Ch.41 – Exam Questions – The Animal Body And Principles Of

Biology, 12e (Raven)

Chapter 41 The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation

1) To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below.

(1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist.

(2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin."

(3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any.

(4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed.

A) organism, cell, tissue, organ

B) organ system, tissue, organ, cell

C) organ system, organ, tissue, cell

D) organism, cell, organ system, tissue

2) Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body?

A) cells

B) bones

C) tissues

D) organs

E) organ systems

3) It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ________ of his fingers grips the ball. His ________ sends instructions that trigger his ________ to contract. His ________ provides stability and transmits the force produced.

A) ectoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm

B) connective tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; epithelial tissue

C) epithelium; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm

D) epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

4) If at the last minute the pitcher decides to throw a curveball, which tissue responds first?

A) epithelial tissue

B) ectoderm

C) nerve tissue

D) muscle tissue

5) In adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principal kinds of primary tissues?

A) epithelial

B) connective

C) supportive

D) muscle

E) nerve

6) Which of the following are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the "germ layers"?

A) tissues, organs, and organ systems

B) mesoderm, muscle, and tissue

C) ectoderm, endoderm, and exoskeleton

D) mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

E) mesoderm, exoderm, and hydroderm

7) Why are epithelial membranes not very thick?

A) Epithelial tissues are required to support other cells growing on top of the tissue.

B) Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.

C) Epithelial tissues can only reach a certain thickness because their growth is constrained by microtubules inside the cell membrane.

D) Thick epithelial tissues would collapse due to the drying effect of the environment.

E) Epithelial tissues are programmed to stop dividing after only a few cell cycles.

8) What are epithelial cells with a flat, irregular shape and tapered edges called?

A) columnar

B) pseudostratified

C) squamous

D) cuboidal

E) stratified

9) Which of the following types of epithelia would be likely to make up the tubules of the kidney?

A) cuboidal

B) squamous

C) columnar and squamous

D) columnar

E) pseudostratified

10) Which type of cells line the lungs and blood vessels?

A) simple squamous epithelium

B) simple cuboidal epithelium

C) simple columnar epithelium

D) stratified squamous epithelium

E) keratinized squamous epithelium

11) Goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with asthma. Based on their function, what is the likely outcome of an overabundance of goblet cells?

A) decreased mucus production

B) excess mucus production

C) excess O2 absorption

D) decreased CO2 absorption

12) A recent study suggests the surprising idea that intestinal goblet cells present food antigens to dendritic cells to induce tolerance to food molecules. Thus, goblet cell dysfunction may be a cause of food allergies. If this is true, it illustrates the importance of coordination between which two organ systems?

A) immune system and circulatory system

B) circulatory system and endocrine system

C) digestive system and endocrine system

D) digestive system and immune system

13) The glands of vertebrates are derived from ________ epithelium.

A) invaginated

B) stratified

C) endocrine

D) scarified

E) keratinized

14) If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) ________ gland.

A) exocrine

B) endocrine

C) lymph

D) sebaceous

E) adrenal

15) Which of the following would not provide protection to the epidermis?

A) keratinized epithelium

B) simple squamous epithelium

C) stratified squamous epithelium

D) layers of dead squamous cells

16) Which of the following epithelial tissues secretes mucous and is dense with cilia?

A) cuboidal

B) squamous

C) simple

D) stratified

E) pseudostratified columnar

17) A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond?

A) Exocrine and endocrine glands are essentially the same, both produce products that are secreted to the skin's surface.

B) Exocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while endocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.

C) Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.

D) Exocrine glands are found in the thoracic cavity while endocrine glands are located in the pleural cavity.

E) The liver is an endocrine gland that secretes directly into epithelial tissues. The pituitary gland is an exocrine gland that secretes into the blood stream.

18) Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common?

A) They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material.

B) They all provide structural support to the body.

C) They are all hard tissues.

D) They all physically bind other tissues together.

19) The most abundant protein in mammals is collagen. This strong, ropelike molecule is particularly abundant in which tissue?

A) heart muscle

B) spinal cord

C) ligaments

D) skeletal muscle

20) When collagen is hydrolyzed it forms gelatin, the main ingredient of a jiggly dessert adored by children. What parts of a cow provide a rich source of collagen?

A) heart and other muscles

B) brain

C) glandular organs

D) skin, tendons, and cartilage

21) You are researching a family with a heritable disease whose symptoms include hyper-flexible joints, pliable skin, stretchy ligaments, and fragile muscles that tear easily. You plan to use genetic testing to determine the cause of the disease. Which gene do you sequence first?

