Ch.13 Psychosocial Problems In Adolescence Full Test Bank

Adolescence, 12e (Steinberg)

Chapter 13 Psychosocial Problems in Adolescence

1) Which scenario best represents adolescent alcohol use in today's society?

A) Dahlia started using alcohol at age 17 and by age 19 had stopped drinking completely.

B) Brian first tried alcohol at the beginning of high school and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally.

C) Julia, a high school senior, has never tried alcohol.

D) Michael, a 13-year-old, drinks alcohol almost every day with his friends.

2) Denise has just been caught vandalizing public property for the fourth time this year. What statement is most likely to be true of her?

A) Her problems have emerged only during adolescence.

B) Her early home and school life were average.

C) She probably had problems at home and school at an early age.

D) Her home and school life are not connected to her delinquency.

3) Approximately how many teenagers develop drinking problems or permit alcohol to adversely affect their schooling or personal relationships?

A) about half

B) relatively few

C) the vast majority

D) almost none

4) Most problems of adolescence, such as substance abuse and delinquency,

A) are never resolved.

B) intensify briefly during adulthood.

C) are resolved in middle age.

D) are resolved during adolescence.

5) According to a study of more than 10,000 American adolescents, approximately ________ of teenagers report having an anxiety disorder by age 18 and ________ of these individuals had already developed an anxiety disorder before turning 12.

A) two-thirds; almost none

B) one-third; almost all

C) 50%; over 90%

D) 15%; just over half

6) Peter's parents caught him drinking alcohol with a couple of his friends, and now they're worried. They think his alcohol use might turn into a long-term problem. What does research say about situations like Peter's?

A) Many adolescents experiment with alcohol in high school without growing into adult alcoholics.

B) Adolescent alcohol use is the first sign of long-term problems with drugs.

C) Peter's alcohol use is a clear indication of that his parents are too permissive.

D) Peter's behavior is a strong sign that he has been physically or sexually abused.

7) Which of the following is the best explanation of serious problem behavior during adolescence?

A) Problem behavior is the result of the hormonal changes that accompany puberty.

B) Problem behavior is a manifestation of an inherent adolescent need to rebel against authority.

C) Problem behavior results from having an identity crisis.

D) Problem behavior is likely a signal that something is wrong.

8) Carol has just learned that her son, Mike, has been caught shoplifting for the fifth time. Carol told the police that Mike is just reacting to the stress of going through puberty. How accurate is Carol's idea?

A) Carol is probably correct; adolescence is a very confusing time.

B) Carol is correct; hormones make adolescents behave uncontrollably and rebel against authority.

C) Carol is incorrect; problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of the normative adolescent changes.

D) Carol is incorrect; Mike's problem behavior is almost certainly a result of her parenting style.

9) Dara suffers from depression. What type of disorder does Dara's condition reflect?

A) an externalizing disorder

B) a psychosomatic disorder

C) an internalizing disorder

D) a personality disorder

10) Which of the following is considered an internalizing disorder?

A) drug abuse

B) anxiety

C) truancy

D) delinquency

11) The common factor with respect to comorbidity in internalizing disorders is

A) the subjective state of distress.

B) acting-out behaviors.

C) depression.

D) withdrawal.

12) Externalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect an antisocial syndrome, just as internalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect the common underlying factor of

A) negative emotionality.

B) social control.

C) risk-taking behaviors.

D) comorbidity.

13) Theodore has been referred to as an "acting-out" adolescent. He engages in delinquent behavior. Theodore most likely had a(n) ________ disorder.

A) externalizing

B) internalizing

C) anhedonic

D) eating

14) ________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; ________ is an example of an externalizing disorder.

A) Depression; psychosomatic disturbance

B) Anxiety; delinquency

C) Drug and alcohol abuse; delinquency

D) Truancy; psychosomatic disturbance

15) Christi suffers from depression. She also gets in fights at school to express her anger and sadness. Christi's problems fall into which category?

A) internalizing disorder

B) externalizing disorder

C) comorbid disorders

D) substance abuse

16) Which of the following statements about comorbidity is true?

A) Co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems are exhibited identically in males and females.

