Ch8 Test Bank + Answers Emotional And Social Development In

CHapter 8
Emotional and Social Development in Early childhood

Multiple Choice

1. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, once children have a sense of autonomy, they become ________ than they were as toddlers.

A) less active

B) less contrary

C) more willful

D) more filled with self-doubt

Page Ref: 246

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.1 Identify personality changes that take place during Erikson’s stage of initiative versus guilt.

Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Initiative versus Guilt

Difficulty Level: Moderate

2. According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is ________.

A) trust versus mistrust

B) autonomy versus shame and doubt

C) industry versus inferiority

D) initiative versus guilt

Page Ref: 246

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.1 Identify personality changes that take place during Erikson’s stage of initiative versus guilt.

Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Initiative versus Guilt

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. According to Erikson, play ________.

A) causes children to feel guilt because they are not able to master new tasks

B) creates a small social organization of children who must cooperate to achieve common goals

C) is not a valuable use of preschoolers’ time, which is better spent on academic forms of learning

D) is primarily a nonsocial activity through which preschoolers learn cause-and-effect relationships

Page Ref: 246

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.1 Identify personality changes that take place during Erikson’s stage of initiative versus guilt.

Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Initiative versus Guilt

Difficulty Level: Moderate

4. According to Erikson, preschoolers’ exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they ________.

A) are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults

B) identify too strongly with a same-sex parent

C) identify too strongly with an other-sex parent

D) have an overly lenient superego

Page Ref: 246

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.1 Identify personality changes that take place during Erikson’s stage of initiative versus guilt.

Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Initiative versus Guilt

Difficulty Level: Moderate

5. Erikson’s image of ________ captures the diverse changes in young children’s emotional and social lives.

A) the superego

B) mistrust

C) initiative

D) psychosexual stages

Page Ref: 246

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.1 Identify personality changes that take place during Erikson’s stage of initiative versus guilt.

Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Initiative versus Guilt

Difficulty Level: Moderate

6. Four-year-old Rayna says, “I’m Rayna. I’m a girl. I can run fast. I like yellow.” This shows that Rayna is beginning to develop ________.

A) a moral self

B) self-regulation

C) emotional competence

D) a self-concept

Page Ref: 247

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.2 Describe the development of self-concept and self-esteem in early childhood.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Difficulty Level: Difficult

7. When asked, “Tell me about yourself,” what is 3-year-old Riley most likely to say?

A) “I have new, blue shoes.”

B) “I am cheerful.”

C) “I am shy.”

D) “I am friendly.”

Page Ref: 247

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.2 Describe the development of self-concept and self-esteem in early childhood.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Difficulty Level: Difficult

8. By age 3½, children describe themselves in terms of ________.

A) emerging personality traits

B) typical emotions and attitudes

C) nonobservable characteristics

D) temperament

Page Ref: 247

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.2 Describe the development of self-concept and self-esteem in early childhood.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Difficulty Level: Moderate

9. ________ fosters a more positive, coherent early self-concept.

A) Permissive parenting

B) A warm, sensitive parent–child relationship

C) Authoritarian parenting

D) Strong identification with an other-sex parent

Page Ref: 247

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.2 Describe the development of self-concept and self-esteem in early childhood.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. By ________, children can set aside their current state of mind and take a future perspective.

A) the end of the first year

B) age 2

C) age 3

D) the end of the preschool years

Page Ref: 247

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.2 Describe the development of self-concept and self-esteem in early childhood.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The judgments that make up self-________ are among the most important aspects of self-development because they affect our emotional experiences, future behavior, and long-term psychological adjustment.

A) awareness

B) esteem

C) control

D) talk

Page Ref: 247

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.2 Describe the development of self-concept and self-esteem in early childhood.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which statement about preschoolers’ self-judgments is true?

A) Preschoolers combine their many self-judgments into a global sense of self-esteem.

B) Children whose parents regularly encourage them give up easily when faced with challenges.

C) Preschoolers are not mature enough to form self-judgments.

D) Preschoolers have difficulty distinguishing between their desired and their actual competence.

