Ch.5 Full Test Bank Separate And Together Life In Groups - The Real World Sociology 7e Test Bank by Kerry Ferris. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 5 Separate and Together: Life in Groups
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. How should all left-handed people in the United States be classified?
a. | as a category |
b. | as a crowd |
c. | as an aggregate |
d. | as a group |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
2. Members of a/an ________ interact with one another and think of themselves as belonging together.
a. | aggregate |
b. | group |
c. | category |
d. | queue |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
3. Sociologically, what is the difference between a group and a crowd?
a. | Individuals associated with a group don’t share any common attributes. |
b. | Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations. |
c. | Individuals associated with a group don’t have ongoing social relations. |
d. | Individuals associated with a crowd remain in contact. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
4. Through a sociological lens, a ________ would be considered a group.
a. | collection of sightseers at a tourist attraction |
b. | high school chess club |
c. | gathering at a crime scene |
d. | line at the grocery store |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
5. An example of an aggregate is
a. | a family with members living in different states. |
b. | the audience at a Broadway show. |
c. | a Little League baseball team. |
d. | a bird-watching club. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
6. Why do sociologists not consider fans of the rock musician Bruce Springsteen to be a group?
a. | The fans need to have at least two things in common. |
b. | The fans share no attributes. |
c. | The fans are never in the same physical location. |
d. | The fans do not interact regularly. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
7. ________ are characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships.
a. | Primary groups |
b. | Out-groups |
c. | Reference groups |
d. | Secondary groups |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Remembering
8. Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?
a. | They involve intimate, face-to-face interaction. |
b. | They tend to be based on specific roles or activities. |
c. | They are usually small and long-lasting. |
d. | Their values become fused with members’ identities. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
9. A characteristic of primary groups is that they
a. | are larger and more anonymous than secondary groups. |
b. | are often formal or impersonal. |
c. | tend to be based on specific roles or activities. |
d. | involve a strong sense of belonging. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Remembering
10. One of the baristas at José’s local coffee shop always greets him by name. She often asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize José’s relationship with the barista?
a. | She is a “consequential stranger” who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups. |
b. | She fits perfectly into what would be considered a primary group. |
c. | She fits perfectly into what would be considered a secondary group. |
d. | She is a member of the bourgeoisie. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
11. ________ provide most of our emotional support.
a. | Secondary groups |
b. | Reference groups |
c. | Out-groups |
d. | Primary groups |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Remembering
12. An individual belongs to a ________ if the members are mostly anonymous to one another.
a. | secondary group |
b. | primary group |
c. | crowd |
d. | social network |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
13. What are people a part of if they associate with each other on a regular basis because they enjoy spending time together?
a. | a primary group |
b. | a secondary group |
c. | a reference group |
d. | a social network |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
14. Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which, in turn, means that bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become weaker or strained if people have to move frequently throughout their lives for work?
a. | crowds |
b. | secondary groups |
c. | categories |
d. | primary groups |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Evaluating
15. John gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses. While working at the firm, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game. The game soon becomes a meaningful part of John’s social life. This is an example of the
a. | distinction between primary groups and secondary groups. |
b. | way secondary groups produce anonymous relationships. |
c. | way primary groups can lead to membership in secondary groups. |
d. | way secondary group ties can lead to membership in primary groups. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
16. Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. What might a sociologist consider if they wanted to determine whether the team was a primary group or a secondary group?
a. | the age of the players |
b. | the interactions of team members off the field |
c. | the shared hobbies of the players |
d. | the innate skill of the players |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
17. ________ are the webs of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them.
a. | Social networks |
b. | Reference groups |
c. | Inner circles |
d. | In-groups |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Remembering
18. The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way people may change their minds about whom to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?
a. | social networks |
b. | bureaucracy |
c. | charismatic authority |
d. | rationalization |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
19. The sociologist Joseph Conti studied the World Trade Organization as a social network. According to Conti, how is power measured within this type of social network?
