Ch3 Perception And Learning Test Bank - Organizational Behavior Skill-Based 2e Test Bank by Christopher P. Neck. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 3: Perception and Learning
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. What concept listed below is defined as the process by which we receive and interpret information from our environment?
A. focal object
B. primary effect
C. perception
D. conception
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Perception: Interpreting Our Environment
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
2. Of the factors that influence and perhaps distort perception, which one is not discussed in the textbook?
A. the comprehender
B. the perceiver
C. the environment
D. the focal object
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Perception: Interpreting Our Environment
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
3. Piper, a new employee, has just been introduced to Lorna. Piper was brought up to value being organized and clean. Piper notices that Lorna has a very messy desk. Piper’s immediate thought is that Lorna must not get much done and is lazy. “How can Lorna find anything or focus on the task at hand with such a messy work environment?” This is an example of what factor that influences and distorts perception?
A. the comprehender
B. the perceiver
C. the environment
D. focal object
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Perceiver
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
4. The statement “perceptions are shaped by past experiences, culture, attitude, values, and upbringing” relates to which factor that influences perception?
A. the comprehender
B. the perceiver
C. the environment
D. focal object
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Perceiver
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
5. The context or setting that affects the perception process is called ______.
A. the comprehender
B. the perceiver
C. the environment
D. the focal object
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Environment
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
6. Not recognizing someone you know well, like your doctor, when at the grocery store is an example of what factor that influences perception?
A. the comprehender
B. the perceiver
C. the environment
D. focal object
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Environment
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
7. ______, or the person, thing, or event being interpreted, also affects our perception.
A. The comprehender
B. The perceiver
C. The environment
D. Focal object
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Focal Object
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
8. Which of the following is an example of a focal object in relation to factors that influence perception?
A. growing up in a clinically clean environment
B. valuing showing up to work early and leaving late
C. a beat up old car in a parking lot full of Bentley’s
D. valuing organizational skills
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Focal Object
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
9. What is not an example of an unexpected or incongruous focal object, in relation to the factors that influence perception?
A. valuing work ethic like never missing a day of work
B. someone who is very vocal in an otherwise quiet meeting
C. a beat up old Chevy truck at the country club
D. wearing a lot of makeup and false eyelashes to the gym
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Focal Object
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
10. Which factor that influences our perception is seen in terms of contrast?
A. the comprehender
B. the perceiver
C. the environment
D. the focal object
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Focal Object
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
11. Gretchen was disappointed in herself when she did not recognize her professor at the restaurant where she works. She wondered why she didn’t notice someone that she sees three times a week. Gretchen’s perception of her professor was influenced by what factor?
A. the comprehender
B. the perceiver
C. the environment
D. the focal object
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Environment
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
12. Henry was very excited to pick out his brand new pickup truck. While still trying to decide which one to choose, he ran out of time and had to leave for work. His sales representative, Ann, was eager to close the sale. Therefore, Ann decided to bring two trucks to his work that fit his main criteria. It was obvious to Henry which one he wanted to buy at that point. Why didn’t Henry notice the truck among the other trucks when he was at the dealership?
A. Henry did not value the truck at the dealership.
B. We tend to perceive objects in terms of contrast.
C. Henry did not recognize what he was looking for.
D. He liked the extra attention that Ann gave him.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Focal Object
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
13. The example given in the textbook where people flocked to see Joshua Bell perform in a concert hall, but failed to recognize him in the Metro station illustrates what factor that influences perception?
A. the comprehender
B. the perceiver
C. the environment
D. focal object
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Environment
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
14. Which of the following is not a factor brought to the perceptual process by the perceiver?
A. setting
B. attitude
C. culture
D. value
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Perceiver
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
15. What element below is not explained in the textbook regarding perceptual distortions?
A. stereotypes
B. convey affect
C. self-fulfilling prophecy
D. impression management
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
16. What are an individual’s fixed beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group?
A. halo effect
B. impression management
C. stereotypes
D. contrast effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
17. Jojo’s boss is an older, Caucasian gentleman from the Midwest. They have never discussed politics, but Jojo makes assumptions about his political views. This is an example of what type of perceptual error?
