Ch16 Test Bank Environmental Policy and Sustainability

Principles of Environmental Science, 9e (Cunningham)

Chapter 16 Environmental Policy and Sustainability

1) This policy aimed to make waters healthy enough to support propagation of fish and shellfish that could be consumed by humans and low in contaminants so that they were safe for swimming and recreation.

A) the Clean Air Act (CAA) (1970)

B) the Clean Water Act (1972)

C) the Endangered Species Act (1973)

D) CITES (1973)

E) NEPA (1970)

2) Which legislation was the first nationally standardized rules in the U.S. to identify, monitor, and reduce air contaminants?

A) the Endangered Species Act (1973)

B) CITES (1973)

C) the Clean Air Act (1970)

D) NEPA (1970)

3) All of the following are examples of major international environmental agreements except

A) Montreal Protocol (1987).

B) National Environmental Policy Act (1970).

C) Kyoto Protocol (1997).

D) Basel Convention (1992).

E) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1973).

4) Statutory law is established by ________.

A) the President

B) the courts

C) Congress

D) State legislatures

E) None of these are correct.

5) Which of the following is not an emphasis of the 1990 National Environmental Education Act?

A) the encouragement of college students to seek careers related to the environment

B) understanding among the general public about the relationships between humans and their environment

C) education to ensure that citizens are familiar with the environmental issues that they may read about in the newspaper

D) education to make sure that there are specialists who are able to make appropriate decisions regarding environmental issues and guide us into the twenty-first century

6) Environmental literacy partly consists of being able to

A) read environmental science journals.

B) understand the basic principles of ecology.

C) write and publish in environmental journals.

D) carry out ecological models and experiments.

E) interpret environmental data from a citizen science project.

7) The local high school in your hometown has a project where students are collecting water samples in collaboration with the local university. This project is an example of a(n)

A) attempt to get high school students involved in environmental careers.

B) attempt to recruit students to the university.

C) early careers project.

D) environmental literacy project.

E) citizen science project.

8) As more environment-oriented jobs become available, the number of students prepared for them is

A) staying the same.

B) increasing.

C) decreasing.

D) increasing dramatically.

E) slightly increasing.

9) After a problem is identified, the next step in the policy cycle is to

A) build support for the problem.

B) develop proposals.

C) set an agenda.

D) suggest changes.

E) implement policy.

10) Who normally identifies the problem in the policy cycle?

A) The government normally identifies issues for groups who do not recognize problems themselves.

B) The government normally identifies issues for groups who do not have a voice (such as children) in the issue.

C) The public identifies a problem and insists on help in correcting the problem.

D) Either the public or the government identifies issues, depending on the problem.

11) In carrying out the policy cycle, which of the following groups would probably use intensive media campaigns or even stage a protest?

A) industry associations

B) labor unions

C) wealthy or powerful individuals

D) public interest groups

12) After an original idea is turned into a bill, it

A) is introduced in the House and Senate.

B) needs to be sponsored by a legislator.

C) is referred to a committee.

D) undergoes subcommittee hearings.

E) needs to be marked up.

13) As of 2007, what percentage of individuals polled were willing to make personal sacrifices to protect the environment?

A) 20%

B) 50%

C) 30%

D) 70%

E) 90%

14) The Christmas Bird Count is an example of ________.

A) citizen science

B) ecosystem management

C) environmental literacy

D) international treaty

15) The case of the president of a Colorado company who was sentenced to 14 years in prison for knowingly contaminating the water table is an example of a

A) common law case.

B) tort law case.

C) statute law case.

D) administrative law case.

E) criminal law case.

16) Civil law is to ________ as criminal law is to crimes against the state or society.

A) legislation rulings

B) administrative actions

C) standings

D) interactions between individuals

E) precedents

17) In a criminal case, being found guilty can result in ________ and in a civil case being found guilty can result in ________.

A) fines and jail sentences; only financial penalties

B) only financial penalties; fines and jail sentences

C) fines and jail sentences; fines and jail sentences

D) only financial penalties; only financial penalties

E) only jail sentences; only financial penalties

18) Rather than directly suing a company for damages, it can be more effective to sue

A) the individuals who are employed by the company.

B) the government for not enforcing laws that would have prevented the damage.