Page Ref: 248

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.2 Describe the development of self-concept and self-esteem in early childhood.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Difficulty Level: Moderate

13. During the preschool years, high self-esteem ________.

A) is self-defeating because children cannot yet adequately complete tasks

B) is rare because preschoolers fail at so many new tasks

C) can lead to an exaggerated sense of self-importance that persists into adolescence

D) contributes greatly to children’s initiative

Page Ref: 248

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.2 Describe the development of self-concept and self-esteem in early childhood.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Difficulty Level: Moderate

14. Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children in part by ________.

A) adjusting their expectations to children’s capacities

B) using praise liberally

C) always giving children positive feedback, regardless of performance

D) limiting the tasks they introduce to those that are easy

Page Ref: 248

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.2 Describe the development of self-concept and self-esteem in early childhood.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Difficulty Level: Moderate

15. During the preschool years, children ________.

A) offer explanations for emotions that emphasize internal states over external factors

B) are not good at inferring how others are feeling based on their behavior

C) refer to causes, consequences, and behavioral signs of emotion

D) do not realize that thinking and feeling are interconnected

Page Ref: 248

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

16. The more parents ________, the more “emotion words” children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.

A) label and explain emotions and express warmth when conversing with preschoolers

B) promote peer sociability by insisting that their children share with peers

C) label their children’s successes and failures and point out when their children make errors

D) encourage their children to behave like adults

Page Ref: 248–249

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

17. Which statement is supported by research on emotional understanding?

A) Preschoolers whose parents negotiate during conflicts with them show delayed emotional understanding.

B) Discussions of negative experiences are not particularly helpful to developing emotional understanding.

C) With age, preschoolers engage in less emotion talk with siblings and friends.

D) Knowledge about emotion is related to friendly, considerate behavior toward others.

Page Ref: 249

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

18. Among preschoolers, ________ contributes to gains in emotional self-regulation.

A) permissive child rearing

B) authoritarian child rearing

C) language

D) a larger family size

Page Ref: 249

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Four-year-old Sandi covers her eyes to block out scary sights and covers her ears when sounds are too loud. When she is excluded from a game, she changes her goals and decides that she does not want to play anyway. As she uses these strategies, Sandi’s ________ will decline.

A) emotional outbursts

B) ability to manage her fears

C) emotional self-regulation

D) grasp of the distinction between fantasy and reality

Page Ref: 249

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

20. As their self-concepts develop, preschoolers become ________.

A) less sensitive to blame or the possibility of such feedback

B) less likely to experience self-conscious emotions

C) increasingly sensitive to praise and blame or to the possibility of such feedback

D) more likely to feel shame after success

Page Ref: 249

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

21. When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, “You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw.” Assuming Katherine’s dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, Katherine is likely to experience ________.

A) low levels of shame and pride and less persistence on difficult tasks

B) extreme pride after a success and extreme shame after a failure

C) no pride after a success and no shame after a failure

D) moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks

Page Ref: 249–250

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

22. Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is neither excessive nor accompanied by shame, it is related to ________.

A) inflated self-esteem

B) insecure attachment with a caregiver

C) poor emotional self-regulation

D) good adjustment

Page Ref: 250

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

23. Empathy ________.

A) is more often expressed in toddlerhood than in the preschool years

B) leads to feelings of sorrow for another’s plight

C) motivates prosocial, or altruistic, behavior

D) invariably produces acts of kindness and helpfulness

Page Ref: 250–251

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

24. Four-year-old Nina is sociable and good at regulating her emotions. She is likely to ________ when she observes distress.

A) help, share, and comfort others

B) experience personal distress

C) cover her eyes and ears

D) avoid becoming involved

Page Ref: 251

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

25. Poor emotion regulators ________ often display ________.

A) more; sympathetic concern

B) less; prosocial behavior

C) more; altruistic behavior

D) less; personal distress

Page Ref: 251

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

26. Three-year-old Darnell has parents who respond with empathy and sympathy to his feelings. When another child is in distress, Darnell is likely to respond with ________.

A) fear and anger

B) anxiety and distress

C) concern

D) indifference and ambivalence

Page Ref: 251

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.3 Identify changes in understanding and expressing emotion during early childhood, citing factors that influence those changes.