a. | The most powerful members most often win their disputes with other members. |
b. | The most powerful members have the most connections to other members. |
c. | The most powerful members are involved in the fewest disputes with other members. |
d. | The most powerful members most often change the minds of other members. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
20. The implications of Mark Granovetter’s findings in “The Strength of Weak Ties” were that
a. | people with high SES are likely to have direct ties to people with low SES. |
b. | people tend to form heterogeneous social networks. |
c. | weak ties are almost always long-lasting and durable. |
d. | people tend to form homogeneous social networks. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
21. A key challenge for one nation’s campaign to improve public health in rural areas was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate?
a. | There is a need for more virtual communities around the world. |
b. | Social ties don’t just connect us to others but also influence our behavior. |
c. | Attempts at modernization largely fail without modern technology. |
d. | Globalization leads to the McDonaldization of society. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
22. Mark Granovetter has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information you already have. This is why he believed that, when looking for employment, it is advantageous to have
a. | a commitment to hard work and determination to succeed. |
b. | casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks. |
c. | a prestigious education in order to gain access to lucrative occupations. |
d. | a high degree of cultural and social capital. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Evaluating
23. Simon Langlois studied government employment in Quebec, Canada. He found that more than 40% of the people he surveyed found their jobs through personal contacts, even though the government had made efforts to formalize recruitment. The personal contacts were fairly casual acquaintances in the majority of cases, not close friends. What principle is demonstrated here?
a. | the strength of weak ties |
b. | the power of strong triads |
c. | the role of group cohesion |
d. | the power of groupthink |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
24. Sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which a person has been in contact with each member of their social network to
a. | measure the anomie of the network. |
b. | determine if groupthink occurred in a social network. |
c. | see if a particular tie is strong or weak. |
d. | see just how extensive the network is. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
25. In terms of job leads, men’s social networks are different from those of women because
a. | women are more likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more women than men. |
b. | women are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more women than men. |
c. | men are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more men than women. |
d. | women are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more men than women. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
26. Jennifer’s soccer league is quite large. It includes twelve teams, and each team has approximately fifteen members. Jennifer is very popular and has the most ties with individuals throughout the league. Which social network concept best describes Jennifer’s situation?
a. | centrality |
b. | popularity |
c. | tie strength |
d. | contagion |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.1 What Is a Group? | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
27. Mark just bought a brand-new Subaru hybrid after driving a twenty-year-old car for a long time. He is really impressed with his new car and takes every opportunity to drive his friends around in it. Over the next year, three of his friends buy new Subarus and three others are seriously considering doing so. Which concept best describes what is happening in Mark’s network?
a. | high centrality |
b. | contagion |
c. | tie strength |
d. | anomie |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.1 What Is a Group? | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
28. What does it mean that social networks can influence people through contagion?
a. | Connections that lead to disease or infection are called contagion, according to sociologists. |
b. | Social networks are contagious given that they tend to mimic each other over the long run. |
c. | This borrows from a biological model in that people who are weak are likely to “catch” the influence of their social network. |
d. | People who are connected to social networks are more likely to be affected by them. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Remembering
29. A ________ consists of group members who share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person.
a. | reference group |
b. | social network |
c. | secondary group |
d. | virtual community |
DIF: Easy
REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?
MSC: Understanding
30. How have social networking websites affected social groups?
a. | They diminish the importance of primary groups but not secondary groups. |
b. | They expand primary groups to include many more members than before. |
c. | They minimize the importance of secondary groups, especially those associated with shared interests. |
d. | They help people make the most of both their primary and secondary groups. |
DIF: Moderate
REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?
MSC: Understanding
31. Robert Putnam’s research can be exemplified by his description of a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam’s concerns about anomie are overblown?
a. | the increasing number of hours people spend with electronic media |
b. | the decline of movie theaters and the subsequent rise of services like Netflix |
c. | the sharp spike in suicide rates in eastern Europe over the past two decades |
d. | the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and find emotional support |
DIF: Moderate
REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?
