Ch8 Test Bank Answers Federalism

CHAPTER 8

Federalism

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who said that "Federalism has all along been a product of reason in politics . . . it is an attempt to find a rational compromise between the divergent interest groups which history has thrown together; but it is a compromise based on the will of the people"?
   1. Joe Clark
   2. Brian Mulroney
   3. Jean Chrétien
   4. Stephen Harper
   5. Pierre Trudeau
2. Which country is a federal state?
   1. Germany
   2. United States
   3. Canada
   4. Austria
   5. All of the above
3. Federalism divides political authority along what lines?
   1. Territorial
   2. Political
   3. Religious
   4. Ethnic
   5. State
4. Which country is a unitary state?
   1. China
   2. France
   3. Japan
   4. Turkey
   5. All of the above
5. Which group of the fathers of Confederation favoured a unitary system?
   1. Americans
   2. Anglophones
   3. Catholics
   4. Francophones
   5. Acadians
6. What was/were the threat(s) leading to the Canadian choice of federalism?
   1. Economic insecurity
   2. Military insecurity
   3. Cultural insecurity
   4. Political instability
   5. All of the above
7. How did political scientist William S. Livingston describe federalism?
   1. As a function of societies
   2. As a function of politics
   3. As a function of provinces
   4. As a function of politicians
   5. As a function of governments
8. When were referenda on Quebec independence held?
   1. 1980 and 1995
   2. 1992 and 2004
   3. 1981 and 1992
   4. 1982 and 1997
   5. 1968 and 1976
9. What is outlined in sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867?
   1. Agriculture and immigration
   2. Powers of the Senate
   3. Taxation
   4. Education
   5. Federal and provincial division of powers
10. At the time of Confederation, what did the French-Canadian representatives want to protect?
    1. Quebec priests
    2. Their cultural community
    3. The farming industry
    4. Montreal
    5. The St. Lawrence River
11. Which country is routinely compared to Canada due to its challenges with multiple language communities?
    1. France
    2. United States
    3. Spain
    4. Belgium
    5. Australia
12. Who argued that conflict between the English Protestant and French Catholic communities had produced government instability and was one of the reasons behind the Confederation movement?
    1. John A. Macdonald
    2. George-Étienne Cartier
    3. Samuel Tilley
    4. George Brown
    5. Joseph Howe
13. Which province was Oliver Mowat, a leader in the movement for provincial rights, premier of?
    1. Ontario
    2. Nova Scotia
    3. British Columbia
    4. Quebec
    5. New Brunswick
14. At the time of Confederation, John A. Macdonald thought provincial governments would be little more than glorified what?
    1. Fiefdoms
    2. States
    3. Counties
    4. Territories
    5. Municipalities
15. In the Constitution Act, 1867, what level of government was given jurisdiction over customs and excise taxes?
    1. Provincial
    2. Local
    3. Regional
    4. Municipal
    5. Federal
16. What do Sections 55, 56, and 90 of the Constitution Act, 1867 give provincial lieutenant-governors the power to do?
    1. Reserve approval of legislation
    2. Disallow legislation
    3. Give provincial powers to the federal government
    4. Change the premier
    5. Both A and B
17. What was the last time that the federal government used reservation or disallowance powers in respect to provincial legislation?
    1. 1982
    2. 1961
    3. 1931
    4. 2014
    5. 1875
18. How many of the 193-member states of the United Nations have a federal system of government?
    1. About 50
    2. About 150
    3. About two dozen
    4. About 100
    5. None
19. What does "CHT" stand for?
    1. Canadian Harmonized Tax
    2. Canada Health Tax
    3. Canada Health Transfer
    4. Canadian Health Trade
    5. Canadian Health Trust
20. What does "CST" stand for?
    1. Canada Sales Tax
    2. Canadian Social Trade
    3. Canada Social Transfer
    4. Canadian Social Trust
    5. Canadian Social Tax
21. What does "POGG" stand for?
    1. Power, Organization, and Great Governance
    2. Peace, Order, and Good Government
    3. Power, Order, and Good Government
    4. Politics, Order, and Good Government
    5. Public, Organization, and Good Governance
22. What section of the Constitution Act, 1867 gave the federal parliament the power to regulate trade and commerce?
    1. 93
    2. 133
    3. 92
    4. 91
    5. 121
23. What section of the Constitution Act, 1982 "commits Ottawa to the principle of equalizing public finance levels in the provinces"?
    1. 33
    2. 92
    3. 36
    4. 91
    5. 93
24. What section of the Constitution Act, 1867 gave provincial legislatures jurisdiction over hospitals?
    1. 95
    2. 33
    3. 92
    4. 93
    5. 91
25. What section of the Constitution Act, 1867 gave provincial legislatures jurisdiction over education?
