Chapter 6: Public Relations Writing: Persuasive and Audience Focused

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. What is the first step in PR writing?

A. research

B. interviews

C. budgeting

D. promotion

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: For a Public Relations Career, You Had Better Become a Good Writer

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What do the verbs “inform” and “influence” have in common?

A. both involve communication

B. both involve changing audience opinion

C. both suggest powerful results

D. both describe possible PR goals

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: For a Public Relations Career, You Had Better Become a Good Writer

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What did political scientist Harold Lasswell create when he wrote, “A convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer the following questions: ‘Who? Says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?’”

A. the first university PR department

B. a forerunner to Twitter

C. an early model of communication

D. an outline for news release writing

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Understanding Communication

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What tactical approach is standard practice in PR campaigns to counteract noise?

A. repeat and reinforce messages

B. adhere to established guidelines

C. follow Schramm’s model of mass communication

D. understand your audience

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Understanding Communication

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Who developed an early communications model that is a representation of the 5Ws (who, what, where, when, and why)?

A. Shannon and Weaver

B. Wilbur Schramm

C. Bob Taylor

D. Harold Lasswell

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Understanding Communication

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Who developed a model of communication that recognizes the role of the transmitter, the medium, and the receiver?

A. Norbert Wiener

B. Wilbur Schramm

C. Harold Laswell

D. Robert Windahl

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Schramm’s Model of Mass Communication

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What is the first question to ask before beginning any PR writing task?

A. Why are you writing?

B. When is the deadline?

C. What is the budget?

D. Who are the target readers?

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Public Relations Writing Strategy and Style

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What element of Chip and Dan Heath’s SUCCESs principles prompts writers to identify the essential core of their ideas?

A. storytelling

B. concrete

C. simple

D. strategic

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Recipe for Success

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. When writers assume others understand the words they use, share the same skills they possess and know the obscure facts that they perceive as common knowledge, what bias is occurring?

A. curse of knowledge

B. great expectations

C. lack of perception

D. failure to analyze audiences

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Curse of Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Good PR writing is concerned with ______, which includes style, grammar, and punctuation.

A. rules

B. accuracy

C. format

D. details

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Beyond Strategy: Form

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. According to AP style guidelines, what is the correct way to write a specific date in the month of October?

A. October 16

B. Oct. 16

C. 10/16

D. Oct. 16th

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: INSIGHTS: AP Style “Cheat Sheet”

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. What is the one exception to the AP rule stating that you spell out any number at the beginning of a sentence?

A. street addresses

B. percentages

C. numbers over 999

D. a four-digit year

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: INSIGHTS: AP Style “Cheat Sheet”

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. What is the AP standard for the use of apostrophes with numbers and individual letters?

A. always use apostrophes with both except with the letter A

B. do not use apostrophes with either except with the letter A

C. always use apostrophes with numbers but never with individual letters

D. always use apostrophes with individual letters but never with numbers

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: INSIGHTS: AP Style “Cheat Sheet”

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. In their communication with target audiences, PR practitioners should be strategic and respect ______, societal, and professional norms.

A. international

B. legal

C. human

D. behavioral

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Generating Content: Public Relations Writing Essentials

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Why should you follow AP style rules when writing news releases?

A. You are sending printed copies to the media.

B. Your client is requiring that you do so.

C. News writing should be more conversational.

D. News items written in AP style get serious consideration.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: That First Job

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. In addition to using a celebrity spokesperson, what media tactic has coffeemaker Nespresso and its partner TechnoServe used to communicate with their sources in Sudan?

A. nightly TV news reports

B. weekly radio broadcasts

C. a private Facebook group

D. Twitter messages

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN ACTION: Nespresso in South Sudan

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. What tactic is considered the “gold standard” for disseminating essential news and information to members of the media?

A. fact sheet

B. media kit

C. backgrounder

D. news release

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The News Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. You have written a news release that details the results of your client’s groundbreaking deal with a major sports franchise. To ensure it is delivered into the right hands, who is the appropriate source to send it to at the major media?

A. editor

B. gatekeeper

C. publisher

D. beat reporter

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The News Release

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. What is another writing method that incorporates the five Ws and H but prioritizes the news to highlight your organizational goals?

A. digital writing

B. op-eds

C. inverted pyramid

D. speechwriting

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Inverted Pyramid

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. When you distribute a news release via email, what should you enter in the subject line?

A. the release’s headline

B. the name of your client or organization

C. a catchy title

D. a summary of the first paragraph

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Format, Step by Step

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which of the following items should you use for the beginning and ending of a news release?

