Chapter 1 Test Bank Docx Nervous System Organization

Ch1 TestBank

R. Luke Daniels, PhD

Question 1.

Section 1.1

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

1. Early theories about the brain’s function stated that

a) the brain moves the body through hydraulic pumping of fluid throughout the body

b) the brain is involved in cooling the blood

c) behavioral problems arise when the brain is too dry

d) all of the above

Question 2.

Section 1.1

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

2. Evolution

a) selects for traits that are advantageous to a species

b) can only act on traits that are heritable

c) produces species that function well within their ecological niche

d) all of the above

Question 3.

Section 1.1

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

3. Why is it that a specific feature of an organism (such as an eye) may be well-suited to its environment but not an “optimal” adaptation?

a) Evolution is constrained by the traits passed along by previous generations

b) Evolution can only act on the parts of an organism that come into direct contact with the environment

c) Evolution is not capable of producing structures that have clear design principles

d) all of the above

Question 4

Section 1.1

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

4. The field of study that is concerned with the study of the function of the nervous system is

a) anatomy

b) molecular biology

c) physiology

d) all of the above

Question 5

Section 1.1

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

5. An experiment that examines the speed of neural activity would most accurate described as an experiment in __________________.

a) neuroanatomy

b) molecular biology

c) physiology

d) all of the above

Question 6.

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Matching.

6. State whether the structure is found in the Central Nervous Sysetm (CNS) or Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) by writing either PNS or CNS on each line.

________________ retina

________________ autonomic ganglia

________________ brain

________________ spinal cord

________________ enteric nervous system

______CNS__________ retina

______PNS__________ autonomic ganglia

______CNS__________ brain

______CNS__________ spinal cord

______PNS__________ enteric nervous system

Question 7

Section 1.1

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

7. Which structure is not considered part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

a) autonomic ganglia

b) enteric ganglia

c) spinal cord

d) all of the above

Question 8

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Short Answer

8. Propose an explanation for why evolution has produced centrally organized nervous systems in vertebrate animals, but decentralized nervous systems such as are often found in invertebrates.

Question 9

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

9. Which of the following is a true statement?

a) gray matter contains the parts of a neuron that connect them with other neurons

b) A fiber tract is a single nerve fiber running from one neuron to another

c) white matter is mostly composed of myelin, a fatty substance that insulates neuronal connections

d) all of the above

Question 10

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

10. The disease multiple sclerosis leads to the destruction of myelin. Which would you predict might happen?

a) Communication between neurons would be disrupted

b) More white matter would be present

c) Gray matter would disappear

d) All of the above

Question 11

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Short Answer

11. In science the word “nucleus” can take on several meanings. Describe different uses of the word nucleus in the structure of atoms, cells, and brain regions. State which of these is the largest in terms of size.

Question 12

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

12. Brain nuclei are

a) clusters of neurons that have similar properties (shape and function)

b) clusters of neurons with diverse shapes and functions

c) often named for structural features of their neurons or for their position

d) all of the above

Question 13

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

13. Which term indicates a position that is towards an animals tail?

a) dorsal

b) ventral

c) rostral

d) caudal

e) none of the above

Question 14

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Fill in the blank

14. Fill in the blank with one of the following words: rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral, inferior, superior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral.

An elephant’s ears are ___________________ to its brain.

Question 15

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Fill in the blank

15. Fill in the blank with one of the following words: rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral, inferior, superior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral.

A hat is worn on the ____________________ surface of the head.

Question 16

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Fill in the blank

16. Fill in the blank with one of the following words: coronal, saggital, horizontal.

To see the entire medial surface of the brain, a _________________ section is needed.

Question 17

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Fill in the blank

17. Fill in the blank with one of the following words: ipsilateral, contralateral.

A fiber tract that connects the lateral surfaces of the brain would connect _________________ regions.