B) Some experts question whether it makes sense to draw distinctions between anxiety and depression because rates of comorbidity are so high.

C) There is little comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the broad categories.

D) Substance abuse problems are unlikely to be comorbid, exhibiting distinctly externalizing or internalizing problems.

17) Alice has a substance abuse problem. This means she is

A) most likely to also have internalizing disorder.

B) most likely to also have externalizing disorder.

C) equally likely to have internalizing or externalizing disorder.

D) unlikely to have either internalizing or externalizing disorder.

18) Generally, people associate substance abuse problems in teens with externalizing disorders because

A) these disorders are more visible to observers.

B) substance abuse problems rarely accompany internalizing disorders.

C) substance abuse is an externalizing disorder.

D) substance abuse problems start as externalizing disorders and eventually become internalized.

19) The maladaptive use of drugs often associated with externalizing and internalizing disorders is known as

A) vaping.

B) substance abuse.

C) conduct disorder.

D) delinquency.

20) One recent international study found that countries ________ are likely to have adolescents whose alcohol use is not predictive of violence.

A) with developing economies

B) with large income disparities

C) that have relatively few adolescents compared to other generations

D) where adolescents are more likely to drink in settings were adults are present

21) When two problems occur together, such as substance abuse and depression, they are referred to as being

A) comorbid.

B) covert.

C) a coterminous disorder.

D) a parallel diagnoses.

22) When an individual has more than one problem at the same time, it is called

A) an external issue.

B) an internal issue.

C) comorbidity.

D) psychosomatic.

23) The cause of adolescent risk-taking behaviors

A) is environmental.

B) is inherited.

C) may be genetic or environmental.

D) is culturally specific.

24) Researchers have found, regarding problem behavior in adolescence, that

A) adolescents never exhibit one specific problem, such as depression, without exhibiting any others.

B) adolescents may exhibit only one problem within the same general category, such as depression and anxiety.

C) adolescents may exhibit both internalizing and externalizing problems, such as depression and delinquency.

D) adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance.

25) Greg suffers from depression. His friend Matthew also suffers from depression as well as conduct disorder. According to the theory of problem behavior syndrome, this means

A) Greg is more likely than Mathew to come from an unconventional home environment.

B) Matthew is more likely than Greg to come from an unconventional home environment.

C) Nether boy is likely to come from an unconventional home environment.

D) Both boys probably come from unconventional home environments.

26) Problem behavior syndrome involves

A) unconventional thoughts.

B) recurrent depression.

C) close connections to social institutions.

D) low tolerance for socially deviant ideas.

27) The term "________ syndrome" refers to covariation among various types of externalizing disorders that results from an underlying trait of unconventionality found in the adolescent's personality and social environment.

A) problem behavior

B) biological risk

C) social control

D) gateway

28) Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors?

A) Marco, who does not approve of deviance from the norm

B) Karen, who is highly connected to her school and a religious institution

C) Patrick, who is very conservative in his social views

D) Laura, who is not involved in any extra-curricular activities or organizations

29) A researcher who believes in problem clusters is most likely to argue that

A) a predisposition toward deviance may be inherited.

B) biologically based differences account for differences in arousal and sensation-seeking.

C) defiance develops in deviance-prone children who are reared in hostile environments.

D) involvement in a given problem behavior may lead to involvement in other problem behaviors.

30) According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by

A) unconventionality in the adolescent's personality.

B) an inherited predisposition toward deviance.

C) biologically based differences in arousal and sensation-seeking.

D) a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace.

31) What would a social control theorist say about adolescents who engage in risk-taking behavior?

A) They have a biological predisposition toward risky behavior.

B) They are inherently unconventional.

C) They have a weak attachment to society.

D) They have authoritative parents.

32) Alcohol and tobacco use among adolescents is more common ________; however, illicit drug use (mainly marijuana) is more common ________.

A) in most European countries than in the United States; in the United States than in European countries

B) in the United States than in European countries; in most European countries than in the United States

C) among males; among females

D) among females; among males

33) The message society sends to teenagers about tobacco, drugs, and alcohol

A) heavily promotes their usage as a normal and necessary part of adulthood.

B) clearly discourages their usage in most circumstances.

