Ch.22 Exam Prep One Health Human & Environment Cowan

Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach, 3e (Cowan)

Chapter 22 One Health: The Interconnected Health of the Environment, Humans, and Other Animals

1) Using microbes to break down or remove toxic wastes in water and soil is called ________.

A) decomposition

B) synergism

C) mineralization

D) bioremediation

E) recycling

2) The breakdown of man-made compounds by decomposers is called ________.

A) mineralization

B) biodegradation

C) decomposition

D) parasitism

E) saprobism

3) Potable water is ________.

A) contaminated

B) polluted

C) safe to drink

D) foul tasting

E) None of the choices are correct.

4) Indicator bacteria are ________.

A) coliforms

B) enterococci

C) evidence of fecal contamination

D) used in water quality tests

E) All of the choices are correct.

5) Which of the following is not true of coliforms?

A) They are gram-negative, lactose-fermenting, and gas-producing bacteria

B) They include E. coli, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter

C) Coliform levels are not always directly correlated to E. coli levels

D) Fecal coliform assays are very specific

E) Coliform bacteriophages are currently used as good fecal indicators

6) The most prominent waterborne pathogens of recent times include ________.

A) Giardia.

B) Cryptosporidium.

C) Campylobacter.

D) Salmonella.

E) All of the choices are correct.

7) There are very few viruses in aquatic environments.

8) The use of "coliform" and "E. coli" when discussing potable water is interchangeable.

9) Which is the first step in water purification?

A) Chlorination

B) Aeration and settling

C) Sedimentation

D) Storage

E) Filtration

10) In which step of water purification does water move through sand beds and activated charcoal?

A) Chlorination

B) Aeration and settling

C) Sedimentation

D) Storage

E) Filtration

11) Primary sewage treatment includes ________.

A) sludge digesting

B) skimming

C) filtration

D) chlorination

E) aeration

12) The final step of sewage treatment before release into the environment is ________.

A) sludge digesting

B) skimming

C) filtration

D) chlorination

E) aeration

13) What chemical is used in both water purification and sewage treatment to give long-term disinfection?

A) Fluorine

B) Activated charcoal

C) Copper sulfate

D) Chlorine

E) All of the choices are correct.

14) In the secondary phase of water treatment, organic matter undergoes biodegradation by a diverse mix of bacteria, algae, and protozoa.

15) An infectious disease typically seen among animals that may be acquired by humans is referred to as ________.

A) zoophilic

B) zoonotic

C) nosocomial

D) agronotic

16) Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence and spread of Lyme disease?

A) Increase in deer and mouse populations

B) Increase in deer tick populations

C) Increase in new home developments in wooded areas

D) Climate change

E) All of these factors are correct.

17) Which of the statements about the emergence of HIV/AIDS is incorrect?

A) It is likely that HIV/AIDS began as a zoonotic disease, evolving from SIV, the simian immunodeficiency virus.

B) HIV spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa via colonization and urbanization.

C) It is believed that HIV was spread to the United States from Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.

D) The first cases of AIDS in the United States were seen in 1980.

18) What two strategies are used in the United States to ensure potable drinking water?

A) Filtration and chlorination

B) Chlorination and gamma radiation

C) Ultraviolet disinfection and filtration

D) Pasteurization and chlorination

E) Filtration and pasteurization

19) HIV did not begin to spread throughout the African continent until the 1970s.

20) Monitoring of drinking water and recreational water is done by testing for indicator bacteria. Indicator bacteria ________.

A) are bacteria typically found in the mammalian mouth, nose, and throat

B) are bacteria typically found in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract

C) are bacteria known to proliferate in aquatic environments and fish

D) are bacteria known to cause human disease

21) Which of the following bacteria would be most indicative of fecal contamination?

A) Staphylococcus aureus

B) Streptococcus pyogenes

C) E. coli

D) Enterobacter aerogenes

22) Coliforms, used as indicator bacteria, are gram-negative bacteria that ferment lactose and produce gas.

23) There are cities in the United States that obtain drinking water from the same river in which sewage was disposed of upstream.

24) Which of the following viruses can be readily transmitted by contaminated food and water?

A) Hepatitis B virus

B) Hepatitis A virus

C) Hepatitis C virus

D) Herpes simplex virus

E) Varicella zoster virus

25) Which of the following atmospheric gases have been increasing in concentration and are believed to be contributors to climate change?