    1. 33
    2. 92
    3. 95
    4. 93
    5. 91
26. Over which policy area(s) did the Constitution Act, 1867 give provincial legislatures jurisdiction?
    1. Management and sale of public lands
    2. Municipal institutions
    3. Property and civil rights
    4. All of the above
    5. None of the above
27. Over which policy area(s) did the Constitution Act, 1867 give provincial legislatures jurisdiction?
    1. Navigation and shipping
    2. Foreign treaties
    3. Sea coast and inland fisheries
    4. All of the above
    5. None of the above
28. Which body ruled in 1896 that the "Peace, Order, and Good Government" clause could not be used by Ottawa to override the enumerated powers of the provinces?
    1. The Ontario Superior Court
    2. Canadian Parliament
    3. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
    4. The Supreme Court of Canada
    5. The Federal Court of Appeal
29. What type of ruling was said to have been articulated in Re Board of Commerce Act and Combines and Fair Prices Act 1919?
    1. Emergency doctrine
    2. Peace, order, and good government
    3. Enumerated
    4. Plain dealing
    5. Just doctrine
30. Who argued for constitutional protection for their French cultural community?
    1. George Brown
    2. Joseph Howe
    3. George-Étienne Cartier
    4. Samuel Tilley
    5. John A. Macdonald
31. When the proposal to create an independent Canada was discussed, what was the main subject of debate?
    1. The relationship between the residents of what would be Upper and Lower Canada
    2. The relationship between the new national and regional governments
    3. The relationship between the newly created Dominion of Canada and Great Britain
    4. Whether the British North America Acts or the Canada Act would be the supreme law of the land
    5. The influence of the monarch in government affairs
32. Which body found in 1970 that the "Peace, Order, and Good Government" clause could be used to justify federal laws during peacetime?
    1. The Federal Cabinet
    2. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
    3. The Department of Justice
    4. The Supreme Court of Canada
    5. The Federal Court of Appeal
33. Which area of provincial jurisdiction has affected the ability of the federal government to act on issues of trade and commerce?
    1. Education
    2. Property and civil rights
    3. Municipalities
    4. Hospitals
    5. Environment
34. What was the legacy of Citizens' Insurance Co. v. Parsons (1881)?
    1. More provincial power over education
    2. The power of the Supreme Court of Canada
    3. Less funding for shared-cost programs
    4. Private health care
    5. Limitation of Ottawa's authority to regulate trade and commerce to interprovincial trade, international trade, and general trade affecting the whole of Canada
35. What year did the Soviet Union federation fall apart?
    1. 1989
    2. 1779
    3. 1919
    4. 1889
    5. 2001
36. What piece of legislation was referred to the Supreme Court for an advisory opinion on its constitutionality in 2010?
    1. The National Securities Act
    2. The Economic Security Act
    3. The Canadian Securities Act
    4. The Clarity Act
    5. The Financial Crisis Act
37. What is the other major language group other than French in Belgium?
    1. Flemish
    2. Italian
    3. Spanish
    4. Mandarin
    5. English
38. What section of the Constitution Act, 1867 provided the federal government with the exclusive preserve to "[raise] Money by any Mode or System of Taxation"?
    1. 35
    2. 41
    3. 91
    4. 92
    5. 15
39. What section of the Constitution Act, 1867 provided the provincial government with the field of "Direct Taxation"?
    1. 91
    2. 92
    3. 41
    4. 35
    5. 15
40. Who said that "Canadian Confederation is the result of a contract between the two races in Canada, French and English"?
    1. Wilfrid Laurier
    2. Pierre Trudeau
    3. Henri Bourassa
    4. Jean Chrétien
    5. John A. Macdonald
41. What political party was created in 1968 under the leadership of René Lévesque?
    1. The Parti Québécois
    2. The New Democratic Party
    3. The Union Nationale
    4. The Liberal Party
    5. The Bloc Québécois
42. Which province rejected the Victoria Charter?
    1. Alberta
    2. Quebec
    3. New Brunswick
    4. Ontario
    5. British Columbia
43. With whom did Brian Mulroney disagree on the state of provincial powers?
    1. Lester Pearson
    2. John Diefenbaker
    3. Pierre Trudeau
    4. Joe Clark
    5. Louis St. Laurent
44. Where is the "heart" of the federal division of powers found in the Constitution Act, 1867?
    1. Sections 55, 56, and 90
    2. Section 1
    3. Sections 91 and 92
    4. Section 33
    5. Section 15
45. What is a fiscal gap?
    1. Provinces' legislative responsibilities prove to be much less extensive and expensive than anticipated.