A. halo effect
B. impression management
C. stereotypes
D. contrast effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
18. Another word for stereotypes, which is when one has a particular feeling or attitude (often negative) toward members of a specific group, is called ______.
A. preconception
B. prejudice
C. judgment
D. bias
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
19. Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is explained as the tendency to selectively focus on aspects of situations that are most aligned with our own interests, values, and attitudes?
A. stereotypes
B. primary effect
C. halo effect
D. selective attention
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
20. Jasmine notices that every time she hears an inaccurate news story, it is published by the political party with which she disagrees. Jasmine is likely guilty of which of the following perceptual errors?
A. stereotypes
B. primary effect
C. halo effect
D. selective attention
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
21. Teddy works at the local department store. Her boss, Charlie, had important information about the company who made the purses and how they were to be displayed in the store. Teddy was so excited about the new purses that she did not pay attention to what Charlie was explaining. This is an example of what perceptual distortion?
A. selective attention
B. recency effect
C. primary effect
D. impression management
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
22. Which element below is a perception problem in which we form a positive or negative view of one aspect of an individual based on our overall impressions of that person?
A. halo effect
B. stereotypes
C. primary effect
D. impression management
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
23. Zuri is a superstar athlete in her school. In order to be allowed to play sports, she must also have a B average on her report card. She is pretty and friendly with everyone and the faculty think she can do no wrong. Which perceptual distortion have the faculty fallen prey to?
A. selective attention
B. primary effect
C. halo effect
D. projecting
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
24. Which element below is a perceptual distortion in which an individual assesses a person quickly on the basis of the first information encountered?
A. selective attention
B. contrast effect
C. self-fulfilling prophecy
D. primacy effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
25. The common phrase “judging a book by its cover” is an example of which perceptual distortion?
A. recency effect
B. impression management
C. self-fulfilling prophecy
D. primacy effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
26. Which element below is a perceptual distortion in which we use the most recent information available to assess a person?
A. impression management
B. self-fulfilling prophecy
C. recency effect
D. primacy effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
27. Russ has been on time for work all year, consistently going above and beyond his duties. However, in the month before his performance appraisal, he had the flu and his whole family became sick, causing him to frequently be absent and exhibit lower-than-normal performance. As a result, his annual performance appraisal was somewhat negative. It is likely that Russ’s boss committed which of the following perceptual errors?
A. impression management
B. self-fulfilling prophecy
C. recency effect
D. primacy effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
28. The primacy effect is a perceptual distortion in which an individual is judged based on the first information encountered, whereas the recency effect is a perceptual distortion in which an individual is judged based on ______.
A. the most recent information available
B. a comparison to a similar person
C. how we think or feel about the person
D. beliefs about that person’s group
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
29. Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is explained as something that takes place when people rank something higher or lower than they should as a result of exposure to recent events or situations?
A. primacy effect
B. contrast effect
C. selective attention
D. self-fulfilling prophecy
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
30. Ravi and Luke went to see the play “Out of Sorts.” Luke loved the show while Ravi did not enjoy it as much. When Luke asked Ravi why he didn’t like it, Ravi explained that while the show was good, he had seen the same show in New York City and thought it was much better there. Ravi has experienced which perceptual distortion?
A. selective attention
B. contrast effect
C. self-fulfilling prophecy
D. primacy effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
31. Faye is very upset at Don. She has been waiting for him all day so they can discuss their issue. Faye knows she needs to talk calmly and get to the point, but she is distracted with Don’s attitude. She feels that he is upset about the situation. This makes her even madder because he should not be the one to be upset. When she confronts Don, he tells her that he is not mad. Don spends his time trying to convince her that he is not upset. After much convincing, Faye realized that she was ______.