C) is mixed and unclear about whether they should or should not be used.

D) implies that it is fine for boys to use them, but wrong for girls to do so.

34) Which of the following is one of the popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents?

A) They use drugs less than their counterparts did in previous generations.

B) The main reason adolescents use drugs is peer pressure.

C) The "epidemic" of substance use by American adolescents is separate from the other problems associated with adolescents.

D) Most adolescents try drugs only one time and then quit.

35) Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents?

A) alcohol

B) inhalants

C) amphetamines

D) cocaine

36) Alcohol is the substance that rates highest in terms of ________ of use.

A) gender differences

B) purchase price

C) prevalence and recency

D) overall safety

37) Studies of alcohol use have shown that

A) about 10% of high school seniors report having driven a car after drinking at least once in the past month.

B) most adolescents who use alcohol before their senior year of high school are likely to be alcoholics by the age of 30.

C) about 40% of eighth graders have abused alcohol in the past month.

D) less than 10% of high school seniors have ever drunk alcohol.

38) Approximately ________ percent of high school seniors have tried alcohol, and approximately ________ percent have tried marijuana.

A) 60; 45

B) 40; 65

C) 90; 50

D) 30; 20

39) Since 1991, a survey assessing the use and abuse of a variety of drugs has been distributed to a nationwide sample of 8th graders, 10th graders, and high school seniors every year. The name of this survey is

A) Examining the Future.

B) Monitoring Tomorrow.

C) Monitoring the Future.

D) Focus on the Future.

40) Jim and his mom are in an argument because his mom found out that he has smoked marijuana. Jim's defense is, "Half the senior class is doing it!" How accurate is Jim's statement?

A) It is very inaccurate—only 10% of high school seniors have tried marijuana.

B) It is inaccurate—half of Americans have tried marijuana, not half of high school seniors.

C) It is almost accurate—about 45% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana.

D) Statistics about marijuana use are too inconsistent to know.

41) Which list correctly ranks substances used by high school seniors from most to least popular?

A) alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, E-cigarettes

B) cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, marijuana

C) alcohol, E-cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine

D) cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, inhalants

42) According to recent surveys, which drug is used most on a daily basis by high school students?

A) marijuana

B) alcohol

C) tobacco

D) cocaine

43) Eduardo was caught binge drinking on Saturday night. This means that he

A) drinks alcohol every day.

B) drinks alcohol every weekend.

C) has had more than five alcoholic drinks in a row.

D) has had enough alcohol within the past year to cause him to black out.

44) Studies of adolescent drug use suggest that

A) a large majority of adolescents have serious drug dependence problems.

B) a large majority of adolescents use hard drugs.

C) drug and alcohol use are the underlying cause of most adolescent problems.

D) the drug of choice among adolescents is alcohol.

45) Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true?

A) The huge increase in the price of cigarettes over the last couple of decades has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents.

B) Antismoking campaigns have contributed to the steady decline of cigarette use among adolescents.

C) The most effective way to reduce adolescent smoking has been to enforce laws that restrict sales of cigarettes to minors.

D) Despite changes in tobacco industry policies, the percentage of smoking adolescents has remained stable over the past two decades.

46) Researchers believe that changes in rates of adolescent drug use

A) are in opposition to messages they receive from parents and teachers.

B) are in opposition to messages they receive from the media.

C) may relate to adolescent perceptions of how harmful and disapproved of the drug is.

D) show a consistent gap in drug use between males and females.

47) Which statement is most likely true about American adolescents today?

A) Adolescents are experimenting with drugs at later ages.

B) Marijuana is the only substance used by a substantial number of high school seniors daily.

C) Experimentation with drugs is less common among younger teens than it has been in the past.

D) A large proportion of adolescents use hard drugs.

48) Corrina is concerned because she learned that her 13-year-old son, Henry, and her 17-year-old son, Hector, were caught drinking. Are either of these teenagers likely to become addicted to alcohol?

A) Yes, Hector is likely to be addicted to alcohol as an adult.

B) Yes, Henry is likely to be addicted to alcohol as an adult.

C) Both boys will be addicted and continue drug use into adulthood.

