Ch17 Living In A Global World Verified Test Bank

Test Bank

Chapter 17

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (over half are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among one higher level). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include the three highest levels of cognitive reasoning (from “Analyze” to “Create”) as well as lower levels.

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The present-day global economy was initiated __________.

a. decades ago

b. centuries ago

c. only recently

d. with the advent of steam travel

2. Globalization is a process that includes all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. the increased movement of people across borders

b. the exchange of information on a global scale through new technologies

c. obtaining goods that are made in many parts of the world

d. benefits for most cultural minorities

3. Rural-to-urban migration has tended to be __________.

a. labor migration

b. refugee migration

c. transnational migration

d. nonexistent

4. __________ are cultural or ethnic groups who have become minorities in their native lands due to migrations of other peoples into their territories or due to the historical configuration of a nation–state made up of diverse groups.

a. Minorities

b. Racial minorities

c. Cultural minorities

d. Ethnic minorities

5. Labor migration has increased in the twentieth century in part due to __________.

a. warfare

b. industrialization

c. the ability of refugees to seek asylum

d. faster maritime transportation

6. At the end of 2009, the nation that had produced the largest number of refugees was __________.

a. Angola

b. Iraq

c. Burundi

d. Afghanistan

7. Labor migration usually occurs when __________.

a. cities can no longer provide enough jobs

b. the need for agricultural workers is reduced

c. the need for agricultural workers increases

d. populations increase

8. In 2009, the nation that accepted the most refugees was __________.

a. the United States

b. Germany

c. Pakistan

d. Armenia

9. A typical pattern of labor migration in Malaysia and Mexico for poor rural families is __________.

a. for entire families to move to cities

b. for young, unmarried daughters to be sent to work in factories

c. for sons to be sent to work in factories

d. for men to move to agricultural areas with larger populations and sharecrop

10. Most workers for multinational corporations in Malaysia are not union members because __________.

a. unions are illegal

b. unions rarely are able to improve working and wage conditions for workers

c. unions accept only males, but most workers are female

d. three years of steady employment are required for union membership but most workers are hired on six-month contracts

11. To attract multinational corporations, the Malaysian government __________.

a. pays union fees for workers

b. builds facilities in which low-skilled, assembly-line tasks can be performed

c. grants tax benefits and reduces tariffs for multinationals

d. encourages population growth to ensure an adequate number of potential workers

12. Maquiladoras assemble __________.

a. furniture

b. automobiles

c. precut garment pieces

d. kitchen appliances

13. In Mexico, maquiladoras__________.

a. use workers who receive little or no job security and low wages

b. produce components to be exported and assembled in other countries

c. pay high local taxes

d. encourage workers’ unions

14. In 2008, the maquiladoras employed more than __________ people.

a. 200,000

b. 100,000

c. 500,000

d. 400,000

15. Women are preferred employees in maquiladora factories because __________.

a. they need to provide for their children

b. they have flexible schedules

c. they are willing to accept lower wages

d. they are more educated on average than men

16. In Latin American countries, __________ is the typical pattern for poor young women who migrate from rural to urban areas.

a. first working in factories

b. first working as a domestic laborer

c. first getting married

d. first working in the service sector

17. One reason that transnational labor migration rarely alleviates poverty in the country of origin is that __________.

a. populations continue to expand much faster than people leave

b. the best educated and most highly skilled segments of society usually migrate

c. labor migrants rarely send money back to their home country

d. there is no relationship between migration and poverty

18. In the United States, the second largest source of immigration is from __________.

a. Latin America

b. Asia

c. Europe

d. sub-Saharan Africa

19. In 2008, people from which world region constituted most of the United States’ foreign-born population?

a. Asia

b. Middle East

c. Africa

d. Latin America and Caribbean

20. Which of the following is true of transnational labor migration?

a. Countries that produce the largest numbers of refugees also tend to produce the largest numbers of labor migrants.

b. Labor migrants rarely possess any job skills or education and so cannot secure good jobs after they migrate.

c. Labor migration tends to damage the economies of both the country of origin and the country of destination.

d. Most migrants plan to return to their home country after a period of employment, but few actually do return.