Topic: Emotional Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Two-year-old Rosita goes to the park with her father. She stands by a bench where her father is sitting and watches two children run. Rosita is engaged in ________.

A) nonsocial activity

B) parallel play

C) associative play

D) cooperative play

Page Ref: 251

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

28. According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are ________ and ________ play.

A) nonsocial; associative

B) parallel; nonsocial

C) cooperative; parallel

D) associative; cooperative

Page Ref: 251

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

29. In associative play, ________.

A) a child plays alone or watches other children while they play

B) a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior

C) children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another’s behavior

D) children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme

Page Ref: 251

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

30. Four children in LaShonda’s preschool class act out a make-believe theme during their preschool’s dramatic play period. They are engaging in ________.

A) nonsocial activity

B) parallel play

C) associative play

D) cooperative play

Page Ref: 251

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

31. Longitudinal evidence on peer sociability indicates that ________.

A) later-appearing forms of play replace early ones

B) all four types of play suggested by Parten coexist in early childhood

C) functional play is especially common among older preschoolers

D) preschoolers who spend a lot time playing alone tend to be socially anxious

Page Ref: 251

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

32. Which statement about peer sociability is true?

A) Later-appearing forms of play replace earlier ones in the developmental sequence.

B) After children begin to play cooperatively, they no longer engage in parallel play.

C) Nonsocial activity is almost nonexistent among kindergarteners.

D) It is the type, not the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes during early childhood.

Page Ref: 251–252

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

33. Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she ________.

A) talks to imaginary friends

B) works with art materials by herself

C) only does puzzles or builds with blocks

D) engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action

Page Ref: 251–252

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

34. Because ________ play is inconsistent with the “masculine” gender role, boys who engage in it are at risk for negative peer reactions.

A) quiet

B) sociodramatic

C) constructive

D) functional

Page Ref: 252

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are ________ likely to ________.

A) more; provide props than caregivers who value its cognitive benefits

B) more; have children with rich imaginations than caregivers who view play as developmentally beneficial

C) less; encourage associative play than to encourage parallel play

D) less; encourage pretend play than caregivers who value its cognitive and social benefits

Page Ref: 252–253

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

36. To preschoolers, ________.

A) friendship is a relationship based on mutual trust

B) a friend is someone “who likes you”

C) friendship has a long-term enduring quality

D) a friend is someone who understands your thoughts and feelings

Page Ref: 253

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

37. Research on friendships shows that ________.

A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends

B) preschoolers give more reinforcement to nonfriends than to friends

C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust

D) children entering kindergarten who have friends in their class adjust to school more favorably

Page Ref: 253

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

38. ________ is vital if children at high risk for social difficulties are to develop positive peer interactions in their early school experiences.

A) Some separation from preschool friends

B) Permissive parenting

C) Warm, responsive teacher–child interaction

D) Time spent in structured activities

Page Ref: 253

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

39. Which preschooler is the most likely to have a larger peer network and to be more socially skilled?

A) Ariane, whose parents do not get involved in her peer relationships

B) Jasper, whose parents frequently arrange informal play dates

C) Annika, who has an insecure attachment to her mother

D) Marco, whose father uses a directive approach to teach him how to play

Page Ref: 254

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.4 Describe peer sociability and friendship in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations.

Topic: Peer Relations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

40. Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child’s morality is ________.

A) regulated by inner standards

B) motivated by a fear of retribution

C) driven by compassionate concern

D) externally controlled by adults

Page Ref: 255

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

41. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective, children ________.

A) follow the desires of the id to avoid shame and doubt

B) obey the superego to avoid guilt

C) obey the ego to avoid feelings of mistrust

D) behave morally when adults point out the effects of their misbehavior on others

Page Ref: 255

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

42. Which statement accurately summarizes current researchers’ view of Freud’s account of moral development?

A) Research supports Freud’s belief that moral development is complete by age 6.

B) Freud was correct that fear of loss of parental love motivates moral behavior.

C) Most researchers disagree with Freud’s view of conscience development.

D) Freud’s conclusion that high levels of self-blame strengthen the superego is widely accepted.