MSC: Evaluating
32. Émile Durkheim worried that individuals would feel less connected to groups in an increasingly fragmented modern world, which would lead to
a. | the rise of hate groups. |
b. | a need for new types of etiquette. |
c. | anomie or normlessness. |
d. | unemployment. |
DIF: Easy
REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?
MSC: Remembering
33. According to Robert Putnam, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate?
a. | an increase in anomie and decline in collective bonds |
b. | a shift from secondary groups to primary groups |
c. | the increasing irrelevance of reference groups |
d. | a decline in physical exercise and increase in inactive lifestyles due to electronic media |
DIF: Moderate
REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?
MSC: Remembering
34. Members of a table tennis club in upstate New York seem to have come together as much for connections with others as for the love of the game. This club can be viewed as a counterpoint to the message of Robert Putnam’s Bowling Alone because it is an example of
a. | the way we continue to be socialized by the media in adulthood. |
b. | a type of civic engagement that brings people together. |
c. | the strength of weak ties. |
d. | the importance of primary groups in our social lives. |
DIF: Moderate
REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?
MSC: Applying
35. Lana was always spoiled during her youth. As an only child, she was lavished with praise and gifts from her parents. Unfortunately, they died when Lana was in college, and since then, Lana has remained single and has made no close friends. Her contact with other family members is limited. By virtue of her limited group membership, which of these concepts is Lana more likely to experience?
a. | groupthink |
b. | weak ties |
c. | anomie |
d. | social loafing |
DIF: Moderate
REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership? | InQuizitive
MSC: Understanding
36. ________ are evidence that the definition of what constitutes a group is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Digital Age.
a. | Websites |
b. | Reddit subgroups |
c. | Self-help groups |
d. | Civic groups |
DIF: Difficult
REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?
MSC: Applying
37. What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?
a. | rationalization |
b. | group dynamics |
c. | in-group solidarity |
d. | anomie |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Remembering
38. Individuals always feel loyalty toward their in-group, but under what circumstances would this loyalty be particularly strong?
a. | when the in-group is particularly large |
b. | when the individual has belonged to the in-group for a short time |
c. | when the out-group is from a different city than the in-group |
d. | when the differences between the in-group and the out-group are sharply defined |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Understanding
39. In Los Angeles, you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, “My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever’s playing USC.” What is this an example of ?
a. | group dynamics |
b. | hostility toward an out-group |
c. | bureaucratic rationalization |
d. | the use of a reference group |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Remembering
40. Robert Merton suggested that some white Americans who praise Abraham Lincoln for being frugal and thrifty might describe an Asian American with the same qualities as being stingy and penny-pinching. What explains this double standard?
a. | Standards of behavior considered appropriate in Lincoln’s time are now looked down upon because of historical change. |
b. | Lincoln was greedy, but he is remembered differently because American textbooks are not permitted to say negative things about presidents. |
c. | Lincoln was a truly remarkable individual who acted in these ways for selfless reasons; something everyday people can’t hope to do. |
d. | For these white Americans, Lincoln was a member of their racial in-group, whereas an Asian American would be a member of an out-group. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Evaluating
41. People attend high school class reunions and often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures with those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a(n) ________ group.
a. | reference |
b. | secondary |
c. | professional |
d. | identity |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Applying
42. What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid?
a. | reference groups |
b. | out-groups |
c. | in-groups |
d. | networks |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Remembering
43. What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge their own accomplishments?
a. | a secondary group |
b. | a social network |
c. | a reference group |
d. | a primary group |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Remembering
44. A twenty-eight-year-old woman is on the verge of a big promotion at work. She didn’t finish college until she was twenty-five, and the entry-level job she currently has is unimpressive. She decides to attend her ten-year high school reunion only if she is promoted. What do sociologists say her high school classmates represent if they can have this much influence on her decision to attend the reunion?