21. One of the reasons that few labor migrants return home is __________.

a. their standard of living is greatly improved in the new country

b. most labor migrants manage to become middle class

c. few manage to save enough money because of the higher costs of living

d. few want to return home

22. Groups of labor migrants in new countries may eventually be a source of which of the following?

a. Political instability

b. Poverty

c. Homogenization

d. Ethnogenesis

23. Which of the following is NOT typically a reason for the formation of new ethnic groups from labor migrants in new countries?

a. Achievement of political power

b. Marginalization into certain, usually poor neighborhoods

c. Distinct markers of cultural identity

d. Stereotyping of migrants by dominant groups

24. Ethnic groups are formed because of rejection from __________.

a. government agencies

b. members of the dominant group

c. one’s own family

d. other immigrant groups

25. Which of the following statements about ethnic identity and groups is true?

a. Ethnic groups usually form only following migration to a new country.

b. Ethnic identity is a single, stable concept.

c. Dominant groups often impose new definitions of ethnic identity on migrants.

d. Ethnic groups are formed and transformed in response to interactions with other people.

26. Attempts by Australia to suppress tribalism in favor of a national identity in Papua New Guinea have contributed to __________.

a. increased highland tribal warfare

b. a military dictatorship

c. economic collapse

d. a theocratic government based on animist beliefs

27. British economic practices during the colonial period in Sudan __________.

a. placed Sudan on a footing for an industrial economy

b. created new ethnic groups

c. solidified traditional ethnic identities

d. weakened the role of religion in Sudan

28. In Sudan, Hausa immigrants recruited to work plantations, created the ethnic identity __________ in part in order to escape the disparaging ethnic label __________.

a. Fellata; Takari

b. Joama; Fellata

c. Takari; Fellata

d. Takari; Joama

29. An important element of the created ethnic identity of Takari is __________.

a. a West African ancestry

b. Hausa ancestry

c. Islam mixed with animist beliefs in possession and spirits

d. fundamentalist Islam

30. British policies such as __________ were designed to force African populations in their colonies to participate in plantation labor and building projects.

a. land confiscation

b. taxes payable only in cash

c. keeping the families of tribal leaders as hostages

d. the introduction of factories

31. The processes by which immigrants maintain social, economic, religious, and political ties to both their immigrant communities and their communities back home is _______.

a. pan-ethnicity

b. sectarianism

c. transnationalism

d. dual citizenship

32. One feature of transnationalism that is quite distinct from older patterns of migration and immigration is __________.

a. the ability to claim citizenship in new countries

b. the ability to maintain close contacts with home countries

c. the loss of strong ethnic identities over time

d. true “melting pot” societies replacing older, multicultural societies

33. Global capitalism has created transnationalism by __________.

a. shifting capital and labor across borders

b. reinforcing old ethnic boundaries

c. concentrating multiple ethnic groups in urban centers

d. by increasing the importance of nationalism

34. One universal characteristic of nationalism is __________.

a. participatory government

b. the existence of a nation–state for the nationalists

c. the creation of a fictive past

d. an abandonment of other ethnic identities

35. Which of the following statements about the processes states utilize to resolve relationships between a central identity and disparate ethnic groups is FALSE?

a. A state may choose a dominant ethnic identity, equating the national culture with this particular ethnic group.

b. A state may maintain a pluralistic attitude toward cultural differences.

c. A state may assert a uniformity of culture, subsuming and homogenizing differences.

d. A state’s strategies to consolidate ethnic identities does not change over time.

