Archaeology and Humanity’s Story:

A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory

Chapter 6 Test Bank— Prehistoric Europe North of the Mediterranean

Multiple-Choice Questions (25)

1. The only domesticates that European hunter-gatherer-foragers had were:

A) Goats

B) Dogs

C) Pigs

D) Chickens

2. Food production was introduced into Europe by farmers from: ___________________________.

A) Mesoamerica

B) Ohio

C) Southeast Asia

D) the Middle East

3. The ____________________ site in England had excellent organic preservation, including a wooden platform/trackway.

A) Starr Carr

B) Duvensee

C) Skateholm

D) Cardiff

4. In the late Mesolithic, the ________________ (5500 – 4000 cal BC) in southern Scandinavia showed signs of hierarchy without adopting food production.

A) Funnel Beaker Culture

B) Linear Pottery Culture

C) Ertebølle culture

D) Pre-Pottery Neolithic

5. Linear Pottery farmers preferred to settle in _________________.

A) Mountain areas

B) Coastal areas

C) Floodplains

D) Valleys

6. Relatively large populations combined with drought and resource shortages in Linear Pottery Culture communities may have contributed to:

A) Community massacres.

B) Forced migrations.

C) Ritual fasting.

D) Religious development.

7. Producers of distinctive pottery with a globular body and an out-turned flaring rim in central Europe from 4500 – 2800 cal BC are known as:

A) Globular Pot People.

B) Funnel Beaker Culture.

C) Flared Rim Culture

D) Jerry

8. In some European populations, consumption of dairy products over many generations acted as a selective pressure for the ___________________________ gene.

A) Passo di Corvo

B) Lactose tolerance

C) Milquetoast

D) Dairy digestion

9. This French site features 3000 menirs.

A) Stonehenge

B) Causeway

C) Hambledon Hill

D) Carnac

10. Dolmen and long barrows are both examples of:

A) Megalithic tomb structures.

B) Ceremonial sites.

C) Lodges

D) Megalithic calendars.

11. The construction of Stonehenge began about _____________ and continued through the ____________.

A) 2470 cal BC, Iron Age

B) 3000 cal BC, 2500 cal BC

C) 4680 cal BC, 1066 AD

D) 3000 cal BC, Bronze Age

12. Metalworking in Europe began around:

A) 3000 cal BC

B) 800 cal BC

C) 4500 cal BC

D) 1066 AD

13. The Bronze Age in Europe began:

A) 3000 cal BC across the entire continent.

B) 3000 cal BC, but dates vary by region.

C) 4500 cal BC with copper production.

D) 5500 cal BC with bronze trade.

14. Which ore type was the hardest to find in Europe?

A) Copper ore

B) Tin ore

C) Iron ore

D) Both A and B

15. During the Bronze Age, gendered grave goods included __________ for males and __________for females.

A) swords, hair spirals

B) Swords, shields

C) Jewelry, armor

D) diadems, headdresses

16. Some female Bronze Age graves are extremely rich in grave goods. Most recently this is interpreted as:

A) females of high status.

B) females with wealthy husbands

C) females from good families

D) females who owned businesses

17. Fortifications at Bronze Age sites were:

A) Common throughout the period.

B) Less common in the late Bronze Age

C) Less common in the early Bronze age.

D) Less common in wetlands.

18. Violence in the Bronze Age is suggested by:

A) Prevalence of weapons in burials.

B) Blade and shield damage consistent with fighting.

C) Artistic depictions of violence

D) All of the above.

19. During the iron age, ____________ was increasingly used to support taxation.

A) Indentured labor

B) Military force

C) Religious coercion

D) Performances of guilt

20. During Hallstatt culture, trade routes were often controlled by:

A) Religious figures.

B) Chiefs.

C) Highwaymen.

D) Elites.

21. At the Bettelbühl necropolis, the burial of a(n) ______________ dates to 583 BC.

A) Elite woman

B) Princely seat

C) Warrior queen

D) Phoenician

22. The princely seats of Hallstatt culture:

A) Are diverse with a few common elements.

B) Are consistent in terms of burial goods.

C) Have few if any common elements.

D) Are the homes of hereditary princes.

23. Oppida were ___________ site centers within La Tène Culture, sometimes identified as towns.

A) Valley

B) Agricultural

C) Fortified

D) Raiding

24. By the late La Tène Culture period, ____________ were being minted.

A) Candies

B) Swords

C) Decorative plates

D) Coins

25) By the late La Tène Culture period archaeologists have suggested that warrior-rulers were being replaced by _______________ involved in administration and trade.

A) Priests.

B) Hereditary warriors

C) Phalanxes

D) Aristocrats

/Questions (10)

1. Passage graves rarely had more than one burial. (

2. In the urnfields, thousands of people were buried in pottery urns after being cremated. (

3. Most adult humans are unable to digest the milk sugar lactose without digestive issues. (

4. In most chiefdoms rank comes from an election process. (

5. Early Roman civilization thrived because of the prevalence of Bronze ore in the area. (

6. Peat bogs and other waterlogged areas serve to preserve soft organic material. (

7. Early farmers generally have both higher fertility rates and higher death rates compared to hunter-gatherer-foragers. (

8. Linear Pottery Culture is named for the village of Linneara where it was first discovered. (

9. At the Hambledon Hill site, human skulls are placed in one of the ditches at regular intervals. (

10. Many Neolithic monuments continued to be used into the Bronze Age. (

1. What were the two routes used by farmers moving into Europe from the Southeast?

2. When were the first megaliths constructed in Europe?

3. What was one ritual use of Stonehenge?

4. Why is Bronze superior to copper for making a knife or other weapon?

5. Why is iron preferable to bronze for producing weapons?

6. Describe the “Princely Seats” of Hallstatt culture.

7. Why is the gene for lactose tolerance important? How did it become prevalent in Europe?

8. Give an example of gendered grave goods.

9. During the Bronze Age, what were some examples of trade goods?

10. What are three possible explanations for Bronze Age hoards?

1. Describe the steps known in the construction of Stonehenge. What does such a long term project imply about the culture of the area?

2. Why were megaliths constructed? Discuss two possible explanations.

• • One interpretation has to do with shifting territories over time in Neolithic Great Britain, with each territory being associated with a megaconstruction.
    
  • Another explanation is rooted in landscape archaeology (see Chapter 1) and sees megaconstructions as connections between the domain of the living and the domain of the dead.

3. In the Bronze Age, archaeologists identify some individuals (usually male) as warriors based on grave goods. What type of grave goods are associated with warriors? How certain can we be that grave goods give us an accurate interpretation?

4. Discuss long-distance trade during the Bronze Age. What routes were used for trade? What technologies were needed to make trade happen?

5. Describe the differences between oppida and unenclosed agglomerations in La Tène Culture. What are the implications of oppida for ancient urbanization? Were oppida cities? Why or why not?