C) the government for making the laws so stringent.

D) the owners of the company.

19) Which of the environmental laws and treaties listed below is responsible for protection of endangered species?

A) Clean Water Act

B) Marine Mammal Act

C) CITES

D) Pitman Robertson Act

E) Kyoto Protocol

20) Historically, international treaties and conventions were ________ while more recently they are characterized by ________.

A) negotiated by a panel of experts and no nations participating; broad participation and increased speed in the agreements taking force

B) characterized by broad participation; a panel of experts with no participating nations

C) characterized by broad participation and increased speed in enforcement; a panel of experts with no participating nations and slow enforcement

D) characterized by increased speed in enforcement; a panel of experts with no participating nations and slow enforcement

E) negotiated by a panel of experts from nations that are participating; narrow participation and relatively slow action in the agreement taking force

21) Which of the following is not a problem associated with international agreements?

A) There is no body that can legislate international environmental protection.

B) There is no body that can enforce international environmental protection.

C) The agreements must be made by unanimous consent.

D) The international court affects the sovereignty of noncompliant nations.

22) The current legal system is to ________ as community-based planning is to collaboration.

A) polarization

B) cooperation

C) wicked problems

D) dispute resolution

E) harmony

23) The "group of 10" environmental organizations are most useful in

A) spearheading truly radical environmental change.

B) inspiring individual direct actions by all members.

C) having strong, respected, and organized influence on national environmental policy setting.

D) initiating student environmental activism on local environmental issues.

E) inspiring individual direct actions by at least half of all members.

24) Reduction of poverty and promoting gender equality are tenants of

A) adaptive management.

B) millennium development.

C) sustainable development.

D) environmental literacy.

E) non-governmental organizations.

25) Which group below is most identified with direct action for environmental causes?

A) the Audubon Society

B) the Nature Conservancy

C) the Wise Use Movement

D) the Natural Resources Defense Council

E) Earth First!

26) Why would the "group of 10" environmental organizations be criticized?

A) They are militant and extremist groups that lead to environmental revolutions.

B) They oppose most environmental protection.

C) They tend to compromise and cooperate with the establishment.

D) Their membership is small and they have focused and limited influence.

E) They support radical approaches in addressing environmental problems.

27) The first college to get all of its energy from renewable resources was ________.

A) University of Alberta

B) University of California at Berkeley

C) Concordia University

D) Emory University

E) College of William and Mary

28) The term conspicuous consumption describes

A) the habit of eating food even when you're not hungry.

B) the tendency of industry to not incorporate energy saving methods.

C) the inclination to buy things we don't need to impress others.

D) inefficient fuel use by power plants that produce less energy than they consume.

29) The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires the government to take the least environmentally harmful option in any decision.

30) The Student Environmental Acting Coalition is the largest student environmental group in North America.

31) CITES is an international agreement to restrict trade in hazardous chemicals.

32) A primary goal of sustainable development is the reduction of the world's population by at least 30%.

33) When an activity threatens to harm the environment or society, policy makers should consider implementing

A) the precautionary principle.

B) sustainable development.

C) smart growth policies.

D) appropriate environmental policy to address the regulation of the activity.

34) The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) is also known as

A) the Superfund Act.

B) the Clean Water Act.

C) the Toxic Substances Control Act.

D) the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

35) The Kyoto Protocol is an example of an international treaty that was easily passed and has been ratified by all nations.

36) Which of the following is not a theme of the Sustainable Development Goals of 2016?

A) reduce taxes

B) ending poverty

C) quality education

D) protect the environment

E) increase economic growth and reduce inequality

37) Which of the following treaty resulted in a dramatic drop in CFCs to reduce the hole in stratospheric ozone?

A) the Montreal Protocol (1987)

B) the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1973)

C) Basel Convention (1992)

D) the Clean Air Act (1970)

38) Which of the following would be elements of the precautionary principle?

A) the legal requirement of an environmental impact statement

B) knowing the economic value of a resource

C) recording the effects of an action after it has been taken

D) suing a company that polluted a waterway

E) allowing a companies to unilaterally make a decision about the safety of a product

39) Among the 40 countries surveyed by the Pew Research Center in 2015, 84% of respondents considered climate change a serious or very serious threat.