36. Indonesia has used __________ as a tool in attempting to strengthen national identity.

a. a strong welfare system

b. decentralization of decision making

c. Islamization

d. linguistic unity

37. A national Indonesian language based on __________ is taught throughout the country and used in all public contexts.

a. Malay

b. Samoan

c. Timorese

d. Dutch

38. The Indonesian government has privileged the __________ as the ethnic identity presumed to be the national norm.

a. Timorese

b. Burmese

c. Chinese

d. Javanese

39. According to Bernard Nietschmann, Indonesia has used “nation destroying” as a strategy in nation building; what does he mean by this?

a. The conquest of neighboring states

b. The forced relocations of populations to places originally inhabited by other ethnic groups

c. The dissolution of a federal Indonesia into an island confederacy

d. The creation and imposition of cultural uniformity

40. Before Belgian colonial rule, the Hutus and Tutsis of Rwanda were not ethnic groups but __________.

a. clans

b. distinct tribal groups

c. political strata

d. linguistic groups

41. Indirect rule of colonies is best described by which of the following?

a. Military rule from the home country without interference from civilian government

b. Using certain indigenous leaders in the colony as proxy rulers

c. Training native bureaucrats to work in the colonial government

d. A civilian colonial government that is free to act without orders from the home country

42. The 1994 genocide in Rwanda can be best understood as __________.

a. a longstanding and traditional rivalry between two ethnic groups

b. an invasion by Burundi designed to unify both portions of the former Belgian colony

c. a conflict over limited food resources during a period of drought-induced stress

d. an internal struggle for political power between two postcolonial groups

43. Cultural pluralism is usually tolerated in Western nations as long as __________.

a. the ethnic groups do not attempt to amass significant political power

b. the ethnic groups are large and self-sustaining without immigration

c. the ethnic groups are productive members of the society

d. the ethnic groups are from former colonies

44. Which of the following is a reason that anti-immigration attitudes may spread?

a. Multilinguistic nations have a track record of failure.

b. The lower and middle classes perceive themselves as suffering economically because of immigrants.

c. Most immigrants have a past record of criminal behavior that endangers order in the new country.

d. Most immigrants do not share prevailing heritage, values, and attitudes.

45. How do Indonesia and Malaysia compare with respect to multiculturalism?

a. Both Indonesia and Malaysia have suppressed multiple ethnic identities in favor of a strong national identity.

b. Both Indonesia and Malaysia have political systems in which ethnic groups are well represented and share power.

c. Malaysia has offered greater protections to ethnic identity than has Indonesia although both have dominant ethnic groups.

d. Indonesia has offered greater protections to ethnic identity than has Malaysia although both have dominant ethnic groups.

46. Some theorists, including Jonathon Friedman, have suggested that a new global identity is emerging that is based primarily on __________.

a. religion

b. race

c. nationality

d. class

47. Which of the following is NOT a reason why class is important, according to global identity theorists?

a. Lower classes tend to fragment along ethnic lines and compete against each other.

b. The power of states to “manufacture consent” declines as economic and political elites operate according to increasing transnational interests.

c. Immigrants tend to remain closely linked to their home countries.

d. In global popular culture, the world’s middle classes tend to eat food from the same restaurants, watch the same movies, and buy the same books and other consumer goods.

48. __________ has/have made important contributions to the emergence of global identity.

a. Increasing poverty

b. The mass media

c. Increasing wealth

d. Nationalism

49. In 1990, an estimated 75 percent of email and 80 percent of computer data around the world are transferred in what language?

a. Chinese

b. Arabic

c. English

d. Spanish

50. In the late twentieth century, indigenous communities’ struggles for self-determination around the world have __________.

a. suffered

b. become unnecessary

c. been ignored

d. been revitalized

51. __________ refers to peoples who lived in areas previous to the arrival of colonial settlers.

a. Original

b. Indigenous

c. Primitive

d. Ancient

52. Which of the following statements about state policies toward indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada is false?

a. U.S. and Canadian governments recognize indigenous groups as sovereign nations.

b. U.S. and Canadian governments grant themselves but not sovereign indigenous groups the right to unilaterally dissolve treaties.

c. U.S. and Canadian governments are empowered by their own laws and constitutions.

d. U.S. and Canadian governments limit their own abilities to override treaty rights because treaties are legally ratified agreements backed by international law.