A) Oxygen and carbon dioxide

B) Hydrogen and carbon dioxide

C) Nitrogen and oxygen

D) Carbon dioxide and methane

E) Methane and oxygen

26) Which diseases are predicted to increase as a result of global climate change?

A) Malaria and cholera

B) Malaria and bacterial meningitis

C) Bacterial meningitis and cholera

D) MRSA infections and bacterial meningitis

E) Campylobacter infections and E. coli infections

27) Which of the following is least likely to transmit cholera?

A) Human fecal contamination of drinking water supplies

B) Run-off from large dairy and beef farms into water sources

C) Human fecal contamination of water used to irrigate fruits and vegetable crops

D) Human fecal contamination in water from which shellfish are harvested

28) The incidence of which disease is most likely to be impacted as a result of increased rainfall?

A) Malaria

B) Lyme disease

C) Salmonella gastroenteritis

D) Hepatitis A

29) The transmission of which diseases are dependent on maintenance of the mosquito vector?

A) Malaria

B) Lyme disease

C) Cholera

D) West Nile virus – encephalitis

E) Both malaria and West Nile virus encephalitis

30) One of the goals of wastewater treatment is to ________ the biological oxygen demand (BOD).

A) increase

B) decrease

C) neutralize

31) The primary phase of wastewater treatment ________.

A) removes harmful microorganisms

B) separates solid from liquid wastes

C) increases the biological oxygen demand

D) often uses ultraviolet radiation

32) The secondary phase of wastewater treatment is largely ________.

A) physical

B) biological

C) chemical

D) irradiation

33) The primary phase of wastewater treatment is largely ________.

A) physical

B) biological

C) chemical

D) irradiation

34) Use of a trickling filter that sprays wastewater over rocks coated with biofilms which aerobically degrade organic matter is an example of the ________.

A) primary phase of wastewater treatment

B) secondary phase of wastewater treatment

C) tertiary phase of wastewater treatment

35) The activated sludge step in wastewater treatment is an example of the ________.

A) primary phase of wastewater treatment

B) secondary phase of wastewater treatment

C) tertiary phase of wastewater treatment

36) After secondary treatment, treated wastewater can usually be safely released into nearby bodies of waters.

37) Which of the following may be removed by tertiary water treatment?

A) Ammonia

B) Nitrate

C) Phosphate

D) Pathogenic microorganisms

E) All of the choices are correct.

38) Agricultural water run-off, rich in nitrates, ammonia, and phosphates, may be treated to remove these chemicals so that the treated water does not support algal blooms.  Such treatment is an example of ________.

A) primary treatment

B) secondary treatment

C) tertiary treatment

39) Which wastewater treatment process can generate methane which to be used as a fuel?

A) Settling

B) Trickling filters

C) Activated sludge process

D) Anaerobic digestors

40) Backyard composting in either a pile or a bin is generally an ________ process.

A) aerobic

B) anaerobic

41) The decomposition that occurs in a sanitary landfill is largely ________.

A) aerobic

B) anaerobic

42) Which term is used to describe a novel, chemically synthesized compound that does not occur naturally but can be made to be biodegradable?

A) Antibiotic

B) Probiotic

C) Autobiotic

D) Xenobiotic

E) Pseudobiotic

43) Most of the oil released into the Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon explosion was biodegraded by microorganisms.

44) Which of the following has been chemically modified to make it biodegradable?

A) Glass

B) Aluminum foil

C) Styrofoam

D) Laundry detergent

45) The greater the amount of organic matter in wastewater, the ________ its biological oxygen demand.

A) higher

B) lower

46) Which of the following activities/processes depends upon the activities of microbes?

A) Composting

B) Wastewater treatment

C) Bioremediation

D) Biodegradation

E) All of the choices are correct.

47) Which term would be used to describe a compound totally resistant to microbial attack?

A) Inert

B) Recalcitrant

C) Antibacterial

D) Bioaccumulative

48) Biodegradable plastics or plastic substitutes exist today that can be composted.

49) As wastewater moves through the wastewater treatment process, its biological oxygen demand increases.

50) The concept of One Health demonstrates the interconnected relationship between global travel, economics and communication.

51) Disruption of the One Health balance can be caused by ________.

