level because the region's crust will be thinned by thrust faulting

125) Which statement best describes how region 5 will look in the future?

A) higher in elevation because magma generated along a subduction zone will rise into and thicken the crust

B) close to sea level because it will be underlain by a combination of oceanic crust and thin continental crust

C) below sea level as this area becomes part of an accretionary prism