a. | an out-group |
b. | a reference group |
c. | a primary group |
d. | a virtual community |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Applying
45. The Twenty Statements Test asks respondents to make twenty true statements about themselves that begin with the phrase “I am.” Why is this test discussed in a chapter about social groups?
a. | It was developed to measure the extent to which individuals follow the norms of their primary groups. |
b. | It helps sociologists understand the extent to which group norms constrain individuals. |
c. | It helps to map social networks by establishing what social ties exist between people. |
d. | It was developed to measure the extent to which we base our identity on membership in groups. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Understanding
46. Sociologists are interested in how social groups have changed over time. Of particular note is the degree to which individuals base their identities on group membership. How has this changed in recent American history?
a. | Americans today are more likely to base their self-concepts on group membership. |
b. | The degree to which Americans base their identities on group membership has changed very little in the past few decades. |
c. | Americans today are more likely to base their identities on secondary groups. |
d. | Americans are less likely to identify themselves as group members today than in the past. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Understanding
47. People today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists?
a. | People who identify themselves through personal characteristics are less likely to try to achieve their goals and advance themselves. |
b. | People who identify themselves through personal characteristics are more likely to blindly follow orders and bow to peer pressure. |
c. | People who identify themselves through personal characteristics are more likely to have large social networks and maintain connections to their communities. |
d. | People who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Understanding
48. Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A-mode and B-mode responses to C-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test?
a. | Americans have become more and more generous over the years, and their answers reflect a desire to give something back. |
b. | People care less about what researchers think about them, so they are more likely to answer honestly and admit that they’ve always been selfish. |
c. | The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of group membership. |
d. | There has been a fundamental shift in individual values and psychology that has led to a long-term change in American social structure. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Evaluating
49. The sense of solidarity or team spirit that an individual feels toward their group is called
a. | expressive leadership. |
b. | group cohesion. |
c. | anomie. |
d. | instrumental leadership. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Remembering
50. Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?
a. | shared values |
b. | unique traits |
c. | apathy toward the group |
d. | differing goals |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Remembering
51. Which response would you LEAST expect to find on the survey if a sociologist measured group cohesion within a neighborhood and found a high level of group cohesion?
a. | “Overall, I find this neighborhood very attractive.” |
b. | “If my neighbors were planning something, I would think of it as something ‘we’ were doing rather than something ‘they’ were doing.” |
c. | “I feel a sense of loyalty to my neighbors.” |
d. | “I feel comfortable in all sorts of neighborhoods.” |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Evaluating
52. What are group members engaging in when they withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus?
a. | group solidarity |
b. | laissez-faire decision making |
c. | groupthink |
d. | expressive leadership |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Understanding
53. What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff ?
a. | groupthink |
b. | peer pressure |
c. | social influence |
d. | group cohesion |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Applying
54. What is the danger of too much group cohesion?
a. | It leads to endless discussion that tends to preclude any real action. |
b. | It makes group members more susceptible to anomie or normlessness. |
c. | It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group. |
d. | It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Understanding
55. University leaders ignore rumors and complaints about the football coach sexually abusing students in order to uphold the reputation of the university’s award-winning football program. This action to preserve public image over protecting the safety of students is a result of
a. | a primary group. |
b. | anomie or normlessness. |
c. | groupthink. |
d. | a reference group. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Applying
56. Which of the following is best suited to preventing groupthink?
a. | a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions |
b. | a strict meritocracy in which only the best and brightest are hired |
c. | strict control over the flow of information into and out of an organization |
d. | a strong leader who controls every aspect of the decision-making process |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Evaluating
