Ch.4 Learning and Transfer of Training Complete Test Bank

Employee Training and Development, 8e (Noe)

Chapter 4 Learning and Transfer of Training

1) Which of the following statements is true?

A) In general, mistakes should be avoided in a training context.

B) For training to be effective, both learning and transfer are needed.

C) Transfer of training is to be considered only after the completion of training.

D) Most of what is learned during training is successfully transferred to the workplace.

2) Which of the following examples best reflects an attitude as a learning outcome?

A) articulate three reasons why diversity is important

B) successfully provide employee feedback

C) create a pivot table in Excel

D) value work-life balance

3) ________ relates to the learner's decision regarding what information to attend to, how to remember, and how to solve problems.

A) Cognitive strategy

B) Motor skill

C) Attitude

D) Verbal information

4) "Design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements" is an example of which of the following learning outcomes?

A) cognitive strategies

B) attitudes

C) intellectual skills

D) motor skills

5) Intellectual skill as a learning outcome primarily includes the capability to ________.

A) state or describe previously stored information

B) apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve complex problems

C) execute a physical action with precision and timing

D) choose a personal course of action

6) "Not micromanaging trainees working in groups after the group demonstrates it can remain on task" is an example of ________, in the context of reinforcement theory.

A) positive reinforcement

B) negative reinforcement

C) extinction

D) punishment

7) "Not allowing trainees to take an extra break because they were disruptive" is an example of ________, in the context of reinforcement theory.

A) positive reinforcement

B) negative reinforcement

C) extinction

D) punishment

8) Behavior modification is a training method that is primarily based on ________.

A) goal setting theory

B) information processing theory

C) expectancy theory

D) reinforcement theory

9) Behavior modeling is a training method that is primarily based on ________.

A) goal setting theory

B) social learning theory

C) expectancy theory

D) reinforcement theory

10) ________ is a person's judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn new knowledge and skills.

A) Self-efficacy

B) Self-actualization

C) Self-esteem

D) Self-concept

11) Logical verification to increase self-efficacy typically involves ________.

A) perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered

B) trying out the observed behaviors to see if they result in the same reinforcement that a model received

C) motivating trainees by having employees who have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them

D) determining the degree of support for using newly acquired capabilities

12) Juan, an operations manager, has been assigned to train a group of older employees in the logistics department. He has to train them to use new computer software. He begins by reminding them that they were quick in learning the old software. Juan is trying to ________.

A) increase the employees' self-efficacy

B) deter expectancies of the employees

C) create motor reproduction

D) raise the valence of the behavior

13) Which of the following creates a learning orientation in trainees?

A) emphasizing trained task performance

B) emphasizing competition among trainees

C) ensuring trainees completely avoid errors and mistakes

D) allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledge and skills

14) In the context of expectancy theory, the belief that performing a given action is associated with a particular outcome is called ________.

A) valence

B) instrumentality

C) maintenance

D) generalizing

15) In the context of expectancy theory, ________ relates to trainees' beliefs that they can perform the trained skill.

A) expectancy

B) instrumentality

C) self-efficacy

D) valence

16) According to the ________, transfer will be maximized when the tasks, materials, equipment, and other characteristics of the learning environment are similar to those encountered in the work environment.

A) theory of identical elements

B) stimulus generalization approach

C) cognitive theory of transfer

D) theory of closed skills

17) Which of the following statements is true of closed skills?

A) They require the trainee to adapt general principles.

B) They refer to training objectives that are specific.

C) They refer to skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job.

D) They are more difficult to train than open skills.

18) Which of the following strategies is least appropriate for supporting the transfer of open skills?

A) teaching general principles

B) providing detailed checklists for trainees to follow

C) allowing trainees to make mistakes without fear of punishment

D) providing rewards for experimentation

19) Which of the following strategies is not appropriate for supporting the transfer of closed skills?

A) encouraging on-the-job experimentation

B) providing high-fidelity practice

C) shaping favorable attitudes toward compliance

D) rewarding compliance

20) ________ is a learning process that involves identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance.

A) Generalizing

B) Semantic encoding

C) Retrieval

D) Gratifying

21) In the learning process, semantic encoding typically involves ________.

A) informing learners of the lesson objective

B) providing learning guidance to individuals, such as the use of diagrams and models to show relationships among concepts

C) providing learners cues that are used in recall

D) providing feedback about performance correctness

22) Which of the following statements is true of organizing as a learning strategy?