D) Neither boy; these are both cases of adolescent experimentation.

49) A recent survey showed that adolescents believe that e-cigarettes

A) make them look bad.

B) are more dangerous than regular cigarettes.

C) are more addictive than opiates.

D) are good for their health.

50) Alejandra, a Hispanic adolescent, is best friends with Mina, a foreign-born Hispanic adolescent. Which statement is most likely true about their drug use?

A) Alejandra will use fewer drugs than Mina.

B) Alejandra and Mina will use the same amount of drugs.

C) Alejandra and Mina will use more drugs than their friend Sue, an American Indian adolescent.

D) Mina will use fewer drugs than Alejandra.

51) Which of the following adolescents is least likely to use drugs?

A) Mike, a White adolescent

B) Li, an exchange student from China

C) Emily, an Asian-American adolescent

D) Hector, a Black adolescent

52) Alcohol and marijuana are considered ________ drugs because they are almost always used before harder drugs.

A) gateway

B) passage

C) ritual

D) experimental

53) Tina smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, and used drugs moderately in early adolescence, then quickly increased her use between early and middle adolescence, and continued to increase her use throughout high school and late adolescence. Tina is a(n)

A) low escalator.

B) early starter.

C) high escalator.

D) delinquent.

54) Of the following adolescents, who will be the most well-adjusted?

A) Mavis, who is a frequent drug user

B) Jennifer, who began experimenting with drugs and alcohol at age 12

C) Vicki, who has experimented with alcohol

D) Selma, who has had alternating periods of addiction and recovery

55) Vaping e-cigarettes is addictive because they contain

A) nicotine.

B) alcohol.

C) cannabis.

D) opioids.

56) Which is considered a risk factor for substance abuse in adolescence?

A) psychological factors

B) hormonal factors

C) political factors

D) educational factors

57) Which adolescent has a personality trait associated with developing drug and alcohol problems?

A) Aaron, who is a slow learner

B) Thomas, who started puberty late

C) Dennis, who is impulsive

D) Steve, who is very focused

58) Which of the following is a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems?

A) having excessively permissive parents

B) finding it difficult and challenging to obtain drugs

C) having friends who condemn the use of drugs

D) being involved in a sexual relationship

59) Studies have shown experiences with alcohol and drugs in early adolescence can permanently affect the way the brain functions due to changes in the ________ system.

A) digestive

B) respiratory

C) limbic

D) opioids

60) The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as

A) serotonin.

B) dopamine.

C) acetylcholine.

D) norepinephrine.

61) Based on prior successful methods, which of the following methods is likely to be most effective in reducing drug and alcohol use?

A) drug and alcohol education

B) raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes

C) scare tactics

D) laws restricting the sale of these items to minors

62) Evaluations of individual-focused approaches to drug prevention programs have found that

A) these programs are largely ineffective.

B) these programs are more effective for changing adolescents' sexual behaviors than their drug use.

C) scare tactics are more effective than rational information for changing behavior.

D) random drug testing in schools has been the only effective strategy for reducing adolescents' use of drugs.

63) What is a reason why many youth do not receive substance abuse treatment?

A) These programs are rarely offered during times that do not interfere with a typical public school schedule.

B) There are many stigmas attached to seeking drug or alcohol treatment.

C) Many families, especially minority families, cannot afford (or do not have adequate health insurance) to send their adolescent to treatment.

D) It is difficult to actually meet the clinical criteria for "substance abuse"; therefore, it is hard to be accepted into one of these programs.

64) Which prevention program is most likely to be successful?

A) one that focuses on individual adolescents

B) one that combines social competence training with environmental changes

C) one that focuses on drug testing in schools

D) one that does not differentiate use from abuse in its treatment plan

65) Evaluations of adolescent treatment programs suggest

A) placing adolescents who experiment with drugs into treatment programs has been effective in preventing escalation to drug abuse.

B) drug treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse are more effective when the adolescent's family is involved in therapy with the adolescent.

C) the most effective programs are those that deal with substance abusing adolescents in a private setting, away from their families and friends.

D) most substance abuse treatment programs for adolescents have strict admission guidelines so they accept only adolescents who are seriously abusing drugs.