A. stereotyping
B. using primary effect
C. halo effecting
D. projecting
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
32. Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is a process in which people transfer their own thoughts, motivations, feelings, and desires to others?
A. self-fulfilling prophecy
B. projecting
C. halo effect
D. contrast effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
33. The way a person behaves based on preexisting expectations about another person or situation can sometimes create an outcome that is aligned with those expectations, which is called a ______.
A. self-fulfilling prophecy
B. projecting
C. halo effect
D. contrast effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
34. Alex was told that her athletes were lazy and negative, causing her to be less than excited about serving as their coach. By the end of the season, she agreed that it was the worst team she had ever coached. She also recognized that her behavior may have further contributed to their negative attitudes. This is an example of which of the following perceptual errors?
A. impression management
B. self-fulfilling prophecy
C. recency effect
D. primacy effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
35. Paulie wants to create a good impression within his neighborhood by dressing professionally and remaining calm, positive, and knowledgeable throughout his daily interactions. He hopes that this will impress his good friends, Tony and Silvio. Paulie is practicing ______.
A. projecting
B. recency effect
C. self-fulfilling prophecy
D. impression management
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
36. When using impression management, one might also use ______.
A. projection
B. stereotyping
C. ingratiation
D. the contrast effect
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
37. A Harvard Business Review study found that business executives who behave in an ingratiating manner toward their CEOs are also the ones most likely to ______.
A. defend those CEOs when necessary
B. get promoted ahead of other colleagues
C. speak negatively about those CEOs
D. leave the organization prematurely
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
38. Which theory holds that people look for two causes to explain the behavior of others?
A. attribution
B. feature
C. component
D. characteristic
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
39. Which cause to explain the behavior of others is related to personal characteristics of others?
A. external features
B. external attributions
C. interior characteristic
D. internal attributions
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
40. Which cause to explain the behavior of others is related to situational factors?
A. exterior characteristic
B. internal features
C. external attributions
D. internal attributions
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
41. Which statement below is not an example of internal attributions?
A. Lana having no energy
B. Sterling having an overwhelming amount of work
C. Pam feeling a little indifferent about work
D. Cheryl having apathy for her job
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
42. Francis noticed that Zoe was not producing as many cakes as her coworkers. Zoe explained that she felt her coworkers were getting the best clients. Francis deduced that Zoe’s inability to produce as many cakes was due to ______.
A. internal attributions
B. internal features
C. external attributions
D. exterior characteristic
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
43. Which factor below does not influence our internal and external attributions?
A. dispute
B. distinctiveness
C. consistency
D. consensus
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
44. Julian recognizes that her sales numbers are low for the month of June. When she asks around, she realizes that everyone has low numbers for the month. This is an example of a high degree of ______.
A. anonymity
B. distinctiveness
C. consistency
D. consensus
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
45. What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below is explained as the extent to which a person behaves consistently in similar situations?
A. dispute
B. distinctiveness
C. consistency
D. consensus
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
46. Damon noticed that Elena was not at work today. Damon decided to look at her past behavior to help assess the situation. If Elena tends to be frequently absent, he might ascribe her behavior to being lazy and indifferent. Conversely, if Elena’s attendance is usually high, then he would ascribe her absence to external causes, such as illness or an emergency. What factor that influences our internal and external attributes did Damon use?
A. dispute
B. distinctiveness
C. consistency
D. consensus
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
47. What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below looks at how everyone else responds in the same situation?
A. dispute
B. distinctiveness
C. consistency
D. consensus
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
48. Stefan noticed that Katherine was not at work today. Stefan decided to look at the other employees’ attendance records. If more people in the office are absent on the same days, he might ascribe this behavior to an external attribution, such as stress due to overworking, or a virus or flu that has spread through the office. Conversely, if everyone else has an excellent attendance record, Stefan is more likely to attribute Katherine’s absenteeism to internal factors. What factor that influences our internal and external attributes did Stefan use?