    2. The difference in cost between what the federal government wants provinces to spend and what the provinces are capable of spending on a policy area.
    3. The difference in cost between what the provinces want the federal government to give them in federal transfers and what the federal government is willing to give them to spend on a policy area.
    4. Provinces' health care responsibilities prove to be much more extensive and expensive than anticipated.
    5. Provinces' legislative responsibilities prove to be much more extensive and expensive than anticipated.
46. What is the most accurate description of shared-cost programs?
    1. Federally administered programs where provincial contributions are geared to how much the national government spends
    2. Federally administered programs where provincial and municipal contributions are all filtered directly to the poorest province
    3. Provincially administered programs where Ottawa's contribution is geared to how much a province spends
    4. Federally administered programs where contributions by the richest provinces are adjusted according to how much poorer provinces are able to spend
    5. Provincially administered programs where contributions from municipalities are pooled and redistributed based on regional spending
47. What is the difference between conditional grants and unconditional grants?
    1. Conditional grants can only be offered by provinces and unconditional grants can only be offered by the federal government.
    2. The former describes transfers of federal funds that have no strings attached. The latter are transfers with conditions as to how it must be spent.
    3. The former describes transfers of federal funds with conditions as to how it must be spent. The latter are transfers that have no strings attached.
    4. Conditional grants can only be offered by the federal government and unconditional grants can only be offered by provincial governments.
    5. The former describes transfers of federal funds with conditions as to how the money must be spent. The latter refers specifically to grants offered by provincial governments.
48. Which of the following is an example of a conditional or an unconditional grant?
    1. Provisions in the Canada Health Act
    2. Equalization payments
    3. Provincial social assistance programs with need- and residency-based requirements
    4. The Canada Health and Social Transfers
    5. All of the above
49. What case did the narrow interpretation of the "peace, order, and good government of Canada" clause begin with?
    1. Wartime Funds (1916)
    2. Fishing Rights (1955)
    3. Housing and Services (1935)
    4. Local Prohibition (1896)
    5. Crow Rate Pass (1913)
50. What did the Re Board of Commerce Act and Combines and Fair Prices Act 1919 (1922) JCPC decision involve?
    1. "Local matters"
    2. "Normal dimensions"
    3. "National rights"
    4. "Provincial dimensions"
    5. "National dimensions"
51. What case did the line of "trade and commerce" judicial interpretation begin on?
    1. Citizens' Insurance Co. v. Parsons (1881)
    2. R. v. Crown Zellerbach Canada (1988)
    3. Fort Frances Pulp and Power Co. v. Manitoba Free Press (1923)
    4. Toronto Electric Commissioners v. Snider (1925)
    5. Re Board of Commerce Act and Combines and Fair Prices Act 1919 (1922)
52. What constitutional powers were at the centre of the decision on the Attorney General for Manitoba v. Manitoba Egg and Poultry Association?
    1. Food Production
    2. Health
    3. Agriculture
    4. Animal Rights
    5. Trade and Commerce
53. What section of the constitution is understood as prohibiting provincial tariffs?
    1. 121
    2. 33
    3. 92
    4. 15
    5. 91
54. What was Gerard Comeau fined for doing in 2012?
    1. Driving without a license
    2. Transporting alcohol across provincial lines
    3. Illegal hunting
    4. Selling marijuana
    5. Smoking
55. What percentage of Canada's population did Quebec account for in 2018?
    1. 12 per cent
    2. 41 per cent
    3. 15 per cent
    4. 23 per cent
    5. 50 per cent
56. What percentage of Quebec's population claims French as their mother tongue?
    1. 60 per cent
    2. 40 per cent
    3. 80 per cent
    4. 100 per cent
    5. 20 per cent
57. What percentage of Canada's French population lives in Quebec?
    1. 60 per cent
    2. 20 per cent
    3. 80 per cent
    4. 40 per cent
    5. 90 per cent
58. Which province imposed its own provincial income tax in 1954?
    1. Ontario
    2. New Brunswick
    3. Alberta
    4. British Columbia
    5. Quebec
59. What was the Union Nationale party's slogan in the 1966 Quebec provincial election?
    1. Provincial rights!
    2. Our own house!
    3. Quebec first!
    4. Jurisdiction or else!
    5. French now!
60. Who was the Quebec premier during the negotiations of the Victoria Charter?
    1. Daniel Johnson
    2. Jean Charest
    3. Robert Bourassa
    4. René Lévesque
    5. Lucien Bouchard

