Chapter 14: Rehabilitation of Serious and Chronic Youthful Offenders

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Youthful offenders who are involved with the juvenile justice system at earlier ages and are adjudicated delinquent in their early adolescence, and those ______ are at greatest risk for ongoing felony convictions and recidivism.
A. involved in multiple forms of delinquency
B. held in secure facilities
C. raised in broken homes
D. with poor academic performance
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The juvenile justice system is most effective when decision-making and resource allocation are guided by ______.
A. discipline for youthful offenders
B. principles of efficiency and effectiveness
C. a theoretical approach
D. what is most appropriate for adolescents
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Framework

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In ______, the Supreme Court ruled that youthful offenders facing delinquency proceedings must be afforded the right to legal counsel.
A. re Andrews
B. re Gault
C. re Harris
D. re Winship
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Framework

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Trends across the country over the past decade have been toward increasing legal representation and ______.
A. defending the rights of the victim
B. making it harder to prosecute youths
C. limiting the ability to waive counsel
D. requiring jury trials in delinquency proceedings
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Framework

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. In many states and jurisdictions the most common means of providing an attorney to a defendant is the ______.
A. use of assigned counsel
B. use of attorney stipends
C. use of contract attorneys
D. use of the public defender office
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Framework

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Only 10 states prohibit or limit ______ in cases involving a youthful offender.
A. deposition of a minor
B. jury trials by peers
C. pretrial detention of the accused
D. waiver of counsel
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Access to Counsel

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The ______ has developed thorough national standards for youthful offender defense practice and policies which cover the role of the attorney through all stages of the process and recognizes juvenile defense as a specialized practice, requiring ongoing training, evaluation, and leadership.
A. American Bar Association
B. Juvenile Attorney Association
C. National Juvenile Defender Center
D. Legal Aid Society of America
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Competency for legal purposes refers to a young person’s ability to ______.
A. comprehend the difference between right and wrong behavior
B. present a coherent defense in court
C. testify on their own behalf
D. understand and participate in proceedings
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Competency

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Over the past decade, 30 states have passed legislation to determine specific ______ and standing trial standards.
A. juvenile competency
B. right to counsel
C. pretrial hearing
D. adjudication proceedings
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Competency

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Evidence has convincingly found that adolescents, and in particular those who are 14 years of age or younger, are not equipped to ______.
A. comprehend the difference between right and wrong
B. form the intent needed for a crime
C. participate or assist in their own trials
D. understand the consequences of their actions
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Competency

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Once transferred to adult court, an adolescent offender will be treated as an adult and he/she will be ______.
A. physically separated from adult offenders
B. represented by an attorney specializing in juvenile justice law
C. sentenced in adult court
D. transferred back to the juvenile court for sentencing
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Court Jurisdiction and Transfers to Criminal Court

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Detention centers are typically used for youthful offenders who ______.
A. are awaiting a court appearance or disposition
B. are awaiting transfer to adult court
C. are being held pending a psychological examination
D. are being released from prison
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Detention Reform

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which of the following is true of detention centers?
A. They are designed for long-term detainment of youthful offenders.
B. They do much to improve delinquent behaviors and offending outcomes.
C. They are best limited to those offenders who have committed a serious offense.
D. They frequently offer youth needed interventions.
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Detention Reform

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. With ______ found across most detention facilities, there are concerns that even rehabilitative approaches within the centers will not address or reduce the problem.
A. gender differences
B. racial/ethnic disparities
C. disparities in developmental levels
D. discrimination against disabled offenders
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Detention Reform

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The application of certain risk assessment instruments that use ______ as a criterion in determining level of reoffending risk may perpetuate a higher risk for youthful offenders of color.
A. demeanor of the youth
B. prior offending
C. recorded mental illness
D. seriousness of the offense
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Detention Reform

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Many, but not all, incarceration facilities use ______ approaches.
A. deterrence
B. incapacitive
C. punitive
D. rehabilitative
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. There is evidence to suggest that facilities that ______ and provide treatment services can have a significant impact on decreasing reoffending upon release.
A. identify protective factors
B. identify risk factors
C. identify coercive factors
D. identify trigger events
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Detention Reform