A. dispute
B. distinctiveness
C. consistency
D. consensus
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
49. What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below is the extent to which a person responds in the same way over a period of time?
A. dispute
B. distinctiveness
C. consistency
D. consensus
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
50. What are the two common attribution errors?
A. fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias
B. rudimentary element error and self-serving bias
C. rudimentary element error and self-absorbed slant
D. self-absorbed slant and fundamental attribution error
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
51. Which attribution error is the inclination to attribute internal factors to the behavior of others more than external factors?
A. self-absorbed slant
B. self-serving bias
C. fundamental attribution error
D. rudimentary element error
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
52. When Carrie’s students are late, she always says that the tardiness could have been prevented by the student leaving for class earlier. Carrie is committing the ______.
A. stereotyping
B. self-serving bias
C. fundamental attribution error
D. selective attention
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
53. When Noah does well at golf, he credits his focus and tenacity. When Noah scores poorly, he usually blames his caddy for poor advice. Noah is likely guilty of which of the following errors?
A. halo effect
B. self-serving bias
C. fundamental attribution error
D. recency effect
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
54. Leslie noticed that Andy was not at work today. Leslie decided to look at Andy’s history of attendance. If Leslie sees that Andy is consistently absent, she could tend to ascribe his absence to internal causes. If Andy’s attendance is usually high, then she would regard a day’s absence as unusual, therefore ascribing it to external causes. What factor that influences our internal and external attributes did Leslie use?
A. unanimity
B. distinctiveness
C. consistency
D. consensus
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
54. Which attribution error is the tendency to attribute external factors to our own failures more than internal factors?
A. self-absorbed slant
B. self-serving bias
C. fundamental attribution error
D. rudimentary element error
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
55. ______ is the ongoing process through which individuals adjust their behavior based on experience.
A. Learning
B. Consensus
C. Unanimity
D. Intellect
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Learning Processes: Behavioral Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
56. Which item below is not one of the behavioral interpretations of learning discussed in the textbook?
A. classical conditioning
B. reinforcement theory
C. instrumental theory
D. operant conditioning
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Learning Processes: Behavioral Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
57. What element below suggests that learning can be accomplished through the use of stimuli?
A. operant conditioning
B. conditioned response
C. reinforcement theory
D. classical conditioning
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
58. When looking at classical conditioning, neutral stimulus is also called ______.
A. conditioned stimulus
B. conditioned response
C. unconditioned stimulus
D. reinforcement theory
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
59. Saul is a fisherman in his small village. Skyler, his wife, was tired of him missing dinner. She decided to display a red light on her front porch of the little house by the sea to alert him when dinner was ready. Every time he saw the red light, he felt hungry, and he immediately went home. This is an example of ______.
A. an unconditioned stimulus because he just knew when it was time for dinner
B. a neutral stimulus because the red light did not elicit a response
C. a conditioned response to the red light because he was reinforced for coming home
D. a conditioned response to the red light, such as feeling hunger pangs or salivating
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
60. The effect of a conditioned stimulus is a/an ______.
A. unconditioned response
B. conditioned response
C. unconditioned stimulus
D. neutral stimulus
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
61. Which element of the behavioral perspective listed below is defined as the process of forming associations between learning and behavior that occurs when the consequences of behavior are being controlled?
A. operant conditioning
B. conditioned response
C. reinforcement theory
D. classical conditioning
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Operant Conditioning Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
62. The law of effect theory states that behavior followed by pleasant results is more likely to be repeated, whereas behavior followed by unpleasant results is not. This is the root of which element of the behavioral perspective?
A. operant conditioning
B. conditioned response
C. reinforcement theory
D. classical conditioning
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Operant Conditioning Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
63. Which element of the behavioral perspective was refined into the more comprehensive reinforcement theory?
A. operant conditioning
B. conditioned response
C. reinforcement theory
D. classical conditioning
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Operant Conditioning Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
64. Which item below states that behavior is a function of its consequences and is determined exclusively by environmental factors, such as external stimuli and other reinforcers?