True or False Questions

1. Federalism divides political authority along territorial lines.
2. The majority of United Nations member states have a federal system of government.
3. English-speaking Fathers of Confederation favoured a unitary system of government rather than a federal one.
4. Section 91 and Section 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867 deal with the federal division of powers.
5. Quebec did not sign the Constitution Act, 1982.
6. The 1995 Quebec referendum finished with a large majority (over 60 per cent) of people voting for the "no" side of the ballot, thus remaining part of Canada.
7. Court rulings always put an end to conflicts between Ottawa and the provinces.
8. Federalism is a legal term and its existence is based on the constitution.
9. Executive federalism is a term used to describe the relations between federal and provincial cabinet ministers.
10. The Constitution establishes a neat division of legislative and taxation powers between Ottawa and the provinces.
11. "Trade and commerce," "property and civil rights," and "direct taxation" have straightforward meanings.
12. When the proposal to create an independent Canada was discussed at Charlottetown (1864) and Quebec (1867), the main subject of debate was the fur trade.
13. John A. Macdonald anticipated that the provincial governments would be little more than glorified municipalities.
14. The power of "peace, order, and good government of Canada" has been reduced over time.
15. In 2011, the Supreme Court rebuffed the federal government's attempts to establish a national system of securities regulation.
16. The Canadians took positive lessons from the Americans on federalism.
17. A federal constitution institutionalizes regional divisions by associating them with different governments.
18. Under a unitary form of government sovereignty resides exclusively with the central government.
19. Half of the 193-member states of the United Nations have a federal system of government.
20. Canada's federal Constitution was not a compromise.
21. Oliver Mowat was premier of Quebec.
22. The Confederation agreement included several provisions that have been described as quasi-federal.
23. The federal government has not used Section 92 (10c) giving them the power to intervene in a provincial economy since 1961.
24. Whatever the intentions of the founders when they drafted the Constitution Act, 1867, it has long been clear that both levels of government exercise wide-ranging legislative and taxation powers.
25. POGG stands for "Peace, Orderly, and Good Governance".

Short Answer Questions

1. What are the central elements of federalism?
2. What are some examples of federal states around the world?
3. What are some of the factors contributing to the choice of federalism?
4. What is the central argument of those who see federalism as a contract among provinces?
5. What is the division of powers under the Constitution Acts concerning cultural policy?
6. What is the division of powers under the Constitution Acts concerning public finance?
7. According to the Canadian Constitution, which level of government has authority over water?
8. What are the five criteria the Supreme Court lists that must be met before Ottawa may regulate commerce under the "general trade" provision of section 91 (2) of the Constitution?
9. What was the impact of the Employment and Social Insurance Act Reference (1937) decision?
10. "With the exceptions of defence and monetary policy, there is hardly any policy field in which only Ottawa or only the provinces can find some constitutional justification to legislate." What does this statement refer to?
11. What is a confederal form of government?
12. How did Pierre Trudeau connect the ideas of "federalism" and "reason"?
13. Why were anglophone politicians from Ontario and Quebec less enthusiastic about federalism?
14. What is executive federalism?
15. What are shared-cost programs?

Essay Questions

1. Why did the Fathers of Confederation choose a federal constitution for Canada? What do you think were their expectations concerning the division of powers between Ottawa and the provinces?
2. Former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau once wrote that while it was the fashion to be critical of the federalism rulings of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, if the JCPC had not interpreted the constitution as it did, Quebec separatism might have been an accomplished fact and not simply a possibility. Discuss some of the early court rulings on the federal division of powers and explain why you think Trudeau was mainly right or wrong.
3. How have the actions of Quebec governments and the demands of Quebec nationalists affected the development of Canadian federalism?
4. "Canadian federalism," Alan Cairns has argued, "is about governments, governments that are possessed of massive human and financial resources, that are driven by purposes fashioned by elites, and that accord high priority to their own long-term institutional self-interest." What does Cairns mean by this?
5. Money is at the heart of intergovernmental relations between Ottawa and the provinces. How have these relations evolved over time?
6. How was Canada's federal Constitution a compromise?
7. How was the federal government superior to the provincial government on the taxation front?
8. Discuss the Parti Québécois' approach to federalism in the 1970s.
9. Describe the fiscal gap.
10. How did the Justin Trudeau government approach the challenge of health and federalism?