53. In the United States, Native American reservations __________.

a. run their own foreign policies

b. cannot be entered by nonresidents without visas

c. cannot participate in voting for state and federal elections

d. have tax immunity

54. What is the status of Native Hawaiians in the United States?

a. Native Hawaiians have the same legal status as Native Americans.

b. Native Hawaiians will receive the same legal status as Native Americans in 2014.

c. Native Hawaiians have asked for a similar legal status to that of Native Americans but have not received it.

d. Native Hawaiians have asked for their status as recognized indigenous people to be removed.

55. In the United States, Native Americans control about __________ of the land in the country and in Canada about __________.

a. 2 percent; 10 percent

b. 15 percent; 23 percent

c. 10 percent; 15 percent

d. 8 percent; 10 percent

56. NAGPRA, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1979, gave Native Americans __________.

a. control over Native American material culture and skeletal remains

b. access to higher education

c. nonvoting representatives in Congress

d. control of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

57. NAGPRA has resulted in all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. some conflicts between Native Americans and archaeologists

b. an increased interest in cultural resource conservation by Native American groups

c. repatriation of many cultural items and human remains from museums to Native American groups

d. an increase in looting and illegal removal of remains from archaeological sites for the purpose of resale and profit

58. In Mexico, the ejidos of indigenous peoples are __________.

a. agreements with the Mexican government

b. communal land holdings

c. leaders who consult with the Mexican government on issues affecting indigenous peoples

d. community-owned businesses that produce traditional crafts for the tourism industry

59. In recent decades, the policies of the Mexican government __________.

a. have increased the competitiveness of indigenous farmers

b. have returned considerable land to the control of indigenous groups

c. have favored wealthy farmers and ranchers over indigenous farmers

d. have resettled indigenous people out of urban areas

60. The uprising against the Mexican government in Chiapas during the 1990s was a Mayan reaction to all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. the expansion of wealthy ranchers into Mayan land

b. the flooding of Mayan land for hydroelectric projects

c. agreements between the Mexican government and pharmaceutical companies for exploitation of forest resources

d. public projects to develop and generate electricity from hydropower that led to water shortages on indigenous lands

61. Because they __________, the Zapatistas of Chiapas were particularly effective against the Mexican government.

a. won militarily

b. controlled considerable wealth

c. utilized the Internet and mass media

d. received help from the United States

62. Most remaining Indian communities in Brazil are located in __________.

a. isolated coastal communities

b. isolated regions of the Amazon

c. small islands of the coast

d. the southern highlands

63. All of the following EXCEPT __________ pose serious threats to Amazonian Indians, both by pushing them off their land and by killing them.

a. multinational corporations

b. the Brazilian government

c. settlers

d. cattle ranchers

64. About __________ of the 500,000 currently known plant species are found in the Amazonian rainforest.

a. 6 percent

b. 16 percent

c. 20 percent

d. 25 percent

65. Which of the following best describes the role of FUNAI in Brazil?

a. FUNAI “discovers” unknown communities of indigenous peoples.

b. FUNAI attempts to have contact with indigenous peoples by offering them manufactured goods.

c. FUNAI halts development of land belonging to indigenous peoples.

d. FUNAI keeps track of self-identified Indian people living in small villages, cities, and towns.