A. organization name and date

B. lead and boilerplate

C. introduction and summary

D. five Ws and H

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Format, Step by Step

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. When distributing a news release via email, where should you put the content of a short release?

A. in an attachment

B. in a hyperlink in the subject line

C. in a URL link in the body of the email

D. in the body of the email

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: It’s Digital! And That’s Good

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which of the following is a recommended method of sending additional materials such as videos and photos to the media?

A. sending each item in a separate email

B. directing the media to your organization’s website

C. including hyperlinks within a multimedia email containing the news release

D. mailing the materials

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: It’s Digital! And That’s Good

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Digital news releases on sites such as PR Newswire or Business Wire may be visually attractive, but they are not necessarily ______.

A. newsworthy

B. clickable

C. approved

D. positive

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: It’s Digital! And That’s Good

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which of the following are characteristics of the multimedia news release?

A. management videos and speeches

B. text and live website links

C. phone numbers and addresses

D. inverted pyramid and captions

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Multimedia News Releases

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Before engaging in social media, it is important to first gain a good sense of your ______.

A. client demands

B. software requirements

C. audience community

D. media members

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Writing for Social Media

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. What is the key difference between blogs and microblogs?

A. Blogs do not allow for reader comments.

B. Microblogs run primarily on Twitter.

C. Blogs carry more sharing tools within them.

D. Microblogs carry shorter and more frequent posts.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Writing for Social Media

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Search engine optimization (SEO) should be used because it helps ______.

A. the client to get results

B. you to be found online

C. management to verify URLs

D. users to contact you

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Writing for Social Media

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. What is the primary benefit of a fact sheet for the recipient?

A. summarizes the 5 Ws and H

B. serves as a clear reference tool

C. replaces the news release

D. supports the news release

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Fact Sheet

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. Which of the following is an example of a question answered in a backgrounder?

A. How did this issue arise?

B. Why should you care about this story?

C. When should the story run?

D. What are the benefits of using the backgrounder?

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Backgrounder

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. What do the fact sheet and the news release have in common?

A. graphics

B. inverted pyramid structure

C. infographics

D. 5 Ws and H

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Fact Sheet

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. How does the pitch letter differ from the news release?

A. It is printed and mailed to recipients.

B. It is personalized to a specific media outlet and person.

C. It supplements the news release.

D. It provides all the details in one package.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The One-on-One Pitch

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. For the company’s annual report, you have written a series of vignettes highlighting the community service work company employees are doing while on vacation. You realize these stories are excellent material for a ______ to send to the media.

A. media kit

B. brochure

C. news feature

D. op-ed

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: News Features and Op-Eds

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. When writing a news feature or op-ed, what tactic increases the likelihood that your article will be used?

A. mimic the media’s approach and conform to accepted journalistic standards

B. follow Schramm’s model of mass communication

C. research your subject thoroughly before writing a word

D. identify the appropriate gatekeeper recipient

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: News Features and Op-Eds

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. How did the term “op-ed” originate?

A. A writer named Ed became famous for his hilarious opinion column in the New York Times.

B. The New York Times ran a page of opinion articles opposite the editorial page.

C. It was coined by political columnist Jack Anderson.

D. The Washington Post abbreviated “opinion editorial” to use as a one-column headline.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Op-Eds

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. What tool can you give to media contacts that offer specific occasions for still photos and video shoots to help them better illustrate their stories or segments?

A. photo prints

B. digital photo files on CD

C. hyperlink to photos on your organization’s website

D. photo opportunity sheet

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Media Kit

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. What is the iterative process of telling your audience what you’re going to tell them, telling them, and then telling them what you told them?

A. 5 Ws and H in a speech

B. rule of three

C. golden rule of speechwriting

D. inverted pyramid

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Speechwriting

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Before starting to write a speech, you must first know your speech’s ______.

A. title and word length

B. purpose and audience

C. client and pay rate

D. PR and marketing value

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Speechwriting

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. For maximum results, what should a written pitch accomplish?

A. quickly communicate its value and substance to the recipient

B. catch the reader’s eye with a creative headline

C. provide all the details about an upcoming event

D. make the recipient want to know more

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The One-on-One Pitch

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. The best ______ usually provide a provocative and insightful perspective on topics of great interest to the public.

A. news features

B. speeches

C. op-eds

D. white papers

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: News Features and Op-Eds

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. According to the text, what are the three essential elements of narrative?

A. characters, setting, and plot

B. drama, characters, and happy ending

C. emotions, conflict, and solution

D. characters, event, and lesson

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Features

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. What is the recommended length for a PR feature story?

