Ch6 Test Bank + Answers Manipulation Through Fallacies And

Chapter 6: Manipulation through Fallacies and Rhetoric

Multiple Choice

(Correct answers are marked with an asterisk.)

1. Fallacies are often beguiling because they are psychologically persuasive yet…

a. Psychologically sound

b. Morally right

c. Logically correct

d. Logically inadequate

2. The genetic fallacy is arguing that a claim is true or false solely because of its…

a. Premises

b. Origin

c. Analogies

d. Form

3. The fallacy of arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole is called…

a. Division

b. Composition

c. Equivocation

d. Faulty analogy

4. The fallacy of rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself is known as…

a. Appeal to the person

b. Appeal to emotion

c. Appeal to the masses

d. Appeal to tradition

5. A type of ad hominem fallacy that argues that a claim must be true (or false) just because the claimant is hypocritical is called…

a. Personal attack

b. Tu quoque

c. Poisoning the well

d. Equivocation

6. The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it is known as…

a. Appeal to emotion

b. Appeal to ignorance

c. Appeal to tradition

d. Appeal to the masses

7. Usually the burden of proof rests on the side that…

a. Is winning

b. Makes a negative claim

c. Tries to prove a negative

d. Makes a positive claim

8. The fallacy of deliberately raising an irrelevant issue during an argument is called a(n)…

a. Red herring

b. Appeal to ignorance

c. Straw man

d. Composition

9. The use of a word in two different senses in an argument is known as…

a. Equivocation

b. Argument by analogy

c. Straw man

d. Red herring

10. The term for the actions of political leaders who seek support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument is…

a. Propaganda

b. Appeal to Ignorance

c. Demagoguery

d. Fake news

11. The reversing of an accusation by arguing that an opponent is guilty of an equally bad or worse offense is called. . .

a. Equivocation

b. Dysphemism

c. Whataboutism

d. Ridicule

12. Arguing that a lack of evidence proves something is known as…

a. Using rhetoric

b. Making false statements

c. Ignoring the person

d. Appeal toignorance

13. Arguing that your doing something morally wrong is justified because someone else has done the same (or similar) thing is known as the fallacy of . . .

a. Scare tactics

b. Two wrongs make a right

c. Appeal to pity

d. Straw man

14. The use of emotions as premises in an argument is known as…

a. An appeal to ignorance

b. An appeal to tradition

c. An appeal to the masses

d. An appeal to emotion

15. A slippery-slope pattern of argument is fallacious when…

a. It is hypothetical

b. There is good reason to think that doing one action will inevitably lead to another undesirable action

c. There are only two possible results

d. There is no good reason to think that doing one action will inevitably lead to another undesirable action

16. Classifying individuals into groups according to oversimplified or prejudiced attitudes or opinions is known as. . .

a. Dysphemism

b. Stereotyping

c. Rhetorical definition

d. Straw man

17. The use of nonargumentative, emotive words and phrases to persuade or influence an audience is known as…

a. Straw man

b. Red herring

c. Demagoguery

d. Rhetoric

18. The attempt to establish the conclusion of an argument by using that conclusion as a premise is known as…

a. Red herring

b. Straw man

c. Begging the question

d. Appeal to the person

19. The use of derision, sarcasm, laughter, or mockery to disparage a person or idea is known as…

a. Innuendo

b. Euphemism

c. Disanalogy

d. Ridicule

20. The fallacy of asserting that there are only two alternatives to consider when there are actually more than two is called. . .

a. Hasty generalization

b. False dilemma

c. Straw man

d. The decision-point fallacy

Short Answer/Short Essay

1. What is the fallacy of begging the question and how can it be used to mislead?

2. Why are appeals to the person fallacious?

3. What is the fallacy of equivocation and how can it be used to persuade an audience that a conclusion is true?

4. Why is an appeal to the masses fallacious?

5. What is the basic pattern of a straw-man argument? How are straw-man arguments sometimes used in debates over immigration?