66. The Brazilian government agency FUNAI has supported the position of indigenous groups in __________ disputes.

a. language and culture

b. pension

c. territorial

d. compensation

67. The largest indigenous reservation in the world is the 20.5 million square acre __________ reservation in the Amazon.

a. Yuquai

b. Korubu

c. Fulani

d. Yanomami

68. According to some estimates, there are between eighty and ninety indigenous tribes living in all of the following countries EXCEPT __________.

a. Colombia

b. Brazil

c. Peru

d. Ecuador

69. Most European colonial efforts in Africa did not include large numbers of __________, which has made the delineation of who is “indigenous” or “tribal” more complex.

a. natural resources

b. settlers

c. money

d. casualties

70. The Kenyan and Tanzanian governments took thousands of square miles of land from the Maasai in order to create __________.

a. a wildlife reserve

b. military training camps

c. farmland

d. a national forest

71. The Nigerian government has granted licenses to the Shell Oil Company for drilling on land claimed by whom?

a. The Dinka

b. The Barabaig

c. The Maasai

d. The Ogoni

72. In Papua New Guinea, the traditions of most communities stress the responsibility of __________ to redress wrongs committed against their members.

a. kin

b. the Australian government

c. sorcerers

d. people known as “big men”

73. According to customary international law, customary rights include all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. the right to maintain languages and cultural practices

b. the right to obtain welfare, health, educational, and social services

c. the right to repatriate skeletal remains and cultural items

d. the right to self-determination

74. The United Nations predicts that __________ million people worldwide will lose their homes due to the effects of climate change.

a. 5

b. 50

c. 75

d. 575

75. Temperatures are increasing in __________ at faster rates than elsewhere on the planet.

a. the Arctic

b. forest regions

c. coastal areas

d. desert or semi-desert lands

76. Between 1990 and 2005, about how much of the world’s total forest area was lost?

a. 0.5 percent

b. 1 percent

c. 2 percent

d. 3 percent

77. Which of the following is NOT an effect of climate change on the Pacific island nation of Kiribati?

a. Sea water often inundates people’s fields, damaging crops.

b. The traditional economy based on domestication of pigs was disrupted.

c. Some fish and marine species are disappearing.

d. The capital island is overcrowded because many people have already left the smaller islands.

78. Quechua farmers living in the Peruvian Andes implemented a strategy allowing them to safeguard the preservation of what native crop?

a. Potatoes

b. Corn

c. Squash

d. Quinoa

79. Ecotourism often has what type of effect on indigenous groups?

a. A positive one because ecotourism limits development on indigenous lands

b. A positive one because indigenous people often benefit financially as the caretakers of areas where ecotourism thrives

c. A negative one because revenues rarely directly benefit the indigenous people

d. Neither a positive nor a negative one because ecotourism rarely encroaches of indigenous lands

80. Initiatives aimed at conservation have __________.

a. demonstrated that the occupation and activity of indigenous peoples leads to a reduction in biodiversity

b. protected the rights of indigenous peoples to remain on their land

c. forced indigenous peoples to leave their land

d. generated income for indigenous peoples through the development of ecotourism

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. What are the reasons for continuing increases of rural to urban migration?

(ANALYZE)

82. How has the maquiladora program in Mexico operated to maximize profits for companies that participate in it?

(EVALUATE)

83. Explain the role of British colonial rule in creating the current mix of ethnic identities in Sudan.

(UNDERSTAND)

84. How have transnational migration and new technologies operated in concert to make transnationalism possible in ways it was not before the twentieth century?

(APPLY)

85. Discuss postcolonial Indonesia in the context of the following: Islamization, national identity building, state expansion, and nationalism and pluralism.

(EVALUATE)

86. What is a global identity? How do migration, ethnogenesis, communications, and media play a role?

(EVALUATE)

87. What are the major problems and dangers facing indigenous people in Brazil? What role has the Brazilian government played during the twentieth century in this issue? Be sure to mention urban Indians in your answer.

(ANALYZE)

88. How have ethnic and tribal divisions affected postcolonial African nations such as Kenya, Sudan, and Nigeria?

(ANALYZE)

89. What is the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples? What does it guarantee? For whom?

(EVALUATE)

90. What are three ways in which the impacts of climate change on indigenous societies will be especially harmful? Describe the ways in which some indigenous groups are implementing innovative strategies allowing them to maintain their lands, food supplies, and resources in the face of climate change.

(CREATE)