Ch7 Exam Prep Tests Of Significance And Measures Of - Political Analysis 6e Complete Test Bank by Philip H. Pollock. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 7: Tests of Significance and Measures of Association
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. The ______ is stated to remind us that the observed results of a sample could be the result of random error.
A. standard error
B. probability
C. null hypothesis
D. skeptic’s position
Learning Objective: 7-1: How the empirical relationship between two variables is affected by random sampling error.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Statistical Significance and Null Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The symbol H0 represents the ______.
A. null hypothesis
B. alternative hypothesis
C. standard deviation
D. confidence interval
Learning Objective: 7-1: How the empirical relationship between two variables is affected by random sampling error.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Statistical Significance and Null Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. A researcher who concludes that a relationship exists between X and Y when it does not has committed a ______.
A. faux pas
B. Type I error
C. Type II error
D. Type III error
Learning Objective: 7-1: How the empirical relationship between two variables is affected by random sampling error.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Statistical Significance and Null Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. A researcher studying partisanship and the likelihood of being a protester concludes there is no difference between Democrats and Republicans when, in fact, there is, has committed a ______.
A. faux pas
B. Type I error
C. Type II error
D. Type III error
Learning Objective: 7-1: How the empirical relationship between two variables is affected by random sampling error.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Statistical Significance and Null Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. When comparing two sample means, we can safely reject the null hypothesis if ______.
A. the confidence intervals overlap
B. the confidence intervals are higher than .05
C. the confidence intervals are lower than .05
D. the confidence intervals do not overlap
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Difference of Means Test
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. A researcher studying the ratings of men and women toward the Democratic Party hypothesizes that women will give Democrats a higher rating than will men. The female mean rating is 52.5 with a standard error of 1.2 points. The male mean rating is 47.1 with a standard error of 1.6 points. Should the researcher reject the null hypothesis?
A. No, because the lower boundary for women overlaps the upper boundary for men
B. Yes, because the lower boundary for women overlaps the upper boundary for men
C. No, because the boundaries do not overlap
D. Yes, because the boundaries overlap
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Difference of Means Test
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. The ______ allows the researcher to determine the exact probability of a particular result occurring by chance.
A. test of significance
B. p value approach
C. standard error approach
D. confidence interval approach
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Difference of Means Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. In statistical notation χ2 refers to ______.
A. chi-square
B. the square of the independent variable
C. the square of the dependent variable
D. the square of the intervening variable
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-Square Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. The χ2 test of significance is used when both the independent variable and the dependent variable are measured ______.
A. at the nominal level
B. categorically
C. at the ordinal level
D. at the interval level
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Chi-Square Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Measures of association allow a researcher to determine ______.
A. how much of the sample lies above the upper boundary
B. how much of the sample lies below the lower boundary
C. the strength of the relationship between the variables
D. the significance of the relationship between the variables
Learning Objective: 7-4: How measures of association gauge the strength of an empirical relationship.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Association
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. A PRE measure of association tells a researcher ______.
A. the significance of the variables
B. whether to accept the null hypothesis
C. whether to reject the null hypothesis
D. how much the odds of predicting the value of the dependent variable are improved
Learning Objective: 7-4: How measures of association gauge the strength of an empirical relationship.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Association
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. A PRE measure of 1 indicates what?
A. no association
B. perfect association
C. a 100% improvement in the odds of predicting the dependent variable
D. no improvement in the odds of predicting the dependent variable
Learning Objective: 7-4: How measures of association gauge the strength of an empirical relationship.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Association
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Somers’ dyx is used to measure the strength of the association between two ______-level variables.
A. nominal
B. interval
C. ordinal
D. ratio
Learning Objective: 7-5: Which measure of association to use in performing and interpreting political analysis.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measures of Association
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. Concordant pairs are cell values consistent with a(n) ______ relationship.
A. negative
B. neutral
C. inverse
D. positive
Learning Objective: 7-5: Which measure of association to use in performing and interpreting political analysis. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Somers’ dyx
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. A pair of cell values with a negative relationship are referred to as a(n) ______ pair.
A. discordant
B. concordant
C. tied
D. invalid
Learning Objective: 7-5: Which measure of association to use in performing and interpreting political analysis. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Association
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. A relationship between which of the following pairs of variables could be tested using χ2?
A. income and age in years
B. weight and the number of cigarettes smoked
C. political party and frequency of church attendance
D. race and income (in dollars)
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Chi-Square Test
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. Which of the following pair of variables would allow us to compare two sample means?
A. income (in dollars) and age (in years)
B. education level and partisanship
C. gender and partisanship
D. gender and income (in dollars)
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Two Sample Significance Tests
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. A ______ helps researchers decide whether an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable really exists in the population or whether it could have happened by chance when the sample was drawn.
A. measure of association
B. test of statistical significance
C. hypothetical claim
D. level of measurement
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Two Sample Significance Tests
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Which of the following tests is based on the confidence interval approach?
A. regression
B. χ2
C. eyeball
D. two-tailed
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Two Sample Significance Tests
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. A ______ marks the upper plausible boundary of random error and so defines H0’s limit.
A. critical value
B. discordant pair
C. test statistics
D. confidence interval
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Chi-Square Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False
1. The assumption that there is no difference between the attitudes of males and females on abortion rights is called a null hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 7-1: How the empirical relationship between two variables is affected by random sampling error.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Statistical Significance and Null Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Most political research begins by using the .10 level of significance to decide whether to reject a null hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 7-1: How the empirical relationship between two variables is affected by random sampling error.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Statistical Significance and Null Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Chi-square works by comparing the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies.
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-square Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. To determine the degrees of freedom when using the χ2 test, we subtract the number of rows from the number of columns.
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-square Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. The χ2 test returns a critical value that allows a researcher to determine the upper plausible boundary of random error that defines the limit of the null hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-square Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. An asymmetric measure of association does not take into consideration which variable is being used to predict the other.
Learning Objective: 7-4: How measures of association gauge the strength of an empirical relationship.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Association
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. A symmetric measure of association treats the independent variable as the causal variable and the dependent variable as the effect.
Learning Objective: 7-4: How measures of association gauge the strength of an empirical relationship.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measures of Association
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. A researcher who has two categorical level variables with one measured at the nominal level should use Somers’ dyx to test the association between them.
Learning Objective: 7-5: Which measure of association to use in performing and interpreting political analysis. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Somers’ dyx
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Cramer’s V is a good PRE to use when comparing two interval-level variables.
Learning Objective: 7-5: Which measure of association to use in performing and interpreting political analysis. Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Cramer’s V
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. The p value for a test statistic is based on the expected sampling distribution and can be found on a probability distribution table.
Learning Objective: 7-2: How to use an informal test in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: One Sample Significance Tests
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. When researchers compare two sample statistics, however, we have two sources of uncertainty: both sample statistics have random sampling error.
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Two Sample Significance Tests
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. A sample statistics tells us exactly how many standard errors separate the sample difference from zero.
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Two Sample Significance Tests
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. The eyeball test of statistical significance is based on the confidence interval approach.
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Two Sample Significance Tests
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. The χ2 test is the oldest statistical test still in use and takes into account tabular data.
Learning Objective: 7-3: How to use formal statistical tests in making inferences about relationships.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-Square Test
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Lambda is designed to measure the strength of a relationship between two categorical variables, at least one of which is a nominal-level relationship.
Learning Objective: 7-4: How measures of association gauge the strength of an empirical relationship.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measures of Association
Difficulty Level: Easy