A) burning of fossil fuels leading to climate change

B) transporting organisms outside of their usual habitat

C) excessive use of antibiotics

D) increase in population density

E) All of the choices are correct.

52) The concept of One Health demonstrates the interrelationship between ________.

A) human health, animal health, and environmental health

B) global economics, animal health, and climate change

C) human health, global warming, and economics

D) global travel, communication, and economics

E) environmental health, microbial growth and economics

53) Which of the following statements describes the cause of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in the Southwest during the 1990s, demonstrating the interconnected web of human health, animal health and environmental health?

A) Excess rain enhanced the production of pine nuts, which led to a large population of deer mice, the reservoir of hantavirus that are shed in urine and feces, and can aerosolize into human lungs.

B) Global warming evaporated the lakes and drove deer mice, the reservoir of hantavirus, into the suburbs, where they passed the virus to humans in their feces.

C) Polluted rivers from excess watershed run-off killed the native plants so the starving deer mice were forced to migrate to urban areas where they shed hantavirus that aerosolized into human lungs.

D) Increased temperatures enhanced the mosquito population in the Southwest, leading to more humans being bitten and greater transmission of hantavirus.

54) Which of the following did not contribute to the outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Southwest during the 1990s?

A) Excessive winter rainfall

B) Enhanced production of the pine nut

C) Increase in deer mice population

D) Global warming

55) Global warming increased the mosquito population in the Southwest during the 1990s, which led to an outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

56) All of the following are factors that contribute to the increase in Lyme disease cases in the United States except ________.

A) increased pollution of lakes and rivers

B) decrease in areas of farmland

C) increase in areas of woodland

D) warming trends

E) suburban development expanding into natural areas

57) The increase in cases of Lyme disease in the northeast as well as other parts of the United States is due to several overlapping influences; general warming trends, an increase in natural areas as farmlands disappear, and increasing human populations encroach on natural areas as suburban development spreads.

58) Transmission of organisms that cause zoonotic diseases can only pass from animal to human, not from human to animal.

59) Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding zoonotic infections?

A) Infections agents pass from animals to humans, not from humans to animals.

B) The majority of emerging human diseases in the past 30 years have been zoonotic.

C) Fewer than 1% of vertebrate viruses have been described.

D) Some zoonotic diseases can originate from animal-to-human transmission, then human-to-human transmission can further the spread.

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question:  Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

A clinic nurse at the county health department provides health counseling for a 26-year-old male who will be traveling internationally. The nurse consults the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention vaccination recommendations for the specific areas to which he is traveling. The man has many questions about the vaccines as well as infectious disease prevention.

60) The traveler is concerned about the safety of drinking water. Which of the following is a common pathogen that can cause a waterborne diarrheal illness?

A) Staphylococcus

B) Lactobacillus

C) Shigella

D) All of the choices will cause diarrheal illness.

61) The nurse educates the traveler about markers of fecal contamination, as he is bringing a water indicator kit that tests for coliforms. The nurse advises that the kit may not detect other fecal pathogens. Which of the following organisms are coliforms?

A) E. coli

B) Enterobacter

C) Klebsiella

D) All of the choices are coliforms.

62) The presence of coliforms necessarily indicates the presence of fecal matter. 

63) The presence of trace amounts of fecal coliforms in a water sample means that the entire body of water is considered unsafe to drink.

64) What type of bacteria is water tested for when determining its safety? 

A) Presence bacteria

B) Indicator bacteria

C) Confirming bacteria

D) Yielding bacteria

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question:  Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

A 47-year-old male and father of five works as a high school English teacher. He recently read in the community newspaper that local sewage is treated and repurposed to the community as drinking water. His senior English class is concerned about the quality of drinking water in the city and they want to petition the state senate to pass a bill barring the practice. He comes to the local health department asking for information.

65) What is the role of nonpathogenic microbes in the wastewater treatment process?

A) Degradation of organic compounds

B) Outcompeting pathogens

C) Anaerobic decomposition of solid waste

D) All of these are true.

66) What is the initial step in wastewater treatment?

A) Skimming

B) Aeration

C) Chlorination

D) Digestion

67) Which gas is used as a mode of purification in the final phase of treatment?

A) Hydrogen

B) Carbon dioxide

C) Ammonia

D) Chlorine