Question 18

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

18. Which of the following structures arises from the midbrain during development?

a) tegmentum

b) hippocampus

c) cerebellum

d) amygdala

Question 19

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

19. Which of the following structures does NOT arise from the forebrain during development?

a) cerebellum

b) hippocampus

c) retina

d) amygdala

Question 20

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Multiple Choice

20. What might contribute to the different visual appearances of different regions of the brain?

a) The regions may differ in neuron number

b) The regions may differ in neuron distribution

c) The regions may differ in the amount of myelin

d) all of the above

Question 21

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

21. Which of the following describes a significant difference in brain architecture between the cerebral cortex and other brain structures?

a) The cerebral cortex is smooth, whereas most other structures contain many folds

b) Cortical neurons are arranged in a series of layers rather than the nuclei found in other structures

c) The cortex is located on the ventral side of the brain, whereas most structures are dorsal

d) all of the above

Question 22

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

22. The cortical laminae

a) differs in thickness depending on the location

b) is composed of cell bodies and is therefore gray matter

c) is composed of between 2-6 layers of neurons

d) all of the above

Question 23

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Matching

23. Refer to figures 1.9 and 1.14, which illustrate the major lobes of the brain. Give the lobe of the brain that is most associated with each function, using one of the following words in each blank: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

________________ somatosensation (sense of touch)

________________ motor control (movement)

________________ vision

________________ audition (hearing)

___parietal lobe_____________ somatosensation (sense of touch)

___frontal lobe_____________ motor control (movement)

___occipital lobe_____________ vision

___temporal lobe_____________ audition (hearing)

Question 24

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

24. Neurons contain two types of processes: axons and dendrites. What is the major difference between the two?

a) Dendrites are long while axons are shorter and branching.

b) Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons while axons carry the output of the neurons.

c) A cell body gives rise to a single dendrite and multiple axons.

d) Dendrites travel long distances while axons are generally much shorter.

e) all of the above

Question 25

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Fill in the blank

25. Fill in the blank with words from section 1.2 that complete this sentence.

Neurons are cells in the brain that use chemical and electrical signals to communicate. An electrical signal known as an ________________________ travels along the __________________________ of a neuron. The signal is then communicated to the next cell via chemical _________________________ which cross the _______________________ and are detected by molecular receptors on dendrites.

Question 26

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

26. What is NOT true of glial cells?

a) They electrically insulate neurons.

b) They engulf cellular debris.

c) They control blood flow to neurons.

d) They send electrical signals via action potentials.

Question 27

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

27. In an experiment, you identify a group of cells that appear to be engulfing cellular debris. This cell is most likely which type of glial cell?

a) schwann cell

b) astrocyte

c) oligodendrocyte

d) microglia

Question 28

Section 1.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Matching

28. Match each type of glial cell with one of their functions by using the words on each line: microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells.

________________ myelination in the PNS

________________ regulation of blood flow and recycling neurotransmitters

________________ myelination in the CNS

________________ cleanup of cellular debris

___schwann cells_____________ myelination in the PNS

___astrocytes_____________ regulation of blood flow and recycling neurotransmitters

___oligodendrocytes_____________ myelination in the CNS

___microglia_____________ cleanup of cellular debris

Question 29

Section 1.3

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

29. The retina receives visual stimulation and the retinal neurons then send projections to various brain regions for further processing. This example illustrates the general principle known as

a) Convergence

b) Divergence

c) Feedback loops

d) None of the above

Question 30

Section 1.3

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

30. The brain’s connections are complex. Which of the following is true of the organizing principles that describe pathways that connect different brain regions?

a) Convergence describes connections from a single region to multiple different regions

b) Divergence describes connections from multiple regions to a single region

c) Feedback loops describe connections that send information “backward” to where it originated

d) All of the above

Question 31

Section 1.3

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

31. In many organisms, the superior colliculus is involved in determining the location of objects. Multiple pathways carry information from visual and auditory areas to the superior colliculus. This example illustrates the general principle known as

a) Convergence

b) Divergence

c) Feedback loops

d) None of the above

Question 32

Section 1.3

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

32. In an experiment, you find that a neural pathway seems to involve many neuronal projections in both directions. This might be evidence of

a) Convergence

b) Divergence

c) Feedback loops

d) None of the above

Question 33

Section 1.3

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Short Answer

33. Read the description given of positive and negative feedback loops. Propose a brain system or task that would use feedback loops to function correctly.