66) A repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work or in relationships with others is called

A) conduct disorder.

B) oppositional defiant disorder.

C) psychopath syndrome.

D) antisocial personality disorder.

67) Individuals who are not only antisocial but also manipulative, superficially charming, impulsive, and indifferent to the feelings of others

A) have conduct disorder.

B) have oppositional defiant disorder.

C) are psychopaths.

D) are bipolar.

68) A disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive anger, spite, and stubbornness, but not necessarily aggression, is called

A) conduct disorder.

B) oppositional defiant disorder.

C) psychopathic disorder.

D) antisocial personality disorder.

69) A disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others is called

A) conduct disorder.

B) oppositional defiant disorder.

C) psychopathic disorder.

D) antisocial personality disorder.

70) Which of the following is a category of externalizing problems during adolescence?

A) depression

B) delinquency

C) psychosomatic disturbances

D) anxiety

71) Individuals high in callous-unemotional (CU) traits

A) experience distress more easily and often than others.

B) are less likely to empathize with others.

C) show a heightened response to emotional and painful stimuli.

D) are likely to be career criminals.

72) Which of the following is the main reason some experts advise against applying the term psychopath to people under 18?

A) Most young people who engage in antisocial behavior as teenagers do not continue to do so after their mid-20s.

B) Those with a "psychopath" label are likely to receive lesser sentences.

C) It is very rare for youths to exhibit any psychopathic traits.

D) The label makes them even better at hiding their disorder and antisocial sentiments.

73) According to the age-crime curve, when does offending peak?

A) in adolescence

B) in childhood

C) in adulthood

D) in old age

74) Cliff is 16 years old, is truant from school, drinks alcohol regularly, and has run away from home. Legally speaking, Cliff is a(n)

A) ADHD child.

B) habitual criminal.

C) sociopath.

D) status offender.

75) Which of the following would be considered a status offense?

A) using marijuana

B) being truant from school

C) vandalizing property

D) sexual assault

76) Individuals under the age of 18 account for approximately ________ of violent crime in the United States.

A) one-quarter

B) one-tenth

C) one-half

D) two-thirds

77) A look at the commission of violent crimes by adolescents in the United States shows that

A) today, the male-to-female ratio in juvenile arrests for violent crime is about 8 to 1.

B) violent crime among young people has doubled since 1980.

C) in general, violent crime among young people has increased since 1993.

D) as of 2016, violent crime among adolescents was at its lowest level since the 1970s.

78) Who is the most likely to be a victim of a crime such as theft, robbery, rape, and assault?

A) Jeffrey, a Black adolescent living in the suburbs

B) Rose, an adult White woman living in a large city

C) Elaine, a White adolescent living in a rural area

D) Mitch, a Hispanic adolescent living in the inner city

79) What do researchers believe is the most likely reason why the male-to-female arrest ratio has decreased in recent years?

A) Girls are being arrested more frequently for the same things they did in the past but were not arrested for.

B) The proportion of females who engage in violent crimes has increased substantially.

C) The public is rejecting stereotypes that females do not commit crimes.

D) Police departments have added divisions to focus on female crime.

80) Confidential surveys of adolescents suggest that

A) between 15 and 20% of adolescents have engaged in delinquent behavior at one time or another.

B) ethnic differences in the prevalence of delinquent and criminal activity are greater than what would be expected from information in official records.

C) nearly two-thirds of American 17-year-old boys have committed a violent crime in the past year.

D) nearly half of all males report being responsible for an assault sometime during adolescence

81) School shootings account for about ________ of the annual shootings of school-aged children.

A) 2% or less

B) about half

C) three-fourths

D) more than 90%

82) Analyses of school shootings have shown that school shootings

A) are less common than portrayed in the media.

B) usually take place in metropolitan areas.

C) are perpetrated by people with extensive backgrounds of acting violently.

D) could be stopped by current methods of identifying troubled adolescents.

83) In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins,

A) the easier it is for that person to be treated.

B) the more likely it is the adolescent will stop the criminal behavior on his or her own.

C) the less likely he or she is to be arrested.

D) the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.