Page Ref: 255

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

43. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective, ________ motivates moral behavior.

A) fear of punishment

B) induction

C) modeling

D) temperament

Page Ref: 255

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

44. The type of discipline called induction ________.

A) fails to provide children with information about how to behave in future situations

B) encourages children to comply with rules to avoid the loss of parental love

C) discourages the development of empathy and sympathy

D) involves helping make the child aware of feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others

Page Ref: 255

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

45. Four-year-old Mona’s parents are warm and affectionate, and they use inductive discipline to correct Mona’s behavior. As a result, Mona is ________ likely to ________.

A) more; display prosocial behavior

B) more; ignore damage after misdeeds

C) less; refrain from wrongdoing

D) less; confess after misdeeds

Page Ref: 255

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

46. Discipline that relies heavily on threats of punishment or withdrawal of love ________.

A) motivates children to confess and repair their transgressions

B) has a calming effect on impulsive children

C) is ineffective in getting children to internalize moral rules

D) supports the development of empathy and prosocial responding

Page Ref: 255

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

47. Current research indicates that Freud was correct in concluding that ________.

A) children tend to reject their parents’ moral standards

B) guilt is an important motivator of moral action

C) children’s fear of punishment leads to development of conscience

D) fear of loss of parental love motivates conscience formation

Page Ref: 256

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

48. Which statement about moral development is accurate?

A) Guilt is the only force that compels us to act morally.

B) Moral development is complete by the end of early childhood.

C) There is little evidence that guilt motivates moral action.

D) Moral development is a gradual process that extends into adulthood.

Page Ref: 256

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

49. According to social learning theory, ________.

A) morality has a unique course of development

B) reinforcing young children with praise is necessary to induce them to help others

C) moral behavior is acquired through modeling

D) guilt is the only force that compels us to act morally

Page Ref: 256

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

50. Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when ________.

A) they want to foster long-term obedience in a child

B) mild transgressions occur

C) immediate obedience is necessary

D) children are verbally aggressive toward others

Page Ref: 257

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

51. Which statement about the effects of harsh punishment is true?

A) Harshly treated children are rarely aggressive toward other children.

B) Adults whose parents used corporal punishment tend to reject such discipline.

C) An adult who finds that harsh punishment stops misbehavior temporarily may then punish more often.

D) Harsh punishment causes children to be overly sensitive and empathetic.

Page Ref: 257

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

52. The frequency and harshness of corporal punishment is elevated among ________ parents.

A) well-educated

B) middle-class

C) economically advantaged

D) economically disadvantaged

Page Ref: 257

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. Research on corporal punishment shows that African-American and European-American parents ________.

A) consider physical punishment to be wrong

B) report meting out physical punishment differently

C) culturally disapprove of physical discipline

D) are usually highly agitated when they use physical punishment

Page Ref: 258 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Ethnic Differences in the Consequences of Physical Punishment

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

54. The meaning and impact of physical discipline to children ________.

A) is consistently negative, regardless of ethnicity, context, or intensity

B) is consistently manifested in problem behaviors, depressive symptoms, and negative self-esteem

C) can vary sharply with its intensity level, context of warmth and support, and cultural approval

D) varies little from culture to culture within the United States

Page Ref: 258 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Ethnic Differences in the Consequences of Physical Punishment

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

55. After Mia bit her brother, her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges, ________.

A) gives Mia’s father a cooling-off period

B) allows Mia’s father to avoid harsh punishment and its side effects

C) results in a hostile parent–child relationship

D) is not as effective as corporal punishment

Page Ref: 257–258

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

56. Gunther sent his son, Oskar, to his room when Oskar began screaming and throwing his toy trucks. This time-out technique ________.