Question 34

Section 1.4

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Matching

34. Match the idea with the scientist using one of the following names on each line: Darwin, Aristotle, Hippocrates, Descartes, Sherrington, Ramon y Cajal, Meynart & James.

________________ electrical signals underlie brain activity and muscle movement

________________ brain is involved in cooling the body

________________ brain is a hydraulic pump

________________ organisms pass on beneficial adaptations to offspring

________________ techniques to visualize neurons

________________ experiences modify brain connectivity and function

________________ brain is the organ of consciousness

__Sherington______________ electrical signals underlie brain activity and muscle movement

__Aristotle______________ brain is involved in cooling the body

__Descartes______________ brain is a hydraulic pump

__Darwin______________ organisms pass on beneficial adaptations to offspring

__Ramon y Cajal______________ techniques to visualize neurons

__Meynart & James______________ experiences modify brain connectivity and function

__Hippocrates______________ brain is the organ of consciousness

Question 35

Section 1.4

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

35. Selectively modifying the activity of neurons can be achieved by

a) activating neurons by introducing light-sensing ion channels that normally wouldn’t be present

b) causing expression of receptors that respond to normally inert compounds

c) inactivating neurons by introducing light-sensing ion channels that normally woudn’t be present

d) all of the above

Question 36

Section 1.4

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Multiple Choice

36. Refer to figure b1.3 that illustrates optogenetic stimulation of feeding. Predict how the graph might differ if halorhodopsin was introduced into these neurons rather than channelrhodopsin?

a) The graph would not likely be the same

b) The red line would drop, rather than rise, during the period of blue light stimulation

c) The red line would increase even more during the period of blue light stimulation

d) The blue line would increase during the course of the experiment and overlap the red line

Question 37

Section 1.4

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

37. A central pattern generator is best described as

a) a region of the visual system that recognizes specific patterns and relays this information to other brain areas

b) a region of the brain that initiates activity ONLY in response to sensory stimuli

c) a region of the brain that has an intrinsic ability to initiate responses

d) all of the above

Question 38

Section 1.4

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

38. Which of the following statements best describes brain organization as it relates to learning and memory?

a) Since neurons in the brain connect with nearly every other neuron it is not surprising that the process of learning & memory formation occurs only in one or two specific locations.

b) Although neurons have many connection, the process of learning & memory formation occurs only in one or two specific locations.

c) Neurons have many connections, and the process of learning and memory formation occurs in many brain regions.

d) Since neurons generally form a connection with one other neuron, the process of learning and memory formation occurs nearly everywhere throughout the brain.

Question 39

Section 1.4

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

39. Choose the structure that is NOT involved in learning and memory.

a) striatum

b) amygdala

c) cerebellum

d) hippocampus

e) all of the above structures are involved in learning and memory

Question 40

Section 1.5

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

40. Which scientist is most associated with the now-discredited field of phrenology?

a) Descartes

b) Gall

c) Sherrington

d) Ramon y Cajal

e) all of the above

Question 41

Section 1.5

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Fill in the blank

41. The field of study this is concerned with understanding the behavior of animals as a way to understand the brain is ____________________.

Question 42

Section 1.5

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

42. Phrenology is the now-discredited idea that

a) holes drilled into the head will release evil spirits

b) humidified air will bring improved brain function

c) the shape of the skull can be used to predict mental abilities

d) none of the above

Question 43

Section 1.5

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

43. Though phrenology is now a discredited idea, in that the shape of the skull has little to no bearing on an individual’s mental abilities, what underlying idea remains at least partially correct?

a) specific regions of the brain are involved in certain functions

b) the shape of the skull can predict neuroanatomical features of the brain

c) no specialization occurs among different brain regions

d) all of the above

Question 44

Section 1.5

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

44. Using a reverse engineering approach to understand how brain functions are interrelated is known as _______________________.