A. operant conditioning
B. conditioned response
C. reinforcement theory
D. classical conditioning
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
65. Which element below is defined as the use of behavioral techniques to reinforce positive work behavior and discourage unhelpful work behavior?
A. organizational behavior modification
B. punishment
C. reinforcement theory
D. positive reinforcement
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
66. The practical application of reinforcement in the workplace is called ______.
A. reinforcement theory
B. extinction
C. organizational behavior modification
D. schedule of reinforcement
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
67. Which element below is not one of the four main types of behavioral techniques?
A. positive reinforcement
B. punishment
C. negative reinforcement
D. elimination
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
68. ______ is the removal of previously experienced negative consequences, resulting in the likelihood that certain behaviors will occur again in the same or similar situations.
A. Positive punishment
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Negative punishment
D. Positive reinforcement
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
69. ______ is when positive consequences are used to reinforce certain behaviors to make the employee more likely to behave in similar ways in the same or similar situations.
A. Negative punishment
B. Positive reinforcement
C. Positive punishment
D. Negative reinforcement
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
70. Ava has a cute little 7-year-old named Boyd. Boyd had a habit of being mean to his beloved cat, Dickie. Ava decided to remove Dickie from the room every time Boyd pulled his tail or did anything unpleasant to the cat. After a while, Boyd realized that in order to keep the cat in the room, he could not pull his tail or be unpleasant to Dickie. His behavior changed for the better. This is an example of ______.
A. positive punishment
B. positive reinforcement
C. negative punishment
D. negative reinforcement
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Punishment
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
71. Which element of the reinforcement theory is the administration of unpleasant consequences or removal of positive ones for the purpose of discouraging undesirable behavior?
A. positive reinforcement
B. punishment
C. negative reinforcement
D. extinction
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
72. What item below is the absence of any consequences, which reduces the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations?
A. positive reinforcement
B. punishment
C. negative reinforcement
D. extinction
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
73. HGC Outfitters provides a $20 employee bonus for every fifth sale. This is an example of a ______ schedule of intermittent reinforcement.
A. fixed ratio
B. fixed interval
C. variable interval
D. variable ratio
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Schedules of Reinforcement
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
74. When Jonesy makes his rounds around the production floor, he keeps $50 VISA gift cards in his pockets. If he sees someone going above-and-beyond their role, he hands them a gift card. The employees never know when Jonesy will make his rounds, but anticipating his appearance causes people to work hard to get rewarded. This is an example of which type of intermittent reinforcement?
A. fixed ratio schedule
B. fixed interval schedule
C. variable interval schedule
D. variable ratio schedule
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Schedules of Reinforcement
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
75. Blacktop Inc. provides employees with a regular paycheck every 2 weeks, regardless of how production has been. This is an example of which type of intermittent reinforcement?
A. fixed ratio schedule
B. fixed interval schedule
C. variable interval schedule
D. variable ratio schedule
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Schedules of Reinforcement
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
76. Which theory proposed that we learn by observing, imitating, and modeling the behavior of others within our social context?
A. social cognitive theory
B. instrumental theory
C. reinforcement theory
D. theory of attributions
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
77. What term below is not an element of the social cognitive theory?
A. reciprocal behavior
B. self-regulation
C. vicarious learning
D. self-efficacy
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
78. Which element below is described as our personal belief in our ability to perform certain tasks or behaviors?
A. reciprocal behavior
B. self-regulation
C. vicarious learning
D. self-efficacy
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
79. Blair, the owner of Nice Necessities, noticed that her employees would come to work early, leave late, and generally had a high level of commitment the first year of business. The second year, her employees were late more often than not and did not feel very committed to the store. Blair noticed that the demands of family life pulled her away from Nice Necessities in the second year. Blair realized that she had set the example for her employees and they were merely modeling her behavior. This exemplifies which theory?