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. If rehabilitative interventions are to be successful and have an impact, they must be well designed, of high quality, and of sufficient ______.
A. duration
B. intensity
C. power
D. size
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. ______ uses certain cognitive-behavioral techniques to identify anger triggers, improve behavioral skills, and increase adolescent prosocial skills.
A. Aggression Replacement Training
B. Coordinated Regulatory Therapy
C. Reintegrative Social Conditioning
D. Social Skill-building Approach
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. ______ focuses on a step-by-step curriculum to affect change.
A. Aggression Replacement Training
B. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
C. Functional Family Therapy
D. Multisystemic Therapy
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. ______ uses a combination of interventions to address adolescent mental health and substance abuse problems and to ease transitions back to the community after release from an incarceration facility.
A. Family Integrated Transitions
B. Continuum Therapy
C. Successful Conversion Treatment
D. Transition-focused Relapse Prevention
Learning Objective: 14-2: Appraise how youthful offender detention and incarceration facilities are best designed to improve youthful offender outcomes and recidivism.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Missouri is a state that has taken the lead for over two decades in moving away from serious youthful offender incarceration through the use of rehabilitative facilities. Which of the following steps did they take?
A. condensed the five regions of the state into a unified body
B. developed a continuum of programs for offenders
C. ended the use of individualized treatment plans
D. funded the development of large state incarceration institutions
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Since 2007, the state of ______ has made a significant turnaround in its youthful incarceration rate.
A. Arizona
B. California
C. Delaware
D. North Carolina
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. In terms of changes in youthful offender incarceration rates, ______ states have made more dramatic changes.
A. east coast
B. larger
C. smaller
D. west coast
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. In ______, a combination of strong leadership and litigation around lack of quality conditions and mental health care has downsized or closed two dozen juvenile justice incarceration facilities, correspondingly decreasing the population over 73%.
A. Alaska
B. Florida
C. New York
D. Maine
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. In ______, executive and judicial leadership decreased the state incarceration facility population by 46% from 2007 to 2014, allowing the reallocation of funding to nonresidential, community-based services.
A. Alabama
B. Montana
C. Oregon
D. South Dakota
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. In ______, prompted by allegations of abuse by staff that occurred within state facilities, legislators passed a state reform bill that led to a 63% reduction in the incarcerated youthful offender population, allowing funds to be reallocated to the juvenile courts to fund diversion programs.
A. Arkansas
B. Kansas
C. New Mexico
D. Texas
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Educational programs in longer-term correctional facilities are often ______.
A. less rigorous than traditional schools
B. aligned with grade-level standards
C. monitored by state education officials
D. included in prerelease planning
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Effective Education in the Detention and Incarceration Facilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. When a young person is placed in a correctional facility for a lengthy stay, there is an obligation to continue education services; and is particularly necessary for ______.
A. academically sound students
B. minority students
C. poorly performing students
D. students with special education disabilities
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Effective Education in the Detention and Incarceration Facilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which of the following impedes coordination between the juvenile courts’ detention facilities and schools.
A. state laws
B. teacher’s unions
C. poor school records transfers
D. grade level standards
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Effective Education in the Detention and Incarceration Facilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. The effectiveness of educational programming within juvenile justice institutions is enhanced by ______.
A. adopting innovative teaching strategies
B. developing lesson plans independent of the home school
C. employing higher quality teachers
D. focusing on discipline in the classroom
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Effective Education in the Detention and Incarceration Facilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Without continued education and a quick and seamless reentry to their school, the chances for reoffending and ______ significantly increase.
A. deviant behavior
B. school dropout
C. social isolation
D. unemployment
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Effective Education in the Detention and Incarceration Facilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Residential treatment centers are an alternative to incarceration for youthful offenders with ______, who are in need of more structure than non-secure, community-based treatment.
A. histories of violence
B. lengthier prior records of more minor offenses
C. more serious juvenile offending histories
D. serious emotional, behavioral, and/or substance use problems
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Residential Treatment Centers

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. In reference to residential treatment centers, there is a need for ______.
A. improved program delivery
B. improved evaluation designs
C. improved screening and hiring procedures
D. improved selection of youthful offenders
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Residential Treatment Centers
Difficulty Level: Easy

35. A large proportion, up to one-third, of referrals to residential treatment centers come from ______.
A. anger management counselors
B. juvenile courts
C. private doctors
D. self-referrals
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Residential Treatment Centers

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. ______ is the process of preparing incarcerated youths to make a successful transition back home after confinement.
A. Reentry
B. Release
C. Reintegration
D. Responsivity
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reentry and Return Home

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Probation departments are more effective when they use a(n) ______ approach with recently released adolescents and promote and expand prosocial behaviors and job skills training.
A. adaptive
B. developmental
C. restorative
D. zero tolerance
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reentry and Return Home