57. The phrase “keeping up with the Joneses” is an example of what group concept?
a. | triad |
b. | in-group |
c. | out-group |
d. | reference group |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
58. Group cohesion is likely to be highest among which group?
a. | a secret society at an Ivy League university |
b. | all Hispanic students in a single high school |
c. | students in a sociology 101 course |
d. | a high school graduating class |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
59. The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that
a. | an authoritarian leader can strongly influence group members. |
b. | groups have great power to induce conformity. |
c. | the larger the group is, the less each member has a sense of individual responsibility. |
d. | peer pressure emerges when a group’s task is relatively difficult or demanding. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Understanding
60. What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?
a. | internalization |
b. | commodification |
c. | social influence |
d. | rationalization |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Remembering
61. What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?
a. | social loafing |
b. | identification |
c. | internalization |
d. | compliance |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Understanding
62. A man arrested for driving under the influence must attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings in accordance with a court order. He attends the meetings so as to avoid a jail sentence and a hefty fine, but not because he wants to. What do sociologists call this kind of conformity?
a. | identification |
b. | internalization |
c. | proscription |
d. | compliance |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Applying
63. Only 25 percent of subjects in the Asch experiment were “independents” who refused to
a. | give the wrong answer. |
b. | inhabit the role of “guard.” |
c. | obey authorities asking them to shock participants. |
d. | inhabit the role of “prisoner.” |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Remembering
64. What was the Asch experiment measuring?
a. | the power of peer pressure |
b. | the extent of social networks |
c. | the value of teamwork compared with individual effort |
d. | the type of organization that can best achieve social goals |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Understanding
65. The Asch experiment yielded different results when other researchers tried to replicate it decades later, but a recent replication of Milgram’s experiment had virtually the same results. What important implications does Milgram’s research have for contemporary society?
a. | It demonstrates that the power of conformity can still lead to real-life instances of obedience. |
b. | It demonstrates how people can avoid social influence that would lead to criminal actions. |
c. | It challenges the notion that authoritative figures have any real power over personal decisions. |
d. | It demonstrates that people who cave to social pressure have major character flaws, which helps employers avoid poor employees. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Understanding
66. In 1978, cult leader Jim Jones forced more than 900 of his followers to drink poisoned Flavor Aid, which led to their deaths. In the run-up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocked and ridiculed anyone who expressed doubts, and even had doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of
a. | the expressive self. |
b. | bureaucracy. |
c. | social influence. |
d. | an out-group. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Applying
67. A college professor has a large collection of controversial counterculture T-shirts, but makes sure to never wear these shirts to class. What is this kind of conformity called?
a. | identification |
b. | compliance |
c. | internalization |
d. | groupthink |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Applying
68. The new graduate students in a university program often gather after class for beer and pizza. What is it an example of if one new graduate student doesn’t like beer or pizza but accompanies the group anyway because he wants to make friends?
a. | internalization |
b. | compliance |
c. | shared values |
d. | identification |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Applying
69. Which type of conformity has occurred when someone joins an animal rights group and then adopts a vegan diet?
a. | social networks |
b. | internalization |
c. | compliance |
d. | social atomism |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Applying
70. Honor killings are primarily seen in Middle Eastern and __________ cultures.
a. | Western European |
b. | Eastern European |
c. | South Asian |
d. | African |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure) | InQuizitive
MSC: Remembering
71. Individual members of a large group often neglect their responsibilities when a task needs to be completed because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit or blame. This phenomenon is called
a. | regression toward the mean. |
b. | groupthink. |
c. | group polarization. |
d. | social loafing. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Remembering
72. Actual group productivity never equals potential productivity. This is because
a. | the tasks that groups usually work on are not very interesting, which decreases motivation. |
b. | time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members. |
c. | group members never identify with the group thoroughly enough to give it their full attention. |
d. | there is no way to recognize group members for their efforts. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
73. Which of the following phenomena is a reason that group efficiency declines as groups increase in size?
a. | social loafing |
b. | rationalization |
c. | socialization |
d. | identification |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
74. Which of the following strategies could be used as a way to minimize social loafing?
a. | ensuring that no one in the group has a particularly interesting or rewarding job |
b. | ensuring that all group members are well educated and have the proper training |
c. | finding ways to recognize individual effort |
d. | adding more members to the group |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
75. Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What perspective best describes their views?