A. instrument theory
B. social cognitive theory
C. reinforcement theory
D. theory of attributions
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
80. Sybil and Mary are required to complete a ropes course for their team retreat. Sybil is petrified and does not feel confident in her ability to finish the course. Mary, on the other hand, feels very confident doing physical activities and is looking forward to it. Sybil and Mary have ______.
A. low self-efficacy and high self-efficacy, respectively
B. low reciprocal behavior and high reciprocal behavior, respectively
C. high reciprocal behavior and low reciprocal behavior, respectively
D. low self-regulation and high self-regulation, respectively
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
81. Which term below is defined as a process of learning by watching the actions or behaviors of another person?
A. reciprocal behavior
B. self-regulation
C. vicarious learning
D. self-efficacy
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
82. Which element below is closely related and influences our degree of self-efficacy?
A. reciprocal behavior
B. self-regulation
C. vicarious learning
D. self-efficacy
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
83. Brandi does not like public speaking nor see the benefit in doing so. She sees her colleague, Yolanda, on a similar career path successfully giving the weekly presentations during their meetings. Yolanda has also been receiving accolades from their boss lately. Brandi becomes more inclined to volunteer to do the next one, because she has observed this event as a positive experience thereby increasing her self-efficacy for doing presentations. This is an example of which element of social cognitive theory?
A. reciprocal behavior
B. self-regulation
C. vicarious learning
D. self-efficacy
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
84. Which term below is defined as the process in which we set goals that create a discrepancy between a desired state and a current state?
A. reciprocal behavior
B. self-regulation
C. vicarious learning
D. self-efficacy
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
85. The discrepancy that creates tension, which drives us to increase effort to reduce tension and reach the goal is called ______.
A. reciprocal behavior
B. self-regulation
C. vicarious learning
D. self-efficacy
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
86. Bethenny has set a goal for Luann to complete a complex project within 2 weeks. Luann feels nervous about her ability to achieve the goal within the allotted time frame, so she works harder in order to reduce her feelings of discomfort and to successfully complete the assignment on time. Luann is using which element of social cognitive theory to help her accomplish her goal?
A. reciprocal behavior
B. self-regulation
C. vicarious learning
D. self-efficacy
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
87. The model that shows human functioning as shaped by three factors that are reciprocally related is called ______.
A. classical conditioning model
B. reciprocal behavior model
C. reinforcer behavior model
D. triadic reciprocal model of behavior
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Triadic Reciprocal Model of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
88. Which factor below is not part of the reciprocally related human functions of the triadic reciprocal model of behavior?
A. self-regulation
B. reinforcement
C. cognitive processes
D. behavior
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Triadic Reciprocal Model of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
89. Which item below shows how cognitive processes mediate the effects of reinforcers on behavior, and how behavior influences both reinforcers and cognitive processes?
A. triadic reciprocal model of behavior
B. classical conditioning model
C. reciprocal behavior
D. reinforcers
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Triadic Reciprocal Model of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
True/False
1. Focal objects are not always physical things. For example, they can also be behaviors of people.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Focal Object
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
2. The three factors that influence perceptions mentioned in the textbook are the comprehender, the environment, and the focal object.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Components of the Perception Process
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
3. Our attempts to organize and sift huge amounts of everyday complex information can lead to inaccuracies and cloud our perceptions of different people, situations, and events.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
4. Projecting occurs when a person bases behavior on preexisting expectations about another person or situation in order to create an outcome aligned with those expectations.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
5. Internal and external attributions are the two causes people look for to explain behavior of others. This is called attribution theory.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
6. The three factors that influence our internal and external attributions are distinctiveness, unanimity, and consistency.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
7. The steps in the reinforcement process are sometimes referred to as the ABC’s of behavior.
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
8. There are four types of continuous reinforcement schedules in the reinforcement theory.
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Schedules of Reinforcement
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
9. The social cognitive theory holds that our cognitive processes, which include awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment, play important roles in how we learn new knowledge and skills.
