Chapter 14: Evaluating the Results Section

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Researchers use ______ method to summarize the data collected based on the sample in a particular research study, which includes calculating the measures of central tendency.

A. descriptive statistics

B. inferential statistics

C. nonparametric statistics

D. regression statistics

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Descriptive Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which types of statistical methods are used by researchers to generalize results back to the population of interest?

A. descriptive statistics

B. parametric statistic

C. inferential statistics

D. qualitative statistics

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inferential Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The statistical method which requires adherence to certain assumptions about the data collected is known as ______.

A. nonparametric statistical methods

B. descriptive statistical methods

C. qualitative statistical methods

D. parametric statistical methods

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. When certain assumptions about the data collected are violated, the researcher must employ ______.

A. nonparametric statistical methods

B. descriptive statistical methods

C. qualitative statistical methods

D. parametric statistical methods

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following guideline(s) are used for evaluating the results section in quantitative research?

A. What tactics or strategies for coding and interpreting the data are made?

B. What descriptive statistics were used?

C. Were any violations of assumptions present?

D. What descriptive statistics were used? and were any violations of assumptions present? are correct

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Results Section--Quantitative Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The results in qualitative results are ______.

A. the same as quantitative results

B. very different from quantitative results

C. similar to parametric statistics

D. different from parametric statistics

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Results Section--Quantitative Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Qualitative research is presented in the results section in the form of ______.

A. language

B. statistics

C. numbers

D. displays

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evaluating the Results Section | Qualitative Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. ______ violation of assumption of parametric statistics involves similarity of variance among groups.

A. Normality

B. Linearity

C. Homogeneity of variance

D. Independence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evaluating Examples from the Research Literature--Quantitative Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. ______ violation of assumption of parametric statistics involves avoiding analyzing scores from the same participant over two administrations.

A. Normality

B. Linearity

C. Homogeneity of variance

D. Independence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evaluating Examples from the Research Literature--Quantitative Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The specific number of violations of assumptions required to use nonparametric statistics is ______.

A. Three

B. One

C. Two

D. Four

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inferential Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. In qualitative research, reporting results should include ______.

A. identifying any comparisons made

B. providing concrete examples linked to themes or concepts

C. determining if any significant differences exist

D. discussing implications of the results

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Coding Data: Data Analysis

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Descriptive statistics are drawn from ______.

A. the sample

B. the population

C. the accessible population

D. the target population

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Part I: Quantitative Research Results

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The majority of inferential statistics involves making ______.

A. descriptions

B. conclusions

C. recommendations

D. comparisons

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inferential Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The researchers in the Ross et al. (2011) study conducted which test to determine whether normality was violated?

A. chi-square goodness of fit test

B. Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness of fit test

C. t test

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Single Case Study Example

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. There are two major categories of quantitative research, and these include ______.

A. descriptive and inferential

B. descriptive and nonparametric

C. inferential and parametric

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Part I: Quantitative Research Results

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Reading and understanding the results section is probably the most daunting part of evaluating a research article for those who are somewhat intimidated by research and the use of math and statistics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evaluating the Results Section

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Those who are conducting and writing these sophisticated research articles typically have extensive backgrounds in statistics or employ a consultant who has considerable expertise with statistics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evaluating the Results Section

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. There are entire graduate-level courses in statistical procedures, such as analyses of variance, regression, structural equation modeling, nonparametric statistics, and so on.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evaluating the Results Section

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Results obtained through qualitative research methods are presented mathematically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Part I: Quantitative Research Results

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. An important question to address when reading the results section is whether any violations of assumptions were made.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inferential Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Much of the research you will read in psychology and education will be based on collected data that does not fit a normal curve.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inferential Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The choice of statistical methods is influenced by the purpose of the study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The presentation of information in the results section of an article is not where the differences between qualitative and quantitative methods are most noticeable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Guidelines for Evaluating the Research Section--Quantitative Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Inferential statistical methods are used by researchers to summarize the data collected based on the sample in a particular research study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inferential Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The results sections in qualitative research studies will not look very different from those in quantitative studies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Guidelines for Evaluating the Research Section--Quantitative Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. ______ are used to report results based on the sample.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Descriptive Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. ______ are used to make decisions or reach conclusions about whether results obtained from a sample can be applied to the target population.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Inferential Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. ______ and ______ are two major types of inferential statistics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Inferential Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The primary purpose of conducting a quantitative study is ______.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Inferential Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The most commonly used methods of descriptive statistics are ______ and ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Descriptive Statistics

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. In ______ research, numbers and statistical procedures are cited, but ______ research methods are based on ______ to communicate research results.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating The Results Section--Qualitative Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Inferential statistics are used to infer ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Part I: Quantitative Research Results

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Keeping in mind that analysis of qualitative data is based on a ______model, the researcher may consider the use of ______ as an attempt to describe and organize data beyond simple literal interpretations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Coding Data: Data Analysis

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Measures of central tendency include: ______, ______, and ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Binder et al. (2013) possibly used ______ as a unit of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evaluating an Example from the Results Section—Qualitative Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Compare and contrast descriptive and inferential statistics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics sections

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. List the guidelines for evaluating the results section in quantitative research and explain the importance of each.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Guidelines for Evaluating the Research Section--Quantitative Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss when to use descriptive and inferential statistics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics sections

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss the results from the Ross et al. (2011) study and the evaluation of whether there were any violations of assumptions.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Single Case Study Example

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Discuss the guidelines for evaluating the results section of qualitative research and explain the importance of each.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Evaluating the Results Section | Qualitative Research

Difficulty Level: Hard