Ch6 Research Designs And Survey Research Test Bank Answers

CHAPTER 6

TRUE/FALSE

1. Concepts in physical sciences are generally concrete while those in social sciences are more likely to be more abstract.
2. In quantitative research, concepts must be converted numerically, which is called operationalization.
3. Dependent variables represent the experimental stimulus, cause, intervention, or treatment that leads to the change in the outcome.
4. True experimental designs must include several elements, including independent variable, dependent variable, pretest, posttest, and random assignment.
5. The use of randomization distinguishes experimental designs from quasi-experimental designs.
6. One shot case study is a pre-experimental design.
7. Classical experimental designs are better than quasi-experimental designs because they are not participant to any threats to validity.
8. Two-group posttest only designs can help in overcoming testing effects.
9. Solomon four-group design is a combination of classical experimental design and static group comparison design.
10. Comparison groups cannot be utilized in time-series designs.
11. The Uniform Crime Reports have been one of the most frequently used secondary data sets in criminal justice areas.
12. Self-report data cannot be collected over an extended period of time.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. An important part of an experiment is the treatment. Which of the following is false regarding the treatment?
2. The independent variable represents the treatment in an experiment.
3. In general, researchers use an “X” to symbolize the treatment.
4. The treatment is the dependent variable.
5. If a researcher is trying to explain police officers’ training and its effect on use of force, police officers’ training is the independent variable.
6. Which of the following is true regarding the dependent variable?
7. The independent variable depends on the dependent variable.
8. The dependent variable is trying to explain the independent variable.
9. The stimuli and the dependent variable are the same thing.
10. In general, researchers use a “Y” for the dependent variable.
11. During an experiment, the __________ measures the __________ variable before the treatment is administered.
12. pretest; independent
13. pretest; dependent
14. posttest; independent
15. posttest; dependent
16. During an experiment, the __________ measures the __________ variable after the treatment.
17. pretest; independent
18. pretest; dependent
19. posttest; independent
20. posttest; dependent
21. In a traditional experiment, researchers utilize two groups to measure the effect of the treatment; however, the __________ group receives the treatment.
22. experimental
23. control
24. comparison
25. All of the above
26. In a true experiment, the __________ group does not receive the treatment to examine if the treatment is effective or not.
27. experimental
28. control
29. comparison
30. All of the above
31. The __________ variables are any other factors that may influence the outcome of a study and are usually designated with a Z.
32. independent
33. dependent
34. control
35. exogenous
36. A __________ is an educated prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.
37. hypothesis
38. theory
39. experiment
40. treatment
41. What is the function of hypotheses?
42. To test theories
43. To supply guidelines that can be used to explain a certain phenomenon
44. To describe social phenomenon
45. All of the above
46. Which of the following is required when formulating suitable hypotheses?
47. Extensive background knowledge of the participant
48. Continuous search for relationships between phenomena
49. Intensive brainwork
50. All of the above
51. Which of the following is false regarding the characteristics of a good hypothesis?
52. A good hypothesis should be value oriented based on the researcher.
53. A good hypothesis should be testable.
54. A good hypothesis should be stated in simple terms.
55. A good hypothesis should contribute to theory developments.
56. What is the primary distinction between experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs?
57. Research budget
58. Randomization
59. Experiment
60. Posttest
61. What does the following figure represent?

X O₁

1. It represents a quasi-experimental design that can be used when randomly dividing participants into two groups is not possible.
2. It represents a one shot case study.
3. It represents a true experimental design when random assignment is available.
4. It represents a one group pretest/posttest design.
5. What is the most obvious problem of one shot case study designs?
6. Mortality
7. Low external validity
8. Low reliability
9. There is no baseline measure of participants’ attitudes or scores before they receive the treatment.
10. What does the following figure represent?

O₁ X O₂

1. Quasi-experimental design
2. One shot case study design
3. True experimental design
4. One-group pretest/posttest design
5. What does the following figure represent?

X O₁

O₂

1. One-shot case study design
2. Two-shot case study design
3. True experimental design
4. Static group comparison design
5. Which of the following must be included in classical experimental designs?
6. Independent variable and dependent variable
7. Pretest and posttest
8. Random assignment
9. All of the above
10. What does the following figure represent?