84) Vince engaged in delinquency as a pre-adolescent and has continued to be in trouble with the law ever since. Now, as a young adult, Vince would most likely be characterized as a(n) ________ offender.

A) life-course-persistent

B) comorbid

C) externalizing

D) adolescence limited

85) Some people who are delinquent as adolescents grow up to be law-abiding adults. What type of pattern is this?

A) transitory delinquency

B) negative affectivity

C) diathesis-stress model

D) adolescence-limited offender

86) When contrasting life-course-persistent offenders with adolescence-limited offenders, researchers agree that

A) both types of offenders have similar antecedents but different outcomes.

B) the causes and consequences of the two are very different.

C) although males and females are equally as likely to be life-course persistent offenders, males are more likely to be adolescence-limited offenders.

D) the risk factors for life-course-persistent offenders differ for males and females.

87) One of the most consistent predictors of chronic delinquency appears to be rooted in

A) poor relations with peers during childhood.

B) coming from disorganized families with hostile, inept, or neglectful parenting.

C) academic failure in junior high school.

D) pessimistic attitudes about employment prospects due to learned helplessness.

88) Persistent offenders who display impulsiveness, inattentiveness, restlessness, and inappropriately high levels of activity likely have

A) schizophrenia.

B) nervosa.

C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

D) oppositional defiant disorder.

89) As a child, Carlos had a hard time sitting still and was highly aggressive. As an adolescent, he is extremely impulsive and has difficulty controlling his anger. Carlos probably suffers from

A) antisocial nervosa.

B) obsessive/compulsive disorder.

C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

D) oppositional defiant disorder.

90) The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately antagonistic is called

A) attention deficit disorder.

B) negative affectivity.

C) hostile attributional bias.

D) oppositional defiant disorder.

91) While Alan is waiting in line for tickets to the show, the man behind him bumps into him. Even though the man apologizes, Alan becomes extremely upset and pushes him roughly. Alan is probably suffering from

A) attention deficit disorder.

B) negative affectivity disorder.

C) hostile attributional bias.

D) status offense syndrome.

92) Which type of intervention has been effective for adolescence-limited offenders?

A) teaching them how to resist peer pressure and settle conflict without resorting to aggression

B) training parents to avoid monitoring their children too closely

C) incarcerating them until they become more responsible in adulthood

D) placing them in group facilities with other offenders

93) Treating juvenile externalizing problems with programs and therapies that have a proven scientific basis is known as using

A) anhedonic practices.

B) group therapy.

C) evidence-based practices.

D) individual-focused interventions.

94) Research shows that every dollar spent on multisystemic family therapy

A) costs society ten dollars.

B) saves taxpayers five dollars.

C) prevents one child from going to jail.

D) subtracts one day from the required treatment time of one juvenile.

95) Long terms of incarceration for juvenile offenders have been shown to

A) have little impact on preventing recurring crime.

B) be the most cost-effective option for society.

C) be the strongest deterrent to future criminal activity.

D) be effective in battling both internalizing and externalizing problems.

96) Interventions that put delinquent adolescents together

A) often lead to socialization of new offenders into a more delinquent lifestyle.

B) are the best programs to end delinquency quickly.

C) are the lowest-cost programs to society.

D) work by removing adolescents from the stresses of the outside world.

97) Which would be considered a cognitive symptom of depression?

A) dejection

B) apathy

C) pessimism

D) fatigue

98) Depression is the most common internalizing disorder of adolescence and afflicts approximately ________ of individuals by the time they are 18.

A) 15%

B) 30%

C) 50%

D) 75%

99) "Decreased enjoyment of pleasurable activities" and "low self-esteem" would be examples of what type of depressive symptoms?

A) cognitive

B) emotional

C) motivational

D) physical

100) Sex differences in the level of the hormone ________ may play a role in making females both more invested in close relationships, and more vulnerable to adverse consequences of interpersonal problems.

A) dopamine

B) serotonin

C) oxytocin

D) leptin

101) Which of the following statements about suicide is true?

A) Most suicide attempts by adolescents are successful.

B) The rate of attempted suicide is higher among males than females.

C) The suicide rate among 15- to 19-year-olds increased alarmingly between 1950 and 1990.