A) actin

B) epidermal growth factor

C) myosin II heavy chain

D) collagen

22) All connective tissues share which of the following structural features?

I-contain cells

II-contain a matrix filled with extracellular material

III-contain sarcomere units

A) I and III

B) II only

C) II and III

D) I, II, and II

E) I and II

23) In humans, which of these structures is not made of cartilage?

A) tip of the nose

B) outer ear

C) intervertebral disks of the backbone

D) knee cap

E) larynx

24) Which of these is not part of loose connective tissue?

A) collagen

B) elastin

C) reticulin

D) chondroitin

E) adipose cells

25) Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer?

A) Tendons secure muscles to other muscles and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

B) Tendons and ligaments have the same function but are found in different areas of the body.

C) Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure muscles to other muscles.

D) Tendons are just enlarged ligaments.

E) Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

26) What tissue type produces the tough coverings that package organs?

A) loose connective tissue

B) dense irregular connective tissue

C) collagen

D) dense regular connective tissue

E) adipose

27) Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix?

A) adipose

B) blood

C) cartilage

D) dense connective tissue

E) loose connective tissue

28) Which of the following statements about bone and its structure is NOT correct?

A) Bone contains an extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.

B) Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.

C) Bone tissue is a special form of connective tissue.

D) Bone tissue serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions.

E) Bone marrow is a reservoir for blood stem cells

29) Vertebrate locomotion results from the contraction of muscles anchored to what other tissue?

A) bone

B) an exoskeleton

C) each other

D) nerves

E) the plasma membrane

30) Of which materials is cartilage composed?

A) glycoproteins and calcium phosphate

B) glycoproteins and collagen fibers

C) collagen fibers and osteocytes

D) osteocytes and glycoproteins

E) osteocytes and calcium phosphate

31) Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals?

A) osteocytes

B) erythrocytes

C) leukocytes

D) fibrocytes

E) chrondrocytes

32) A patient has a disease with symptoms in the outer ear, nose, trachea and spine. Which cells are most likely to have a problem?

A) leukocytes

B) erythrocytes

C) chondrocytes

D) osteocytes

E) fibroblasts

33) Which is NOT a cell or fiber type found in loose connective tissues?

A) macrophages

B) mast cells

C) adipose cells

D) collagen fibers

E) chondrocytes

34) Muscles can carry out their unique motor function because they are the only cells which contain actin and myosin.

35) The characteristic that makes the muscle cells unique is the relative abundance and organization of

A) collagen fibers.

B) gelatinous mass.

C) actin and myosin fibers.

D) keratin fibers.

E) fibroblast cells.

36) What feature of cardiac muscle helps the cells coordinate their contraction as a single unit?

A) fused cells with multiple nuclei

B) covalent bonds between actin and myosin molecules

C) intercalated disks rich in gap junctions

D) large numbers of motor neurons

37) A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they?

A) cardiac muscle

B) smooth muscle

C) involuntary muscle

D) skeletal muscle

38) Which term refers to muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract?

A) smooth muscles

B) skeletal muscles

C) cardiac muscles

D) ligament tissues

E) involuntary muscles

39) Which of the following types of muscles are striated?

A) skeletal and smooth

B) cardiac only

C) triceps and biceps only

D) skeletal and cardiac

E) skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

40) Which muscle contraction is involuntary?

A) cardiac only

B) smooth only

C) cardiac and smooth

D) skeletal only

E) cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

41) The cell body of a motor neuron resides in the spinal cord, but it may control muscles a long distance away. In a giraffe, the ________ of a leg motor neuron may be six feet long!

A) dendrite

B) soma

C) axon

D) node of Ranvier

42) True or false: The axon of a neuron can only communicate with other neuronal cells.

43) What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called?

A) neurons

B) dendrites

C) axons

D) fibroblasts

E) astrocytes

44) Where is the nucleus of a neuron found?

A) axon branches

B) companion cell

C) cell body

D) dendrites

E) myelin sheath

45) In your Ph.D. research, you use thin slices of brain tissue to study neuronal signaling. You attach an electrode to a single neuron, but cannot detect any activity. What is the most likely explanation?

A) When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from its dendrites.

B) Neurons are not electrically active -- you should be recording neuroglia instead.

C) When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from its neuroglia.

D) Excessive myelination is blocking inputs to the cell.

46) What structure do myelin sheaths form along?

A) axons

B) dendrites

C) neuroglia

D) cell bodies

E) ganglia

47) A recovering stroke patient complained about strange smells in his room, but no cause could be found. The doctor diagnosed this as phantosmia, or olfactory hallucination, and said it was likely due to stroke-related damage to which tissue?