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Two of the leading national organizations involved in reducing racial and ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system are Urban America Forward: Civil Rights Roundtable Series and the ______.
A. Burns Institute
B. Carnegie Foundation
C. Dowager Commission
D. Equity Initiative
Learning Objective: 14-5: Understand how racial and ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system can be addressed at the local, state, and national levels.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. ______ is a violence prevention program using public education campaigns and alternatives to violence.
A. Abolish Violence
B. CeaseFire Chicago
C. Prevent Gun Violence America
D. Stand up to Violence
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Gang Membership and Prevention

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Children and adolescents who are ______ are more likely to be gang-involved.
A. delinquent with more serious and violent histories
B. delinquent with less serious but violent histories
C. delinquent with substance abuse issues
D. delinquent with nonviolent histories
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Gang Membership and Prevention

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. While adolescents who commit minor forms of delinquency and status offenses are the most difficult to divert from their offending, those who commit serious offenses are much easier to rehabilitate.
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. If funded adequately, public defenders are able to more effectively represent their clients when compared to private attorneys, law firms, or other legal organizations.
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Access to Counsel

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The concern for young people who waive their right to counsel is that developmentally they are typically unable to appreciate their legal rights or the longer-term consequences, and that youths might be susceptible to coercion by adults.
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Access to Counsel

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Based on today’s understanding of adolescent and young adult development, much of the person, biology, and brain chemistry are fully developed by early adolescence.
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Competency
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Of the serious youthful offenders incarcerated in facilities, most receive necessary behavioral health services, both while incarcerated and after release.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Contact with the juvenile justice system, from arrests to incarceration, has been clearly established to harm student education progress and school outcomes.
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. For the most part, the educational system within incarceration facilities is effective but very expensive.
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Effective Education in the Detention and Incarceration Facilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Contact with the juvenile justice system, from arrests to incarceration, has been clearly established to harm student educational progress and school outcomes.
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Effective Education in the Detention and Incarceration Facilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Residential treatment centers have an established history of providing mental health treatment.
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Effective Education in the Detention and Incarceration Facilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The vast majority of youths in juvenile state correctional facilities and detention facilities will return to their homes or communities upon release.
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reentry and Return Home

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The U.S. Department of Justice provides reentry grants requiring local communities to establish a task force that effectively coordinates services across mental health agencies, housing, child welfare, victims services, and employment/training options for young people.
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reentry and Return Home

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. One of the important components of the successful implementation of a task force in Palm Beach County, Florida, is the juvenile justice system’s ongoing assessment of the youthful offender.
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reentry and Return Home

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Gang membership and activity in communities and schools grew throughout the 1990s and peaked in the mid-2000s.
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Gang Membership and Prevention

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. An important area in reducing serious and chronic offending is the movement toward and requirement by states to use evidence-based practices and programs across the juvenile justice system and in incarceration facilities.
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Gang Membership and Prevention

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The problem of disproportionate involvement of young people of color in the juvenile justice system is a rather straightforward problem with rather simple solutions.
Learning Objective: 14-5: Understand how racial and ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system can be addressed at the local, state, and national levels.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Identify and discuss the three means by which a youth might be assigned an attorney. Which is the most common type? Does that most common type provide adequate protections to the youths in question?
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Access to Counsel

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss the 10 core principles to guide the public defense delivery system created by the National Juvenile Defender Center and the National Legal Aid and Defender Association.
Learning Objective: 14-1: Explain how a developmental framework and approach is most effective in working with serious and chronic youthful offenders.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Access to Counsel

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss the various changes that Missouri made that resulted in a decrease in the number of youthful offenders incarcerated in secure facilities.
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Facility Programming

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss the issues of gang membership. What are the recent trends in gang membership? Which youths are most at risk of gang-involvement? What is the underlying cause of gang involvement?
Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe how federal and state level policies can improve juvenile court outcomes for serious and chronic youthful offenders, including gang members.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Gang Membership and Prevention

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Discuss the concept of reentry of youthful offenders back into the community after incarceration and/or detention. What is reentry? What factors enhance the success of reentry efforts? Why is collaboration an important concern in reentry efforts? What can probation departments do to enhance their effectiveness?
Learning Objective: 14-4: Review the challenges of youthful offender reentry to their communities and strategies that have been found effective in this process.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Reentry and Return Home

Difficulty Level: Hard