A) will give Gunther time to cool off

B) is not harsh enough to change Oskar’s behavior

C) helps Oskar build social and life skills

D) teaches Oskar responsible participation in the family

Page Ref: 257–258

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

57. One strategy of positive parenting is ________.

A) withdrawal of privileges

B) reducing opportunities for misbehavior

C) allowing children freedom from family routines and duties

D) using time out when children are obstinate

Page Ref: 259

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

58. The cognitive-developmental perspective on morality ________.

A) focuses on how children acquire ready-made standards of good conduct from adults

B) views children as blank slates, eager to “write” information about social rules

C) regards children as active thinkers about social rules

D) holds that children are prewired with standards of good conduct

Page Ref: 259

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

59. Preschoolers distinguish ________, which protect people’s rights and welfare, from ________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

A) social conventions; moral imperatives

B) matters of personal choice; social conventions

C) moral imperatives; matters of personal choice

D) moral imperatives; social conventions

Page Ref: 259

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider ________ as more wrong than ________.

A) burping at the table; cheating at a game

B) eating ice cream with his fingers; stealing an apple

C) failing to say “please”; lying

D) stealing an eraser; licking his plate

Page Ref: 259–260

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

61. Young children ________.

A) tend to have fluid moral reasoning

B) cannot distinguish moral imperatives from social conventions

C) can easily distinguish between accidental and intentional transgressions

D) are more likely than older children to claim that lying is always wrong

Page Ref: 260

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.5 Identify the central features of psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental approaches to moral development.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

62. Elise spreads a rumor about Nicole after Nicole is cast as the lead in the school play, the role Elise desired. This is an example of ________ aggression.

A) physical

B) proactive

C) reactive

D) verbal

Page Ref: 260

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

63. By the second year, aggressive acts with distinct purposes emerge. Initially, the most common type is ________ aggression.

A) reactive

B) proactive

C) hostile

D) active

Page Ref: 260

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

64. Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because “she lies.” This is an example of ________ aggression.

A) direct

B) verbal

C) instrumental

D) relational

Page Ref: 261

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

65. Which statement is true about aggression?

A) Proactive aggression tends to rise over early and middle childhood.

B) Boys are more verbally and relationally aggressive than girls.

C) More often than boys, girls use indirect relational tactics that extend for hours, weeks, or even months.

D) Girls are more likely than boys to be targets of harsh, inconsistent discipline.

Page Ref: 261

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

66. Gary, who is extremely active and impulsive, is difficult for his parents to control. His parents, in turn, are emotionally negative and tend to use harsh, inconsistent discipline. As a result of this pattern of interaction, Gary is likely to ________.

A) be more responsive to his siblings’ caregiving needs

B) show less aggression with age

C) see hostile intent where it does not exist

D) prefer forceful discipline from his parents

Page Ref: 261

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

67. Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that exposure to violent screen media ________.

A) decreases the likelihood of hostile emotions but increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in viewers

B) has a negative impact on preschool children but does not increase aggression in older children

C) encourages children to believe that perpetrators are almost always punished

D) increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and emotions and aggressive behavior in viewers

Page Ref: 262

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

68. Which statement is supported by research on viewing violent media?

A) Violent media create short-term increases in aggression but do not have lasting negative effects.

B) Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent media than nonaggressive children.

C) Older children are more likely than preschool and young school-age children to imitate media violence.

D) Viewing violent media fare has a negative effect only on children who are already highly aggressive.

Page Ref: 262

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

69. Which statement about screen media is accurate?

A) Ninety percent of U.S. parents limit their preschoolers’ screen media time.

B) Placing a TV or computer in a child’s bedroom decreases its use.

C) About half of U.S. school-age children experience no limits on screen media use.

D) U.S. parents’ media behavior has little or no influence on children’s behavior.

Page Ref: 262

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

70. Treatment for aggressive children is best begun ________.

A) early, before their behavior becomes well-practiced and difficult to change

B) in mid- to late elementary school, after its impact on academic achievement is verifiable

C) during middle school, after their ability to inhibit impulses becomes well-practiced

D) during mid- to late adolescence, after their behavior patterns have developed

Page Ref: 263

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

71. Evaluations of the program Incredible Years revealed that it ________.

A) improved parenting and reduced child behavior problems in families with aggressive children

B) initially helped families with aggressive children, but the effects of the parent training component did not endure

C) was somewhat helpful for parenting of mildly aggressive children but did not improve parenting of children with conduct problems

D) did not have any real lasting impact on children with serious conduct problems

Page Ref: 263

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.6 Describe the development of aggression in early childhood, including family and media influences and effective approaches to reducing aggressive behavior.

