Chapter 10 Race, Ethnicity, and Racism Test Bank

CHAPTER 10 Race, Ethnicity, and Racism

CONCEPT MAP

1. What Are Race and Ethnicity?
   1. Race
   2. Ethnicity
   3. Minority Groups
2. Why Do Racial and Ethnic Antagonism Exist?
   1. Psychological Theories
      1. Prejudice and Discrimination
      2. The Authoritarian Personality
   2. Sociological Interpretations
      1. Ethnocentrism, Group Closure, and Resource Allocation
   3. Ethnic Antagonism: A Historical Perspective
      1. Forms of Ethnic Conflict
   4. Models of Ethnic Integration
3. How Does Racism Operate in American Society Today?
   1. Institutional Racism
   2. Interpersonal Racism
      1. Overt Racism: Racism with Racists
      2. Color-Blind Racism: Racism without Racists
4. What Are the Origins and Nature of Ethnic Diversity in the United States?
   1. Early Colonization
   2. Immigrant America in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
   3. Blacks in the United States
      1. Internal Migration from South to North
   4. Hispanics and Latinos in the United States
      1. Mexican Americans
      2. Puerto Ricans
      3. Cubans
   5. The Asian Connection
5. How Do Race and Ethnicity Affect the Life Chances of Different Groups?
   1. Educational Attainment
   2. Employment and Income
   3. Health
   4. Residential Segregation
   5. Political Power
   6. Gender and Race
   7. Divergent Fortunes
      1. The Economic Divide within the African American Community
      2. The Asian Success Story
      3. Latinos: The Debate about Mexican Americans
6. How Do Sociologists Explain Racial Inequality?
   1. IQ-Based Explanations
   2. Cultural Explanations
   3. Economic Explanations
   4. Racial Discrimination-Based Explanations

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In 2013, ______ of Americans eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds supported interracial marriage.

2. Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries?

3. ______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry.

4. Which of the following minority groups is the largest?

5. Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race?

6. ______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real) and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts.

7. Ethan is a white man who has Scottish ancestry and wore a kilt to his wedding. In most aspects of his life, however, being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life. This example illustrates that

8. A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as

9. Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true?

10. Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as

11. Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans. He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. Steve’s attitude is an example of

12. Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. Denying Francisco a raise is an example of

13. Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has “no cultural flavor” in her application. This shows that

14. Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, such as believing that all French people like to wear striped shirts, is best described as

15. Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called

16. Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. Immigrants in this example can be considered a

17. A white man places a rental property he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. What is this scenario an example of?

18. A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. What term would be used to characterize her argument?

19. Which statement about Theodor Adorno’s research would Adorno most agree with?

20. The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what?

21. In 1735, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus published a modern classification scheme of human populations. Linnaeus assumed that each subgroup

22. For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism?

23. Chul Soo is Korean and currently lives in Seoul. He wants to move to Canada and become a permanent citizen. This is an example of

24. Between 1915 and 1923, more than a million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish government. This is an example of

25. In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. This is an example of

26. Assimilation is when

27. ______ is the model of ethnic integration that exists in Switzerland.

28. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on assimilation is a survey?

29. Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped), but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers. This difference is an example of

30. When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer’s visual assessment rather than radar or laser. This is an example of

31. Which statement best characterizes the textbook's assessment of the Trump presidency?

32. Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that

33. What is a characteristic of white privilege?

34. When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they

35. A white person tells an Asian American person that they “speak good English.” This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements?

36. More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from

37. Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from

38. As a result of successive potato famines that produced widespread starvation, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ______ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ______ areas.

39. More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from

40. What were the “black codes”?

41. Industrial development in the North of the United States, combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South, produced a progressive movement of _______ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century.

42. Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-Saxons, yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups?

43. Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest?

44. During which period were Mexican workers admitted without much restriction?

45. Of the choices listed, which is a commonwealth of the United States?

46. Unlike other Latino immigrants, these immigrants were mainly educated people from white-collar and professional backgrounds.

47. During World War II, _______ were made to report to “relocation centers,” which were effectively concentration camps.

48. Which of the following was a consequence of the U.S. policy of forcing Japanese families into “relocation centers” during World War II?

49. Are Hispanics white or nonwhite?

50. According to the U.S. Census, are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white?

51. Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate?

52. Which group of Americans has the highest median household income?

53. Which group of Americans has the lowest median household income?

54. Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension?

55. In understanding the racial disparity in maternal health care between Black and white women, what factor is most directly associated with the cumulative effects of institutional and everyday racial discrimination that Black women face?

56. According to the textbook, what can we conclude about the patterns of segregation in the United States?

57. Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954—the year of the ______ decision.

58. In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that _______ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people.

59. In 2017, among full-time workers, which group has the lowest weekly earnings?

60. In 2016, what percent of families headed by Latina women lived in poverty?

61. Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives.

62. Those who view the Mexican American population as stagnating argue that Mexicans are going through a process called

63. Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated, high-poverty communities in which institutions, such as schools, have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students; this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race. This process of categorization is known as

64. Which factor is LEAST likely to explain IQ differences between Blacks and whites?

65. Who would MOST likely believe that strengthening the Black family is the solution to racial inequality?

66. Who argued that by the 1980s the economic conditions of Blacks had become central to their life chances?

67. William Julius Wilson has argued that for the United States to bridge the Black–white gap in inequality, the federal government would need to

68. Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race?

1. Over the history of the census, how have racial categories changed? Provide examples. What does this suggest about the socially constructed nature of race? Your answer should be three to five sentences in length.

2. What is a minority group and what are the key characteristics that define a minority group in the field of social science? Why might the term minority cause confusion? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

3. What is group closure? Using an example from history or current times, describe how group closure is used to maintain racial inequality. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

4. In a short paragraph, please explain the four models of ethnic integration mentioned in your textbook: assimilation, melting pot, pluralism, and multiculturalism. What model (or models) characterize ethnic integration in the United States, past and present?

5. Your textbook notes that racial discrimination can occur at the individual behavioral level but also at the institutional/societal level. One context in which both forms of racial discrimination might occur is in hiring for employment. Consider a scenario in which two job candidates are being considered for a position and the racial and/or ethnic identity of each candidate is known. Construct a hypothetical scenario in which racism is occurring at the individual level and at the institutional level (institutional racism), giving specific examples of each type of racism. Explain how each example of racism illustrates either individual or institutional racism. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

6. In a couple of sentences, please define institutional racism and explain how it differs from racial discrimination at the individual level. Give examples of each (individual and institutional racism), specifying how your examples illustrate the difference between individual-level and institutional racism.

7. Using examples, compare overt racism with colorblind racism. Which do you think is more prevalent today? Which do you think is more damaging? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

8. According to the textbook, Cuban Americans are relatively more successful than Mexican Americans. How can this difference be explained sociologically? Please answer in a few sentences.

9. Discuss Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton’s perspective on racial and ethnic inequality in the United States. What is your assessment of their explanation for the persistence of racial inequality? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.