Ch.6 Differential Association And + Test Questions & Answers - Complete Test Bank Deviance and Social Control 3e with Answers by Michelle Inderbitzin. DOCX document preview.
Test Bank
Chapter 6: Differential Association and Social Learning Theories
Multiple Choice
1. Which theorist, considered the pioneer of sociological criminology, is credited for developing differential association theory?
a. Robert Merton
b. Edwin Sutherland
c. Ronald Akers
d. Robert Burgess
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Which of the following is one of Sutherland’s nine propositions of differential association theory?
a. Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
b. Mechanisms involved in learning crime are fundamentally different from those involved in other learning.
c. Some individuals are psychologically predisposed to engage in deviant behavior.
d. Criminal behavior is a rational choice that offenders make when provided with a specific set of circumstances.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Development of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Demonstrating the efficacy of differential association and social learning theories will probably involve empirical studies that examine learning criminal behavior through communication with ______ others.
a. informal
b. political
c. formal
d. intimate
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Development of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. ______ refers to the balance of anticipated and actual rewards and punishments that follow or are the consequences of behavior.
a. Differential association
b. Imitation observation
c. Differential reinforcement
d. Reinforcing sanctions
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Development of Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. The idea that robbery is more likely to occur when it is frequently reinforced, infrequently punished, and results in large amounts of money is consistent with ______ Theory.
a. Social Learning
b. Differential Social Location
c. Techniques of Neutralization
d. Differential Association
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Development of Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Social Learning Theory suggests that deviant behavior is learned in part through the principles of ______ conditioning.
a. classic
b. operant
c. differential
d. imitative
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Development of Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Akers et al. (1998) conducted a Midwest self-report study on drug use, finding that social learning variables were predictive of which substance use?
a. heroin and methamphetamine
b. methamphetamine and alcohol
c. alcohol and marijuana
d. cocaine and heroin
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Application of Differential Association and Social Learning
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. In Social Learning Theory, definitions can be favorable to a behavior, neutralizing, or ______.
a. reproachful
b. contradictory
c. imitative
d. deviant
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Development of Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Social learning theories are criticized for a tendency to focus on ______.
a. drug addicts
b. juvenile delinquents
c. institutionalized offenders
d. newborns and toddlers
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Application of Differential Association and Social Learning
Difficulty Level: Hard
10. Which of the following examples demonstrates the limited scope of differential association and social learning for explaining deviance?
a. alcoholism
b. marijuana use
c. domestic violence
d. mental illness
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Critiques of Differential Association and Social Learning Theories
Difficulty Level: Hard
11. What does Akers’ suggest culture deviance theories and Differential Association Theory have in common?
a. explanatory value for mental illness
b. the emphasis on community
c. socialization and how it is reinforced
d. inability to explain sexual aggression
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Cultural Deviance Theory and Subcultural Explanations of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Hard
12. Anderson’s (1999) Code of the Street provided support for ______ explanations of crime and deviance.
a. social learning
b. subcultural
c. differential association
d. feminist
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Cultural Deviance Theory and Subcultural Explanations of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Hard
13. The goal of Hunt’s jamband study was to examine ______.
a. how well differential association explains marijuana use
b. the Subculture of Violence Theory
c. whether concert-goers came from “decent” or “street” families
d. within-group differences in prosocial and antisocial behavior
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Cultural Deviance Theory and Subcultural Explanations of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Hard
14. Studies on using differential association and social learning theories to explain gender disparities in deviance suggest that ______.
a. these theories account for most gender disparities in deviant behavior
b. these theories are unable to explain gender disparities in deviant behavior
c. more research is required before we can draw a conclusion
d. meta-analysis alone cannot determine if these theories explain gender disparities in deviance
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Deviance and Disparity: Can Differential Association/Social Learning Theories Explain Gender Disparities in Deviance?
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. The earliest programs based implicitly or explicitly on differential association focused on the treatment of ______.
a. juvenile delinquents
b. felons
c. alcoholics
d. the mentally ill
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From a Social Learning Perspective
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Betty watches her father smoking his cigarettes, and she pretends her drinking straw is a cigarette. What part of social learning theory does this illustrate?
a. rationalization
b. differential reinforcement
c. differential association
d. imitation
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Development of Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. Sykes and Matza suggest that we use ______ so that we can engage in deviant behavior, even when we know it is wrong.
a. internalized norms
b. differential reinforcement
c. differential association
d. techniques of neutralization
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Techniques of Neutralization
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. Which word below is commonly used to describe techniques of neutralization?
a. restructuring
b. socialization
c. rationalization
d. reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Techniques of Neutralization
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. During the Nuremberg trials, many high-ranking Nazis insisted that they were just following orders. Which technique of neutralization does this illustrate?
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of injury
c. denial of victims
d. condemnation of the condemners
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Techniques of Neutralization
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. The phrase “everybody’s picking on me” sums up which technique of neutralization?
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of injury
c. denial of victims
d. condemnation of the condemners
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Techniques of Neutralization
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. A video online that provides “tips and tricks” on bulimia and anorexia demonstrates that way that deviance is learned, not inherent.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Akers developed the differential association theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Development of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. “Differential location in the social structure” refers to the social and demographic characteristics of individuals defining roles in the larger social structure.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Social Structure and Social Learning
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Social learning theories argue that social behavior is observed and imitated.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Social Structure and Social Learning
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Differential Association Theory incorporated elements of Social Learning Theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Development of Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Today, even those interested in biological predictors of crime and deviance do not argue that behavior is inherited, but rather they say that there may be predispositions that make some folks more likely to engage in behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Development of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Cultural deviance theorists might examine how people learn to tolerate, justify, and approve of deviant activities in youth gangs based on subcultural norms that accept theft and violence as necessary for survival.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Cultural Deviance Theory and Subcultural Explanations of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Differential association theories are frequently used to understand the actions of serial killers.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Critiques of Differential Association and Social Learning Theories
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
1. Describe the five techniques of neutralization and provide examples of each one.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Techniques of Neutralization
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Describe the four central concepts of Akers’ Social Learning Theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Development of Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Compare and contrast Differential Association Theory with Differential Association Reinforcement Theory.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Development of Akers’s Social Learning Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Outline Akers’ Social Structure and Social Learning (SSSL) Theory.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Social Structure and Social Learning
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. What are some critiques of differential association and social learning theories?
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Critiques of Differential Association and Social Learning Theories
Difficulty Level: Hard
Document Information
Connected Book
Complete Test Bank Deviance and Social Control 3e with Answers
By Michelle Inderbitzin