R O₁ X O₂

R O₁ O₂

1. True experimental design
2. Quasi experimental design
3. Two-group posttest design
4. Solomon four-group design
5. What does the following figure represent?

R X O₁

R O₁

1. True experimental design
2. Quasi experimental design
3. Two-group posttest only design
4. Solomon four-group design
5. Which of the following is true regarding two-group posttest-only design?
6. Two-group posttest-only design can lessen testing bias in classical experimental designs.
7. Unlike in classical experimental design, research participants are not randomly assigned to each group in two-group posttest only design.
8. Therefore, there is no difference between two-group posttest only design and static group comparison.
9. all of the above
10. What does the following figure represent?

R O₁ X O₂

R O₁ O₂

R X O₁

R O₁

1. True experimental design
2. Quasi experimental design
3. Two-group posttest-only design
4. Solomon four-group design
5. Which of the following is false regarding Solomon four-group design?
6. Solomon four-group design is a combination of classical experimental design and two-group posttest only design.
7. Solomon four-group design is created in an attempt to eliminate virtually all threats to validity.
8. Test bias can be accounted for in Solomon four-group design.
9. Solomon four-group design is flawless; therefore, most criminal justice researchers utilize only Solomon four-group design.
10. Which of the following is false regarding time-series designs?
11. Time-series designs cannot be experimental because having control groups is not possible.
12. With a simple interrupted time series design, researchers can study one group of people over time.
13. Time series designs can be applied to studies on criminal careers over a 50-year period.
14. Simple interrupted time series design with nonequivalent comparison group is not purely experimental.
15. What does the following figure represent?

R O₁ O₂ O₃ X O₄ O₅ O₆

R O₁ O₂ O₃ O₄ O₅ O₆

1. Simple interrupted time-series design
2. Interrupted time series with nonequivalent comparison group
3. Simple interrupted time series with equivalent comparison group
4. Factorial design
5. Which of the following is false regarding secondary data analyses?
6. Secondary data analysis has a long history and is commonly employed in social science.
7. Secondary data analysis is increasingly losing its popularity in criminal justice because data sets are typically unavailable in the area.
8. The most commonly used secondary data set in criminal justice is the Uniform Crime Reports.
9. The National Incident Based Reporting System provides more information than the Uniform Crime Reports.
10. Which of the following is an example of self-report data?
11. Uniform Crime Reports
12. National Incident Based Reporting System
13. National Youth Survey
14. None of the above
15. Which of the following is true regarding scenario methodology?
16. Basically experimental research in criminal justice is not allowed when the topic is directly related to crime or deviance.
17. For reason in answer a alone, researchers rely on asking respondents to react to hypothetical scenarios about crime or delinquency.
18. One of the main disadvantages of scenario methodology is that respondents will always provide socially desirable responses instead of honest ones.
19. None of the above (All of the above are false).

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

1. __________ is a research design that assesses the relationship between independent and dependent variables by comparing groups with one receiving the treatment and one not.
2. __________ is a research design that allows the comparison between groups with one receiving the treatment and one not; however, there is no random assignment when dividing research participants to two different groups.
3. __________ means that all participants are randomly selected to experimental or control groups.
4. __________ is hypothesized to cause a change in an outcome variable.
5. __________ is that which is trying to be explained in experimental designs.
6. __________ measures the dependent variable before the experimental stimulus is administered.
7. __________ is the group that receives the intervention, treatment, or stimulus in experimental designs.
8. A __________ can be defined as an education guess about the relationship between variables.
9. __________ is a pre-experimental design where only one group is studied at one point in time after the intervention.
10. __________ is a pre-experimental design where two groups are studied at one point in time and one receives the intervention and the other does not.
11. __________ is designed with random assignment of groups so that the experimental group receives a pretest and posttest and is compared to the control group.
12. __________ is an experimental design where one set of experimental and control groups receives both pretest and posttest while the other set of groups receives only posttest. All participants are randomly assigned.
13. __________ is a research study that is conducted over an extended period of time.
14. __________ utilize already collected data.