A) It focuses on memorization of training content.

B) It focuses on learning through repetition of training content.

C) It requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material.

D) It requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knowledge, skills, or behaviors.

23) The learning cycle for a trainee begins with a(n) ________.

A) reflective observation

B) concrete experience

C) abstract conceptualization

D) active experimentation

24) Good decisiveness, practical application of ideas, and hypothetical deductive reasoning are characteristics of individuals with a(n) ________ learning style.

A) converger

B) diverger

C) assimilator

D) accommodator

25) ________ use concrete experience and reflective observation and are good at generating ideas and seeing a situation from multiple perspectives.

A) Divergers

B) Assimilators

C) Convergers

D) Accommodators

26) ________ refers to individual control over one's thinking.

A) Modeling

B) Instrumentality

C) Valence

D) Metacognition

27) ________ refers to the learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning.

A) Automatization

B) Self-regulation

C) Elaboration

D) Generalization

28) Learner-learner interaction is most appropriate when learners have to ________.

A) master a task that is completed alone

B) maximize their critical thinking and analysis skills

C) acquire personal knowledge based on experience

D) enhance their self-awareness and self-assessment

29) ________ refers to practicing a task continuously without breaks.

A) Overlearning

B) Whole practice

C) Massed practice

D) Continuous learning

30) Which of the following is a disadvantage of communities of practice (COPs)?

A) Participation is often voluntary, so some employees may not share their knowledge unless the organizational culture supports participation.

B) They are not naturally occurring in companies.

C) Social interaction is discouraged.

D) They require that employees meet face to face.

31) Which of the following is an example of the internal conditions necessary for learning?

A) providing trainees opportunities to practice new skills

B) strong messages provided to trainees from credible sources

C) verbal persuasion

D) recall of training content

32) Generalization is defined as continued use of what was learned over time.

33) Developing a computer program that meets customer specifications is an example of an intellectual skills learning outcome.

34) Adult learning theory assumes that adults enter a learning experience with a subject-centered approach to learning.

35) Individuals with a performance orientation find that errors and mistakes cause anxiety.

36) Learners with a high performance orientation will direct greater attention to learning for the sake of learning.

37) To promote a learning orientation, trainers should deemphasize competition among trainees, create a community of learning, and allow trainees to make errors.

38) In the context of expectancy theory, ensuring that trainees are confident in their ability to learn helps to promote instrumentality beliefs.

39) In the context of expectancy theory, explaining to trainees that they will receive valued rewards if they perform well helps to promote instrumentality beliefs.

40) In general, it is best to promote a performance orientation among trainees.

41) Instrumentality is similar to self-efficacy beliefs.

42) In the context of andragogy, group discussions would likely be less appropriate than the traditional lecture method.

43) The working storage and semantic encoding processes both relate to short-term memory.

44) Open skills need to be identically reproduced on the job.

45) Making a hamburger at a fast-food restaurant is an example of a closed skill.

46) Giving a sales presentation is an example of an open skill.

47) Identical elements are more appropriate for open skills as opposed to closed skills.

48) The stimulus generalization approach is more appropriate for open skills as opposed to closed skills.

49) Identical elements are maximized when the learning environment matches the trainee as closely as possible.

50) The stimulus generalization approach emphasizes near transfer of training.

51) Assimilators use abstract conceptualization and reflective observation. They are good at inductive reasoning, creating theoretical models, and combining disparate observations into an integrated explanation.

52) Divergers use concrete experience and active experimentation. They are good at implementing decisions, carrying out plans, and getting involved in new experiences.

53) It is best to include a combination of examples and practice, rather than all practice.

54) Spaced practice is typically considered superior to massed practice.

55) In error management training, trainees are instructed that errors hamper learning and should largely be avoided.

56) For more complex tasks, relatively long rest periods appear to be beneficial for learning.

57) Automatization of tasks increases memory demands.

58) Providing self-management training is an example of an internal learning condition.

59) Describe how trainers can create a learning orientation among trainees in contrast to a performance orientation. (Be sure to define learning orientation and performance orientation in your answer to demonstrate your understanding of these concepts.)

60) Describe what are meant by self-efficacy beliefs and how they can be enhanced in a training context.

61) Describe the three components of expectancy theory and how they can be enhanced in a training context.

62) Describe the principles of adult learning theory (andragogy) and their implications for training design and delivery.

63) What is near transfer? Far transfer? What are their implications for training design?

64) Name and describe the three ways employees can learn through interaction.