Topic: Foundations of Morality and Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

72. Four-year-old Marcus refuses to walk down an aisle in the toy store because most of the toys on the shelves are pink. This is an example of gender ________.

A) selection

B) typing

C) dysphoria

D) constancy

Page Ref: 264

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Difficult

73. During early childhood, children’s gender-stereotyped beliefs ________.

A) emerge slowly, as parents treat boys and girls in similar ways

B) strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated

C) are highly flexible with respect to clothing and hairstyle but less so with respect to types of play

D) are flexible until about age 5, after which they become more rigid

Page Ref: 264

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Moderate

74. Which preschooler is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

A) Charles, a boy who wears nail polish

B) Louie, a boy who plays with building blocks

C) Rena, a girl who often wears her hair in pigtails

D) Dominique, a girl who enjoys art

Page Ref: 264

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Difficult

75. Girls exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens show a preference for ________.

A) girls as playmates

B) quiet play over active play

C) creating art over rough-and-tumble play

D) trucks and blocks over dolls

Page Ref: 265

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Moderate

76. Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that beginning at birth, parents ________.

A) actively reinforce dependency in boys

B) have different expectations of sons than of daughters

C) have similar expectations of sons and daughters

D) give their sons toys that emphasize cooperation

Page Ref: 265

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Moderate

77. Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize ________.

A) cooperation

B) nurturance

C) competition

D) physical attractiveness

Page Ref: 265

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Easy

78. ________, especially, are more insistent that ________ conform to gender roles.

A) Mothers; boys

B) Mothers; girls

C) Fathers; girls

D) Fathers; boys

Page Ref: 266

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Easy

79. Which statement about teachers’ involvement in gender-role learning is true?

A) Teachers’ emphasis on gender distinctions increases preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs.

B) Teachers’ emphasis on gender distinctions increases preschoolers’ willingness to play with other-sex peers.

C) As early as kindergarten, teachers give more overall attention (both positive and negative) to girls than to boys.

D) Teachers seem to expect girls to misbehave more often—a belief based partly on gender stereotypes.

Page Ref: 266

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Moderate

80. Research shows that preschool teachers ________.

A) rarely act in ways that extend gender-role learning

B) use more disapproval and controlling discipline with girls than with boys

C) encourage girls more than boys to participate in adult-structured activities

D) encourage boys more than girls to participate in adult-structured activities

Page Ref: 266

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Moderate

81. When Yelena is asked to judge the baking contest, she evaluates the baked goods produced by the other girls more positively than those produced by the boys. This is an example of ________.

A) same-sex typing

B) in-group favoritism

C) gender selection

D) gender identity

Page Ref: 266

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.7 Discuss biological and environmental influences on preschoolers’ gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Difficult

82. Research on gender identity demonstrates that ________.

A) androgynous children score low on both “masculine” and “feminine” characteristics

B) “masculine” and androgynous children have higher self-esteem than children with a “feminine” identity

C) children with a “feminine” gender identity are better adjusted than “masculine” or androgynous children

D) androgynous children often have difficulty with routines and are overly aggressive with peers

Page Ref: 267

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Moderate

83. According to social learning theory, ________ come(s) before ________ in the development of gender identity.

A) behavior; self-perceptions

B) self-perceptions; gender awareness

C) self-perceptions; behavior

D) gender constancy; gender awareness

Page Ref: 267

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Easy

84. Six-year-old Tiana recognizes that she is still a girl even when she cuts her hair short, wears overalls, and plays with toy cars. Tiana has developed ________.

A) gender appropriateness

B) a gender identity

C) gender dysphoria

D) gender constancy

Page Ref: 267

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Moderate

85. Four-year-old Cain watches an adult dress a boy doll in girl’s clothing. Cain is likely to insist that the doll is ________.

