Ch.5 Relativism, Skepticism, Thinking Complete Test Bank

Test Bank, Chapter 5

Quiz questions set 1. True or False?

1. Gorgias was a Sophist.
2. Gorgias was wealthy.
3. ^Protagoras was a Sophist.
4. Gorgias wrote a book titled, On Truth.
5. ^Protagoras advocated skepticism.
6. Protagoras advocated relativism.
7. Gorgias and Socrates were contemporaries.
8. Protagoras was a Sophist.
9. Gorgias was a Sophist.
10. ^Protagoras was a student of Socrates.
11. Gorgias was a student of Socrates.
12. Socrates argued that all truth is subjective.
13. ^One problem with alethic relativism, according to the text, is that if it is true, then nobody has ever been mistaken about anything.
14. Socrates studied under Protagoras.
15. Socrates studied under Gorgias.

Quiz questions set 2. Suggestions for short answers.

1. What is a cognitive bias?
2. Select one cognitive bias from the text. Explain it and explain how it can be corrected.
3. Why are cognitive biases a barrier to critical thinking?
4. Which cognitive bias is the most common in our society today?
5. Which cognitive bias is most socially harmful? Why do you think so?

Quiz questions set 3. True or False?

1. According to the text, Socrates was not a Sophist.
2. ^Socrates argued that if you believe something is true, then it is true for you.
3. Socrates advocated skepticism.
4. Protagoras was famous as an advocate of skepticism.
5. Gorgias was known for his advocacy of relativism.
6. ^Socrates was an intellectual opponent of the Sophists.
7. Protagoras was a wealthy teacher.
8. Socrates argued that if relativism is true, nobody can ever err.
9. Protagoras advocated moral relativism.
10. Social conformism is a consequence of societal relativism.
11. ^Socrates advocated individual relativism.
12. ^Gorgias advocated global skepticism.
13. Protagoras did not advocate the global form of relativism.
14. Socrates believed that relativism is a dangerous idea.
15. Socrates said, “Man is the measure of all things.”
16. Gorgias said, “Man is the measure of all things.”
17. Protagoras said, “Man is the measure of all things.”
18. Socrates held the JTB theory of knowledge.
19. Socrates opposed moral subjectivism.
20. Socrates advocated cultural relativism.
21. ^On the JTB account, knowledge is justified true belief.
22. Socrates argued that knowledge and opinion are two different things.
23. According to the text, cultural relativism does not necessarily lead to tolerance.
24. Socrates was what we would call today a “public intellectual.”
25. ^Wrestling was among the subjects taught by the Sophists.
26. The word “sophist” meant “wise man.”
27. On the traditional view, not just any form of justification is sufficient for knowledge—the justification must be an adequate reason to hold that the belief in question is really true.
28. On the JTB account, the justification of a belief must tie the belief to reality by giving a sufficient reason to believe the belief is true.
29. “JTB” stands for “justified true belief.”
30. “JTB” stands for “jaundiced but true belief.”
31. Epistemology is the study of opinion.
32. ^Epistemology is the study of what people do in fact believe.
33. Epistemic justification is justification related to the goal of the cognitive enterprise.
34. Truth is the goal of the cognitive enterprise.
35. Socrates compared people who lack knowledge to blind people.
36. On the traditional view, not just any form of justification is sufficient for knowledge—the justification must be an adequate reason to hold that the belief in question is true.
37. Epistemology is the study of the concept of belief.
38. The following would be an objective claim: Lemons tastes better than apples.
39. The following would be an objective claim: Lemons cost more than apples today.
40. The following would be a subjective claim: Apple is better than PC.
41. Epistemology is the philosophical study of the nature of knowledge.
42. Protagoras wrote a book titled, On Truth.
43. Socrates met Gorgias in person.
44. Socrates met Protagoras in person.
45. According to Protagoras, objective truth does not exist.
46. By “measure,” Protagoras probably meant criterion.
47. Gorgias said, Nothing exists.
48. Socrates believed that relativism can undermine freedom.
49. Protagoras believed that victory, not objective truth, is the goal of argument.
50. ^Gorgias believed that victory, not knowledge of objective truth, is the goal of argument.
51. Gorgias and Protagoras were contemporaries.
52. Gorgias, Socrates, and Protagoras were contemporaries.
53. Epistemic justification is different from pragmatic justification.
54. Epistemic justification is truth-conducive.
55. ^Emotional justification is a type of epistemic justification.
56. ^A belief might be pragmatically justified but not epistemically justified.

Quiz questions set 4. True or False?

1. One argument against the JTB account of knowledge rests on the premise that in the middle ages people “knew” the earth was flat.
2. One argument against the JTB account of knowledge rests on the premise that people often say, “I know it but I don’t believe it.”
3. One argument against the JTB account of knowledge rests on the premise that people sometimes make a lucky guess and then say, “See, I knew it.”
4. According to the classic JTB theory, the belief, truth, and justification conditions are necessary and sufficient for the presence of knowledge.
5. Contemporary philosophers claim only that the belief, truth, and justification conditions are necessary but not sufficient for the presence of knowledge.

Quiz questions set 5. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer.

1. ^Socrates argued against...
2. relativism and skepticism.
3. skepticism but not relativism.
4. relativism but not skepticism.
5. neither relativism nor skepticism.
6. Cultural relativism is…
7. a limited form of skepticism.
8. a form of moral relativism.
9. a view Socrates advocated.
10. the same as individual relativism.
11. Individual moral relativism is the same as...
12. moral subjectivism.
13. cultural relativism.
14. skepticism.
15. global skepticism.
16. ^Truth is one of the conditions for...
17. knowledge
18. opinion
19. religious belief
20. doubt
21. According to the JTB account of knowledge, these three conditions are required for genuine knowledge a proposition P:
22. stable family life, sound government, safe streets
23. reason, emotion, appetite
24. money, credit, prosperity
25. one believes that P is true, P is true, one has a sufficient justification for believing that P is true
26. He said, “We are all at the mercy of opinion.”
27. Plato
28. Socrates
29. Protagoras
30. Gorgias
31. He said, “It is impossible to know the truth about reality.”
32. Plato
33. Socrates
34. Protagoras
35. Gorgias
36. ^He said, “Man is the measure.”
37. Plato
38. Socrates
39. Gorgias
40. Protagoras
41. According to the JTB account of knowledge, the following three conditions are required for real knowledge:
42. justification, truth, basis
43. justification, trial and error, belief
44. justification, truth, belief
45. justification, truth, balance
46. He advocated the JTB account of knowledge:
47. Protagoras
48. Gorgias
49. Socrates
50. Pericles
51. He advocated relativism:
52. Gorgias
53. Protagoras
54. Socrates
55. Plato
56. He advocated skepticism:
57. Gorgias
58. Protagoras
59. Socrates
60. Plato
61. The Sophists were
62. doctors
63. teachers
64. soldiers
65. tax collectors

Quiz questions set 6. Suggested short answer questions.

1. Explain the difference between subjective and objective claims.
2. Why, according to Socrates, would critical thinking be impossible if relativism is true?
3. Why, according to Socrates, would critical thinking be impossible if skepticism is true?
4. What is the difference between relativism and skepticism?
5. Why does it follow, if relativism is true, that nobody can ever err?
6. What is the difference between knowledge and opinion?
7. How does epistemic justification differ from pragmatic justification?
8. Could one consistently believe in both universal tolerance and cultural relativism at the same time?
9. Could one consistently believe in both moral universalism and universal tolerance at the same time?