A) nervous system

B) olfactory receptors

C) sensory systems

D) nodes of Ranvier

48) Controversy surrounds the use of zinc-containing nasal sprays as a cold remedy, since they have been associated with anosmia (loss of smell). If true, this is likely due to the sprays damaging which tissue?

A) nervous system

B) osmic nerve

C) sensory systems

D) neuroglial system

49) When we watch Olympic athletes perform, we are admiring the expert control of which systems working together?

A) skeletal, endocrine, and circulatory systems

B) nervous, circulatory, and skeletal systems

C) muscular, integumentary, and circulatory systems

D) nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

50) A bride-to-be is enjoying a manicure and a facial before her hair is styled for the wedding. What organ system is being pampered?

A) lymphatic system

B) integumentary system

C) endocrine system

D) digestive system

51) Which of the following systems is NOT directly involved with regulation and maintenance of the body's chemistry?

A) the digestive system

B) the circulatory system

C) the respiratory system

D) the urinary system

E) the reproductive system

52) Which of the following is most likely to function as a defense system?

A) the integumentary system

B) the musculoskeletal system

C) the endocrine system

D) the sensory system

E) the nervous system

53) A couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, and they decide to see a fertility specialist. Which two organ systems will the specialist examine in this couple?

A) reproductive and nervous systems

B) endocrine and urinary systems

C) reproductive and endocrine systems

D) reproductive and urinary systems

54) Damage to the integument may trigger action by cells of which system?

A) reproductive system

B) immune system

C) endocrine system

D) muscular system

55) Homeostasis is maintained using negative feedback loops. Which part of a negative feedback loop detects conditions?

A) response

B) effector

C) sensor

D) integrating center

E) stimulus

Match the letter of each example from childbirth to the appropriate component of a positive feedback loop.

A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus

B. uterine contractions increase

C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening

D. receptors detect stretch

E. brain receives and compares stretch information

56) Effector

57) Integrating Center

58) Response

59) Stimulus

Adult giraffes can be up to 20 ft. tall, and thus require special adaptations to maintain appropriate blood pressure. One adaptation is the rete mirabile, a group of blood vessels that form a web or net-like structure to slow blood flow.

60) The giraffe, as the tallest living land animal, has several adaptations for its height. To prevent blood from pooling in the head when it bends down to drink, the jugular veins of a giraffe have multiple one-way valves. Furthermore, a web of arteries and veins in the neck called the rete mirabile ("wonderful net") slows the flow of blood into the brain. These specializations of the ________ act as mechanisms to maintain ________.

A) nervous system; homeothermy

B) nervous system; temperature homeostasis

C) circulatory system; blood pressure homeostasis

D) circulatory system; pH homeostasis

61) Although especially useful to the giraffe, the rete mirabile is similar to a countercurrent heat exchange system in other related, less evolved, mammals. Thus a mechanism for ________ homeostasis is likely to have evolved from a mechanism previously used for ________ homeostasis.

A) blood pressure; pH

B) temperature; blood pressure

C) blood pressure; temperature

D) pH; blood pressure

62)  Low body temperature triggers adaptive responses to conserve heat. Once the integrating center detects that body temperature has risen, it will decrease these responses. What does this exemplify?

A) adaptation

B) negative feedback

C) positive feedback

D) acclimatization

63) Due to a mutation in a smooth muscle gene, the blood vessels in the skin of a certain strain of mouse become dilated when temperature falls below a certain point. Based on the likely outcome of this mutation, what precautions should the researchers take to maintain the health of their mice?

A) The mouse room should be maintained at a cooler than normal temperature.

B) The mouse room should be consistently maintained at a warm temperature.

C) The mice will have weak muscles, and should be provided with exercise wheels.

D) The mice will be susceptible to high blood pressure, and should not be provided with exercise wheels.

64) Which statement describes a home heating and cooling system that functions in a homeostatic way?

A) The temperature always stays the same.

B) The heater never comes on.

C) The heater is on at a constant rate.

D) The thermostat keeps the temperature within a narrow range.

65) Mechanisms that help generate heat and those that allow release of heat are an example of ________. Collectively, these mechanisms increase the ________ of body temperature.

A) endothermic regulation; flexibility

B) poikilothermic regulation; stability

C) ectothermic regulation; flexibility

D) antagonist effectors; stability

66) Why do some bread recipes suggest letting the dough rise in a warm place after kneading?

A) Warming the bread slightly before cooking it in a hot oven stretches out the gluten.

B) The metabolic rate of yeast speeds up at warmer temperatures, so more carbon dioxide is released and the dough rises more quickly.

C) The metabolic rate of yeast slows down at warmer temperatures, so more sugar is maintained and the bread is sweeter. 