a. | symbolic interactionism |
b. | coercive power |
c. | structural functionalism |
d. | conflict theory |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
76. A student at a university explains that he doesn’t want to join a fraternity because he believes they create negative in-group and out-group dynamics. What perspective best describes his views?
a. | symbolic interactionism |
b. | coercive power |
c. | structural functionalism |
d. | conflict theory |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
77. The mother of a university student is worried about her son joining a fraternity. She worries that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he wouldn’t normally do, such as binge drinking. What perspective best describes her views?
a. | symbolic interactionism |
b. | coercive power |
c. | structural functionalism |
d. | conflict theory |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
78. The mother of a university student encourages her son to join a fraternity. She hopes that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he hasn’t tried before, such as volunteering and attending formal events. What perspective best describes her views?
a. | symbolic interactionism |
b. | coercive power |
c. | structural functionalism |
d. | conflict theory |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
79. What does social identity theory suggest about teamwork?
a. | Teamwork and efficiency are at their best when tasks are repetitive and boring. |
b. | Teamwork is most efficient when there is little or no recognition of individual effort. |
c. | The most efficient teams are made up of members with a strong shared social identity. |
d. | The most efficient teams are made up of primary group members. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
80. Students often complain when they hear their instructor assign group work. One of the biggest problems associated with group assignments is that one person often ends up doing most of the work while others take it easy. This is called
a. | anomie. |
b. | social identity. |
c. | social loafing. |
d. | compliance. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Applying
81. One strategy that might help solve or at least alleviate the problem of social loafing is
a. | assigning more group members to a project. |
b. | giving names to teams and T-shirts to their members. |
c. | randomly assigning members to teams. |
d. | making sure dissent is never welcome or tolerated. |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Evaluating
82. What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?
a. | coercive |
b. | influential |
c. | traditional |
d. | charismatic |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Applying
83. Which of the following is a quality of charismatic leaders?
a. | They inherit their positions of power. |
b. | Their personal qualities don’t really matter. |
c. | They can’t be replaced by legal proceedings. |
d. | They possess extraordinary personal qualities. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Remembering
84. Leaders whose personal styles make them more task-oriented or goal-oriented and less concerned with people’s feelings are called ________ leaders.
a. | expressive |
b. | charismatic |
c. | traditional |
d. | instrumental |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
85. What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society?
a. | expressive |
b. | rational |
c. | family |
d. | proscriptive |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Remembering
86. Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources?
a. | a landlord |
b. | a parent |
c. | a mayor |
d. | a police officer |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Applying
87. A football coach threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder. What kind of power is the football coach wielding?
a. | influential power |
b. | coercive power |
c. | bureaucratic power |
d. | charismatic authority |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Applying
88. What type of authority does a king wield, according to Max Weber’s typology of power?
a. | legal-rational authority |
b. | influential power |
c. | traditional authority |
d. | charismatic authority |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Remembering
89. Charismatic authority is unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority in that it is rooted in
a. | the efficiency and rationality of a particular way of doing things. |
b. | an economic system that focuses on rules and regulations. |
c. | the personal qualities of a leader. |
d. | birthright. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Remembering
90. A producer for a cable news show is feeling insecure. She complains to her boss that she isn’t very smart and that she only does well because she’s scared of being yelled at. Her boss tells her to stop whining and not worry about it. He says, “I’m a results guy. I don’t care why it works as long as it works!” What leadership style do you think her boss has?
a. | charismatic |
b. | expressive |
c. | instrumental |
d. | legal-rational |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Evaluating
91. Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon, has a rule that if a team cannot be fed by two pizzas, the team is too large. The “two pizza” rule tries to counteract
a. | coercive power. |
b. | social loafing. |
c. | influential power. |
d. | groupthink. |
DIF: Moderate
REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
92. A nightclub has several types of employees and each has a specialized task. Bartenders make drinks, bouncers check identification, bussers clear away used glasses, and so on. Bouncers can get their friends in for free, unlike the other employees. The club is a bureaucracy in many ways, but there is at least one significant element of bureaucratic organization missing. What is it?
