Test Bank

Chapter 5: The importance of experience: Learning and memory

Multiple Choice

1. In blocking, the previously conditioned stimulus ______.

a. is blocked from producing a conditioned response by a co-presented stimulus

b. prevents learning about a new co-presented stimulus

c. elicits a prediction error

2. Prediction error signals have been shown by ______.

a. electrophysiological recording of dopamine neurons

b. functional imaging of the ventral tegmental area using fMRI

c. electrophysiological recording of the ventral striatum

3. Iconic memory lasts for ______.

a. less than 1 second

b. 1–10 seconds

c. longer than 10 seconds

4. Visual long term memory is characterised by ______.

a. an increased response to a previously-presented image

b. no changes in brain activity

c. a decreased response to a previously-presented image

5. The association between a stimulus and an outcome underlies ______.

a. instrumental conditioning

b. pavlovian conditioning

c. declarative memory

6. The Urbach-Wiethe disease ______.

a. involves damage to the hippocampus

b. impairs fear conditioning

c. impairs episodic memory

7. The brain can be reversibly inactivated by ______.

a. activating glutamate receptors

b. activating sodium channels

c. activating GABA receptors

8. Anisomycin ______.

a. impairs long-term memory

b. impairs short-term memory

c. prevents memory acquisition

9. Cellular consolidation involves the phosphorylation of ______.

a. NMDA receptors

b. ERK/MAPK

c. ARC

10. A brain area can be correlated with memory using ______.

a. fMRI

b. TMS

c. lesions

11. Long-term potentiation can be induced by ______.

a. any stimulation

b. low-frequency stimulation

c. high-frequency stimulation

12. Associative long-term potentiation ______.

a. only occurs in the amygdala

b. occurs in the cerebellum

c. is achieved by stimulation of one input pathway

13. Long-term depression can increase ______.

a. the strength of an excitatory synapse

b. the strength of an inhibitory synapse

c. the output of a neural network

14. Procedural memory is form of ______.

a. pavlovian conditioning

b. declarative memory

c. implicit memory

15. Semantic memory ______.

a. is dissociable from episodic memory

b. is a form of non-declarative memory

c. involves the recollection of past experiences

16. Patient KC ______.

a. had a selective loss of episodic memory

b. had a selective loss of semantic memory

c. suffered from impairments in episodic and semantic memory

17. Lesions to the hippocampus impair ______.

a. fear conditioning to a tone

b. spatial learning in the water maze

c. semantic memory

18. Retrograde amnesia ______.

a. is the selective loss of episodic memory following brain damage

b. is the inability to form new declarative memories after brain damage

c. is the loss of memories from before brain damage

19. In systems consolidation, the hippocampus ______.

a. loses its associations over time

b. makes associations more quickly than the cortex

c. is disconnected from the cortex

20. Multiple trace theory ______.

a. suggests that the hippocampus is always required for episodic memory

b. suggests that the cortex is not involved in episodic memory

c. proposes that a memory has to be learned multiple times in order to be remembered

Short Answer Questions

1. Why are memories important, and what determines which information is learned?

2. How does the brain store memories over long periods of time?

3. What role does the hippocampus play in memory?

4. Why is PKMzeta a likely candidate for a memory maintenance mechanism?

5. What is memory reconsolidation, and what purpose does it serve?