D) Yeast cannot carry out fermentation at room temperature.

67) What is the approximate Q10 value for most enzymes?

A) 0.2

B) 2

C) 5

D) 10

E) 20

68) Some animals allow their body temperature to conform to the environment. What is the old term for these animals, and what is the newer preferred term? 

A) heterotherms; homeotherms

B) homeotherms; endotherms

C) isotherms; poikilotherms

D) poikilotherms; ectotherms

E) endotherms; homeostats

69) Which of these is not a method used by ectotherms to affect body temperature?

A) countercurrent heat exchange

B) basking in the sun

C) shivering

D) dilation or contraction of blood vessels

E) increasing metabolic rate

Shivering is used by mammals to increase body heat when the hypothalamus detects a body temperature below the set point. Although the behavior involves muscles, the outcome is not movement but "wasted" energy in the form of heat. This is an example of nature reusing a body structure for an additional purpose.

70) A scout troop sets out on a backpacking trip. Soon, an unexpected storm gets them drenched, and the troop leaders discover that few boys have packed warm clothes. Several scouts start shivering uncontrollably, a sign of hypothermia. The leaders call off the trip and the group heads back to their cars. This shivering response was

A) an attempt to produce heat by burning large amounts of ATP.

B) a maladaptive response that wastes energy.

C) an attempt to produce heat by creating friction with their clothing.

D) a social signal that evolved to alert adults to take action.

71) If the boys progressed into full-blown hypothermia, this would be a failure of which regulatory system?

A) endodermic regulation

B) temperature homeostasis

C) ectothermic regulation

D) glucose homeostasis

72) Dogs use panting to dissipate excess heat. What part of their brain detects the need for this response and sends the signal to pant?

A) hippocampus

B) prefrontal cortex

C) amygdala

D) hypothalamus

73) When a dog's brain detects the need to dissipate excess heat and the dog begins to pant, the brain acts as the ________, and the panting behavior acts as the ________.

A) stimulator; effector

B) integrating center; sensor

C) integrating center; effector

D) sensor; integrating center

74) After yet another patron dripped sweat on her desk, the clerk at the gym complained, "It's gross working at a gym, with everyone sweating all the time." "Yes," the manager replied, "and it's probably costing us more for ________, but I'll bet we're saving on ________."

A) towels; heating

B) weight machines; treadmills

C) the water cooler; air conditioning

D) the water cooler; towels

75) If a mammal suffered damage to the temperature sensor in its brain, what would be the result?

A) The integrating center would not receive inputs to compare to the set point. Body temperature could rise or fall to dangerous levels.

B) Only the integumentary system is required to sense temperature changes. Body temperature would remain stable.

C) The animal would have to rely on shivering instead of vasoconstriction to maintain body heat.

D) The animal would fall back onto a more primitive ectothermic mode of regulation.

76) You are an engineer at a power plant that creates large volumes of hot waste water, which disrupts the ecosystem of the river it drains into. Another part of the plant requires warm oil, and the plant uses large amounts of energy to heat it. Inspired by countercurrent exchange in whales, you save energy and benefit the environment by

A) running the oil pipes under the river after dumping in the hot waste water

B) running the oil pipes around the waste water pipes, to allow heat transfer from water to oil

C) running the waste water and oil through a single pipe

D) adding a sensor, integrating center and effectors to control temperature in both pipes

77) Which of these methods of heat transfer is not relevant to biological systems?

A) radiation

B) conduction

C) convection

D) evaporation

E) reflection

78) Thermoregulation depends on monitoring of blood temperature. What structure acts as the mammalian temperature sensor?

A) hypothalamus

B) peripheral blood vessels

C) adrenal medulla

D) anterior pituitary gland

E) thyroid

79) If the set point of the hypothalamus were to suddenly rise to 40°C (as in the induction phase of a fever), what would the initial response of the body be?

A) glands release sweat

B) muscles contract to cause shivering

C) nothing

D) body temperature drops

E) blood vessels dilate

80) Which of these thermoregulation processes can be sustained for the longest period of time?

A) shivering

B) sweating

C) nonshivering thermogenesis

D) hibernation

E) fever

81) Which of these factors would have the least effect on heat transfer processes in animals?

A) surface area of the body

B) difference between body temperature and ambient temperature

C) internal insulation such as blubber

D) external insulation such as feathers or fur

E) bone density

82) Which of these animals has the highest metabolic rate per unit body mass?

A) shrew

B) horse

C) cat

D) human

E) elephant

83) Which cells aid in the operation of the nervous system but are unable to conduct nerve impulses?

A) neurons

B) intercalated disks

C) goblet cells

D) neuroglia