A. 250–500 words

B. 500–1,000 words

C. 1,000–2,000 words

D. more than 2,000 words

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Features

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Your client is a national chain of health food stores. Which of the following is an example of a feature story angle that would interest the media?

A. how to improve your mental focus at work

B. what drives the company CEO to succeed

C. why you should shop at this health food store

D. what your company’s business plans are

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Features

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. Who typically submits an op-ed to a news publication?

A. a PR writer

B. a reader or an outside expert

C. a politician

D. a reporter herself

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Op-Eds

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Due to the decrease in the size of news organizations’ staffs, journalists must multitask now more than ever to provide content for both the online and print editions. What item in the PR writer’s tool kit can help journalists meet their needs?

A. company website

B. feature stories

C. media kit

D. Facebook page

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Media Kit

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. What do most speeches have in common?

A. style

B. purpose

C. formatting guidelines

D. language

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Speechwriting

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Before engaging in social media, PR practitioners must understand the ______ of the conversation.

A. originator

B. sensitivity

C. software

D. contexts

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Writing for Social Media

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. The evolution of digital and social media provides access to forms of distribution which benefit the PR writer in what ways?

A. reaching people around the world with one keystroke

B. reaching more people, more frequently, and at less cost

C. creating and sending news and feature releases in half the time

D. doubling the size of your media contacts distribution list

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Writing for Organizational Media and Digital Environments

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. The ability to directly reach specific publics expeditiously and at less cost is one of the reasons the public relations profession is doing which of the following?

A. growing

B. shrinking

C. privatizing

D. recruiting

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Writing for Organizational Media and Digital Environments

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. Public relations instructor and consultant Don Bates maintains that everything written for PR purposes must include what element?

A. 5 Ws and H

B. compelling headline of 20 letters or less

C. concrete call to action

D. boilerplate

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: PR PROFILE: I Love What Public Relations Is All About

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. It is acceptable to use the same writing style for the general public and business audiences.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Understanding your reader allows you to write concisely and effectively.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: For a Public Relations Career, You Had Better Become a Good Writer

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Schramm’s (1954) model of mass communication begins with the message being encoded by the transmitter.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Schramm’s Model of Mass Communication

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. When writing according to AP style standards for a news release, always abbreviate the days of the week.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: INSIGHTS: AP Style “Cheat Sheet”

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. According to AP style, one should never capitalize the first letter of a sentence fragment contained in a quote.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Public Relations Writing Strategy and Style

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The news release is frequently used to communicate with radio, television, and newspapers.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The News Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. According Cision’s 2017 State of the Media Report, journalists rank blogs as one of their most valuable resources.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The News Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Within digital news releases, you can include relevant URL links to provide further information.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: It’s Digital! And That’s Good

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. A fact sheet must be labeled “Fact Sheet” at the top and include a headline and dateline.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fact Sheet

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The language used in a speech should be exactly like that used in all PR writing.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Speechwriting

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Before you begin to write a PR piece, there are seven basic questions you should ask and answer. Why are they important?

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Understanding Communication

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Why is it more important than ever that news releases are complete, accurate, and correctly formatted before distribution?

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: That First Job

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Describe an effective strategy for writing a pitch letter.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The One-on-One Pitch

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Why is speechwriting considered a challenging art form?

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Speechwriting

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What simple action put into motion a highly successful corporate responsibility program by the Whirlpool Corporation, and why did they do so?

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Responsibility Case Study | Whirlpool: Clean Clothes for School from Care Counts™

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. The communication model developed by Shannon and Weaver included the concept of noise. What is noise and why is it of great concern to PR practitioners?

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the style and structure of PR writing and foundational models of communication.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Understanding Communication

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. How can answering the question “How do I want to end up?” guide your writing to support your client’s brand positioning?

Learning Objective: 6.2: Identify the characteristics of compelling, persuasive, newsworthy, and targeted messaging.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Always Approach Writing Strategically

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Today, PR writers must hone their skills using a wide variety of writing tactics as well as media. Given this reality, why should they also become experts in particular subjects?

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Generating Content: Public Relations Writing Essentials

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Using Schramm’s model of mass communication as a guide, create a list that describes the process of an effective pitch letter for a future event. Include the concept of noise and identify its occurrence.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Schramm’s Model of Mass Communication

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. With an ever-increasing number of people getting their news online and via social networks, why does this diverse and fluid field of media consumption represent challenges and opportunities as well as dangers for the public relations profession?

Learning Objective: 6.3: Develop proficiencies in effective writing for essential PR tactics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Writing for Organizational Media and Digital Environments

Difficulty Level: Hard