A) a boy wearing a dress

B) androgynous

C) now a girl

D) neither a boy nor a girl

Page Ref: 267

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Difficult

86. Full attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to ability to pass Piagetian ________ tasks.

A) class inclusion

B) perspective taking

C) conservation

D) transitive inference

Page Ref: 267

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Difficult

87. Gender ________ theory is an information-processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features.

A) typing

B) schema

C) constancy

D) identity

Page Ref: 267

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Easy

88. Percy is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Percy remembers him as a doctor. Percy ________.

A) does not yet have a well-developed gender schema

B) is not using his gender-salience filter

C) is a gender-aschematic child

D) is a gender-schematic child

Page Ref: 268

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Difficult

89. Three-year-old Joy is a gender-schematic child. Because Joy does not like raisins, she is likely to conclude that ________.

A) nobody likes raisins

B) only girls like raisins

C) only boys like raisins

D) she is the only girl who does not like raisins

Page Ref: 268

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Difficult

90. Four-year-old Nancy, whose natal sex is female, strongly identifies as a boy and has become increasingly angry and distressed. Nancy is experiencing ________.

A) an androgynous gender identity

B) gender discrimination

C) gender dysphoria

D) gender constancy

Page Ref: 269 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Transgender Children

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Difficult

91. Which statement is true about transgender children?

A) When questioned about their peer preferences, transgender children respond very differently from nontransgender agemates who share their expressed gender.

B) Transgender children, who are dissatisfied with their natal sex and strongly identify as the other sex, are not pretending, confused, or delayed in gender understanding.

C) Gender dysphoria typically disappears in early adolescence as young people who were previously dissatisfied with their natal sex encounter first feelings of sexual attraction.

D) Current evidence suggests that the best approach for gender-dysphoric children is to lessen their cross-gender behavior and increase their comfort with their natal sex.

Page Ref: 269 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Transgender Children

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Moderate

92. By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do ________.

A) are more likely to be gender schematic

B) are less likely to have an androgynous gender identity

C) show more in-group favoritism

D) are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination

Page Ref: 270

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.8 Describe and evaluate theories that explain the emergence of gender identity.

Topic: Gender Typing

Difficulty Level: Moderate

93. Ugo’s parents are warm but overindulgent and inattentive. They make few demands for mature behavior, and they permit Ugo to make many decisions before he is ready. Ugo’s parents have a(n) ________ style of child rearing.

A) authoritative

B) authoritarian

C) permissive

D) uninvolved

Page Ref: 271, Table 8.2

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.9 Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on development, and explain why authoritative parenting is effective.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

94. Lila’s parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Lila and are indifferent to her point of view. Lila’s parents have a(n) ________ style of child rearing.

A) authoritative

B) authoritarian

C) permissive

D) uninvolved

Page Ref: 271, Table 8.2

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.9 Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on development, and explain why authoritative parenting is effective.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

95. Which statement describes characteristics of the authoritative child-rearing style?

A) Authoritative parents exert control by yelling, commanding, criticizing, and threatening their children.

B) Many authoritative parents simply lack confidence in their ability to influence their child’s behavior.

C) Authoritative parents use psychological control, withdrawing love and intruding on the child’s individuality.

D) Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations.

Page Ref: 270–271

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.9 Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on development, and explain why authoritative parenting is effective.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

96. Children of ________ parents are more likely to react with hostility when frustrated and use force to get their way.

A) authoritative

B) authoritarian

C) permissive

D) uninvolved

Page Ref: 271

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.9 Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on development, and explain why authoritative parenting is effective.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

97. Which statement about permissive parents is true?

A) They are emotionally detached and depressed, with little time and energy for children.

B) They exercise firm, reasonable control over their children.

C) They insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations.

D) They allow children to make their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so.

Page Ref: 272

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.9 Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on development, and explain why authoritative parenting is effective.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

98. Uninvolved parenting ________.

A) involves psychological control

B) is warm and accepting but inattentive

C) is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment

D) promotes maturity in children of diverse temperaments

Page Ref: 272

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.9 Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on development, and explain why authoritative parenting is effective.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

99. Which statement about the effects of authoritative child rearing is true?

A) A variant of authoritative parenting in which parents are more directive, yields less favorable long-term outcomes than a more democratic approach.

B) It is ineffective with children who are impulsive and emotionally negative.