a. | specialization |
b. | hierarchy |
c. | formal written communication |
d. | impersonality |
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy
MSC: Applying
93. Which of the following is an example of bureaucratic organization at colleges and universities?
a. | deans teaching sociology courses |
b. | professors choosing which text to use in class |
c. | students being issued ID numbers |
d. | soccer coaches being hired because of interest rather than skill |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy
MSC: Applying
94. Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true?
a. | They are organized in a way that breaks down hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another. |
b. | Their rules are written carefully so as to never impede the purpose of the organization. |
c. | People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals. |
d. | Unlike Weber’s prediction, few organizations today are structured as bureaucracies. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy
MSC: Understanding
95. In all probability, the sociology professor who is giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?
a. | impersonality |
b. | specialization |
c. | rules and regulations |
d. | hierarchy |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy
MSC: Understanding
96. How do fast-food restaurants rationalize the process of providing food to customers, according to Robin Leidner in Fast Food, Fast Talk?
a. | They ask employees to always use customers’ first names. |
b. | They tailor each workstation to an employee’s unique personal qualities. |
c. | They focus on giving each customer a unique eating experience. |
d. | They developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers. |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy
MSC: Remembering
97. What term did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?
a. | the spirit of capitalism |
b. | legal-rational authority |
c. | bureaucratic creep |
d. | McDonaldization |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy
MSC: Remembering
98. A high school decides that its band should wear uniforms. The school only buys uniforms in three sizes to be more efficient and forces each student to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What does this exemplify?
a. | rationalization |
b. | virtual communities |
c. | group dynamics |
d. | network theory |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy
MSC: Analyzing
99. Which of the following is an example of McDonaldization, as George Ritzer used the term?
a. | A worker says, “Sometimes I felt just like a robot. I push a button and I go this way. It was like I was a mechanical nut.” |
b. | A small farmer who raises organic free-range chickens says, “Sometimes it’s really hard waking up before dawn and working to keep your flocks healthy, but in the end it’s very rewarding, both emotionally and financially.” |
c. | An apprentice who makes guitars in a workshop says, “You would never believe the hard work and discipline that go into making a guitar, which is often custom made for a specific client. It takes hundreds of hours of hard, careful labor with every step deliberated.” |
d. | A guest at a bed and breakfast said, “It was marvelous; the innkeepers treated us like family. It was so comfortable and friendly as well as charming and romantic.” |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy
MSC: Analyzing
100. Google has implemented employment policies like increasing the use of female interviewers for female job applicants and expanding maternity leave from three months to five in order to hire and retain more female employees. Which characteristic of bureaucracy is Google attempting to address with these changes?
a. | technical competence |
b. | impersonality |
c. | hierarchy |
d. | specialization |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy
MSC: Evaluating
101. Which international business chain is referenced by George Ritzer’s theory of spreading bureaucratic rationalization and increased efficiency?
a. | Starbucks |
b. | Burger King |
c. | Walmart |
d. | McDonald’s |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy | InQuizitive
MSC: Understanding
102. Which theoretical perspective would suggest that group memberships are used to separate and differentially treat individuals on the basis of their categorization?
a. | structural functionalism |
b. | conflict theory |
c. | symbolic interactionism |
d. | feminist theory |
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
103. An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a co-worker’s birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight?
a. | Interpersonal interactions help humanize bureaucracies. |
b. | Bureaucracies do not exist outside of work hours. |
c. | The individuals who make up a bureaucracy can turn off work as soon as their shift ends. |
d. | Even people in the bureaucracy have to deal with other bureaucracies. |
DIF: Easy REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy | InQuizitive
MSC: Applying
TRUE/FALSE
1. Secondary groups cannot be geographically dispersed.
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
2. Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family.