Question 45

Section 1.5

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

45. Neuroethologists study behaviors that allow animals to succeed in their natural environment. Which of these is NOT a good example of such a behavior?

a) eating

b) drinking

c) reproductive behaviors

d) danger avoidance

e) coloration

Question 46

Section 1.5

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Multiple Choice

46. Can you think of an animal behavior that would not be evolutionarily beneficial? Describe and explain.

Question 47

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

47. Similar genes in two different species are sometimes called ______________.

Question 48

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

48. What would you predict might be true regarding humans and mice?

a) The overall brain structure would be similar

b) Many genes are similar in both species

c) Considerable differences may exist regarding brain nuclei

d) all of the above

Question 49

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

49. Which two organisms would you predict would have a more closely related brain?

a) mice and frogs

b) frogs and fish

c) whales and cows

d) birds and bats

Question 50

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

50. What traits might be more important than brain size in determining the mental abilities of an animal?

a) ratio of brain size to animal size

b) amount of folding (increased brain surface area)

c) dedication of brain regions to a specific function

d) all of the above

Question 51

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Short Answer

51. Does brain size seem to correlate with intelligence among different species of animals? Besides size, what other aspects of brain organization may be even more important?

Question 52

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

52. Even though there are significant differences in brain organization and function, why is it useful to perform experiments on animal brains?

a) homologous genes may direct brain function in a similar way

b) certain functions may be similar, even though not all functions are similar

c) structurally the brains may be organized in similar ways even though differences exist at smaller scales

d) all of the above

Question 53

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

53. Circle the correct answer. Evolutionary change might be expected to lead most substantially to differences in the (upper/lower) levels of biological organization.

Question 54.

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Short Answer

54. Briefly describe three historical (incorrect) ideas about the function of the brain. Can you think of any modern day “myths” about the brain and its function?

Question 55.

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Short Answer

55. It is hypothesized that a certain hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for water-seeking behaviors. Propose two methods of performing an experiment that would support your hypothesis.

Question 56

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Multiple Choice

56. The following statement is incorrect: “The brain is composed of many independent regions. Each of these regions has a specific function.” How might it be corrected below?

a) The brain is composed of distinct regions. Though these regions may be associated with a specific function, many functions are widely distributed across brain areas.

b) The brain is composed of distinct regions. Few if any of these regions are associated with a specific function, but rather brain functions are widely distributed across many brain areas.

c) The brain is largely homogenous, with nuclei spread relatively evenly throughout. Brain functions are served by nuclei in specific areas of the brain.

d) The brain is largely homogenous, with nuclei spread relatively evenly throughout. Few if any regions are associated with a specific function.

Question 57.

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Short Answer

57. It is hypothesized that a certain hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for water-seeking behaviors. Propose two methods of performing an experiment that would support your hypothesis.

Question 58

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Multiple Choice

58. Brain organization is hierarchical, containing many different levels of organized units. Which of the following is NOT an example of this hierarchical organization?

a) Central pattern generators that function autonomously, though with inputs that modify their activity

b) The brain is organized at the level of the cerebral cortex, nuclei, neuronal circuits and genetic circuits.

c) The brain contains many examples of convergent pathways, where multiple areas of the brain send signals to a single location.

d) none of the above are examples of hierarchical organization

Question 59

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Short Answer

59. In some ways, a computer is a good analogy for the brain. However it is not perfect. Discuss 3 ways where the analogy breaks down and the brain is unlike a computer.

Question 60

Section 1.6

Bloom’s Scale: SS

Short Answer

60. Imagine that you are interested in studying the biological basis of smell in the brain, and that you couldn’t use a mammal as an animal model system. What animal would you choose and why? Would you necessarily need an animal with a brain similar to ours? Why or why not?