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Learning Processes: The Cognitive View
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
Short Answer
1. When looking at the factors that influence and distort perception mentioned in the textbook, which one is explained by perceptions that are shaped by past experiences, culture, attitude, values, and upbringing?
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Perceiver
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking
2. ______ are an individual’s fixed beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Medium
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
3. Ingratiation is related to which perceptual distortion?
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
4. Of the two common attribution errors, which one would label blaming the economic recession for poor sales instead of your sales team’s work ethic?
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
5. Which attribution theory would rate high on distinctiveness and consensus, but low on consistency of the three determinants of attribution?
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
6. Raylan, an employee of Snachtix is rewarded with high praise following high sales figures during periods of different length. This is an example of which of the intermittent reinforcement schedules?
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Schedules of Reinforcement
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
7. Wynn, a production line worker, is rewarded with a cash incentive every time he produces 10 completed and filled boxes. This is an example of which intermittent reinforcement schedule?
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Schedules of Reinforcement
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
8. Ava works in a call center, the more calls she makes, the higher the chance of closing a sale, leading to greater financial compensation. This is an example of which intermittent reinforcement schedule?
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Schedules of Reinforcement
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
9. Looking at the social cognitive theory, ______ influences our degree of ______.
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Schedules of Reinforcement
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors
10. Dexter and Rita are on a ropes course for their company retreat. Dexter falls of the ropes, which causes him to think that he is not good at the ropes course and lowers his self-efficacy for completing the course. Lower self-efficacy causes him to become tentative, make more mistakes, and fall again. His poor performance causes him to feel pressure from Rita, which creates more negative reinforcers. This is an example of ______.
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Triadic Reciprocal Model of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
Essay
1. Why is it so important to understand perception when looking at behavior in business?
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Why is Perception Important?
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
2. What is the relationship between the factors that influence perception and changing behavior? Why is it important?
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Why is Perception Important?
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
3. An example was given in the text of a world-famous violinist, Josh Bell, being wildly popular in concert but not even recognized by concertgoers when in a subway station. Relate the example to the three main factors that influence perception.
Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the basic concept of perception.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Components of the Selection Process
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
4. What does ingratiation mean and which form of perceptual distortion does it relate to and why?
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
5. Define four of the nine perceptual distortions listed in the textbook and explain why it is important to have an understanding of perceptual distortions in general.
Learning Objective: 3.2: Explain the different types of perceptual distortions.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Common Perceptual Distortions
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
6. To Tom’s dismay, Ron at the Taco shack is not selling many tacos. Tom thinks that Ron is lazy and not working hard enough, and Ron thinks his lack of sales is due to working the slow shifts. Both Tom and Ron are looking at the same situation. Explain how they can have different ideas in terms of attribution theory.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Apply attribution theory to more effectively interpret behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Common Attribution Errors
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
7. Donald has finally closed a sale that took him 2 weeks of hard work. He normally gets paid on a fixed interval schedule or a continuous reinforcement schedule, whichever comes first. He received this paycheck 2 weeks after his last one. Which schedule was used for his payment? What is the difference between continuous reinforcement and fixed interval schedule of intermittent reinforcement?
Learning Objective: 3.4: Use reinforcement theory to understand learning and modify behavior.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Schedules of Reinforcement
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Analytical thinking
8. What is the triadic reciprocal model of behavior? Use the model to explain how the three factors in the model relate to effect behavior.
Learning Objective: 3.5: Apply social cognitive theory to social learning and cognitive processes.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Triadic Reciprocal Model of Behavior
Difficulty Level: Hard
TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
Document Information
Connected Book
Organizational Behavior Skill-Based 2e Test Bank
By Christopher P. Neck