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
3. There is a social tie between my best friend’s uncle and me even though I’ve never met him.
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Applying
4. A crowd, aggregate, and category are all different ways of referring to a group, according to sociologists.
DIF: Easy REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?
MSC: Understanding
5. We feel loyalty toward members of in-groups and hostility toward out-group members.
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics
MSC: Understanding
6. There are many members of social groups who are not influenced by peer pressure.
DIF: Easy REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Understanding
SHORT ANSWER
1. Explain how primary groups and secondary groups are not always distinct and unique from one another.
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.1 What Is a Group? MSC: Evaluating
2. What important role did Émile Durkheim suggest social groups perform for individuals?
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?
MSC: Understanding
3. Explain the criticism of Robert Putnam’s concern about the decline of participation in bowling leagues and what that means for U.S. society using the example of virtual communities.
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?
MSC: Applying
4. How does the size of a group affect how it operates and the sorts of relationships that are possible within it?
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics MSC: Remembering
5. Which type of group, dyad or triad, is more stable? Explain.
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics MSC: Remembering
6. How might strong identification with and loyalty to an in-group result in discrimination against members of an out-group?
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics MSC: Understanding
7. Why do people follow prescriptions and proscriptions?
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Remembering
8. What does the fact that recent replications of Solomon Asch’s experiment yielded different results than the original research say about the role of social pressure in American culture?
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Analyzing
9. How does the immense value that some cultures place on “the group” contribute to honor killings?
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Understanding
10. Would the test you are now taking have been produced twice as fast if two people worked together to create it rather than if one person wrote it? Explain.
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Applying
11. Why is sociologist George Ritzer critical of what he calls the McDonaldization of society?
DIF: Easy REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy MSC: Understanding
ESSAY
1. Explain how reference groups influence individual behavior. Give an example of a reference group in your own life.
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics MSC: Applying
2. What is the Twenty Statements Test? Why was it developed? What does it analyze?
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics MSC: Understanding
3. What is groupthink and how does it work? Provide an example from the textbook.
DIF: Easy REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics MSC: Understanding
4. Describe the three types of conformity that can result from peer pressure.
DIF: Easy REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Understanding
5. What was the Asch experiment? What conclusions did Asch draw from it? What have researchers in recent decades found when trying to replicate Asch’s results?
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
MSC: Evaluating
6. Actual group productivity can never equal potential productivity, according to social psychologist Ivan Steiner. Why can groups never achieve their full productivity potential?
DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
7. What is social loafing? How could it affect a group of college students working on a group presentation? What would be some possible solutions for preventing this problem?
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Evaluating
8. Imagine that you are in charge of a football team. Several of the players including the quarterback and the running back get most of the glory when the team succeeds. However, other players, such as the linebackers, have to do a lot of hard and highly skilled work in order for the team to win. Use the insights you have gained from Chapter 5 to describe what steps you would take to motivate the linebackers to work hard.
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Applying
9. What are the three different types of authority identified by Max Weber? Explain each.
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership
MSC: Understanding
10. Identify and describe the specific organizational characteristics that Max Weber associated with bureaucracies.
DIF: Moderate REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy MSC: Remembering
11. What does George Ritzer mean by “the McDonaldization of society”?
DIF: Easy REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy MSC: Understanding
12. In 2007, the rock band Nine Inch Nails announced that it had severed all ties with the record industry. The front man, Trent Reznor, announced that “Nine Inch Nails is now totally a free agent” and that it was a “great pleasure to be able to finally have a direct relationship with the audience as I see fit.” The band went on to release a free album on the Internet and encouraged web surfers to “remix it, share it with your friends, post it on your blog, play it on your podcast, give it to strangers, etc.” In what ways can the band’s actions be understood as a reaction to the negative aspects of bureaucracy?
DIF: Difficult REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy MSC: Evaluating