C) Children are far more likely to comply with and internalize control that appears fair and reasonable.

D) It is less effective than other styles in fostering resilience in children.

Page Ref: 272

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.9 Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on development, and explain why authoritative parenting is effective.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

100. Compared with Western parents, Chinese parents describe their parenting as ________.

A) more permissive

B) more controlling

C) less affectionate

D) less inductive

Page Ref: 273

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.9 Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on development, and explain why authoritative parenting is effective.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. African-American parents who use controlling strategies tend to have children who ________.

A) have weak cognitive and social skills

B) view control as a sign of parental love and concern

C) react with anger at rarely experiencing any parental warmth

D) are especially likely to display poor self-control in risky surroundings

Page Ref: 273

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.9 Describe the impact of child-rearing styles on development, and explain why authoritative parenting is effective.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

102. ________ accounts for about 75 percent of reported cases of child maltreatment.

A) Physical abuse

B) Emotional abuse

C) Sexual abuse

D) Neglect

Page Ref: 274

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.10 Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and prevention strategies.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

103. Most abusive incidents against children are committed by ________.

A) relatives of the immediate family

B) parents

C) strangers

D) teachers

Page Ref: 274

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.10 Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and prevention strategies.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

104. Which child is most likely to become a target of child maltreatment?

A) Jonathan, a tall toddler

B) Sabrina, a social infant

C) Sebastian, an attentive preschooler

D) Faye, a premature baby

Page Ref: 274

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 8.10 Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and prevention strategies.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

105. Maltreating parents ________.

A) are more skillful than others in handling discipline confrontations

B) react to stressful situations with very low emotional arousal

C) suffer from negatively biased thinking about their child

D) feel superior in parenting

Page Ref: 274

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.10 Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and prevention strategies.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

106. Research on child maltreatment shows that ________.

A) parental alcohol and drug abuse are rarely associated with child abuse

B) abuse depends more strongly on child factors than on parental characteristics

C) abusive and neglectful parents are often isolated from both formal and informal social supports

D) abusive and neglectful parents are often skilled at establishing and maintaining positive relationships

Page Ref: 274

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.10 Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and prevention strategies.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

107. ________ is the only industrialized nation that does not have a federal prohibition against corporal punishment.

A) Switzerland

B) France

C) Germany

D) The United States

Page Ref: 274

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 8.10 Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and prevention strategies.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

108. Which statement about the relationship between child maltreatment and stress is true?

A) Persistent abuse seems to blunt children’s normal physiological response to stress.

B) The stress caused by maltreatment contributes to both impaired emotional self-regulation and surprisingly high school achievement.

C) Children who have experienced chronic abuse tend to develop compensatory behaviors that lower stress.

D) Cognitive and emotional problems caused by the stress of persistent abuse rarely endure into adolescence and adulthood.

Page Ref: 275

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.10 Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and prevention strategies.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

109. Because child maltreatment is embedded in families, communities, and society as a whole, ________.

A) efforts to prevent it must be directed at each of these levels

B) it is almost impossible to prevent

C) strengthening parent competencies is ineffective

D) providing social supports to families is ineffective

Page Ref: 275

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.10 Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and prevention strategies.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

110. The Healthy Families America program ________.

A) has not been shown to reduce the risk of child maltreatment

B) offers self-help group meetings for child-abusing parents

C) provides three years of home visitation for families identified as at risk for maltreatment

D) is not effective in preventing child abuse because it is aimed at the child, not the parents

Page Ref: 275

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 8.10 Discuss the multiple origins of child maltreatment, its consequences for development, and prevention strategies.

Topic: Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Essay

111. Discuss the emergence of self-esteem in early childhood. How can adults promote high self-esteem?

Page Ref: 247–248

112. Discuss parental influences on early peer relations.

Page Ref: 254

113. Describe some of the undesirable consequences of frequent punishment.

Page Ref: 256–257

114. Discuss some ways to reduce gender stereotyping in young children.

Page Ref: 268, 270

115. Compare and contrast authoritative and authoritarian child-rearing styles.

Page Ref: 270–272

116. Discuss factors within the family that heighten the risk of child maltreatment.

Page Ref: 273–274