D) Suicide is a much more common cause of death among adolescents than adults.

102) Many adolescents commit acts of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This is a behavior

A) such as deliberately burning or cutting oneself.

B) such as deliberately burning or cutting another person.

C) that appears to be a suicide attempt but deliberately does not succeed.

D) that appears to be a suicide attempt but accidentally fails.

103) Approximately how many adolescents have committed acts of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) at least once?

A) nearly 5%

B) nearly 25%

C) nearly 45%

D) nearly 65%

104) According to recent research, what percent of high school students attempt suicide each year?

A) fewer than 1% of both males and females

B) approximately 12% of females and 6% of males

C) approximately 25% of females and 10% of males

D) approximately 20% of females and 35% of males

105) Toby's friend committed suicide, and not long after, Toby attempted suicide. This is an example of

A) suicide contagion.

B) non-suicidal self-injury.

C) suicidal ideation.

D) suicidal diathesis.

106) Which of the following has research identified as a risk factor for suicide attempts during adolescence?

A) having a close relationship with family members

B) being resilient to stress

C) having a psychiatric problem

D) having multiple siblings

107) Many experts endorse a model of depression that suggests individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems will develop depression when they are exposed to chronic or acute stressors. This is called

A) emotion-focused diagnosis.

B) the diathesis-stress model.

C) epidemiology.

D) antecedent diagnosis.

108) In the diathesis-stress model, the diathesis is

A) a powerful life event.

B) a pre-existing condition.

C) a close associate.

D) a technique to lessen stress.

109) Adolescents with a depressed parent

A) are less likely to get depressed.

B) tend to have high resiliency levels.

C) are three times more likely to develop depression.

D) are more likely to display externalizing behavior.

110) To treat depression, anxiety disorders, and social phobia in adolescence, a class of drugs known as ________ has been shown to be effective, especially when used in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy.

A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

B) selective dopamine blockers (SDBs)

C) selective norephinephric inhibitors (SNEIs)

D) selective melatonin reuptake inhibitors (SMRIs)

111) Margaret has been able to withstand many stressors in her life without showing negative effects. Margaret's behavior would be considered an example of

A) resilience.

B) an internalizing behavior.

C) externalizing behavior.

D) withdrawal strategies.

112) Bobbie Jo's employer has been sexually harassing her. Bobby Jo has found a new job, which she will start next week, and she also has filed sexual harassment charges against her current employer. Bobbie Jo is using ________ strategies to deal with her stress.

A) primary control

B) secondary control

C) emotion-focused

D) scapegoating

113) What would be a situation where a secondary control strategy would be most effective?

A) having to plan a complex project

B) feeling discouraged about a cluttered bedroom

C) learning your parents are getting a divorce

D) realizing that you have a final exam on Friday

114) ________ strategies are more effective in situations that are clearly uncontrollable.

A) Secondary control

B) Primary control

C) Avoidance

D) Disengagement

115) Discuss several points of confusion that often surface in discussions of adolescent problem behavior and that lead to exaggerations of its prevalence and seriousness.

116) As an expert on adolescent psychology, you have been asked to address a group of parents, teachers, and high school administrators concerning the prevention and treatment of substance use and abuse. They want to discuss what attempts have not worked (so they can avoid them), as well as what has been effective in preventing what they see as an epidemic of alcohol and drug use. What will you tell them?

117) You have gone to a friend's house for a study session and, when you come into the living room, you hear some of your classmates talking about how minorities are "ruining" our country and how a large proportion of minorities are chronic offenders. They claim that most crimes are committed by ethnic minorities and that White individuals end up being the victims of their violence. What evidence can you present to counter their claims?

118) You are a school counselor. One day, an early adolescent is brought into your office by his concerned parents because he has been caught doing things that would be considered against the law. They want to know why these problems may have developed and whether this pattern of problem behavior will likely persist in adulthood. What can you tell them about the two types of adolescent offenders to answer their questions?

119) You overhear two of your classmates talking about Mona, another classmate who has been diagnosed with depression. One of your classmates contends that the root of Mona's depression is biological, since her mother is also clinically depressed. However, your other classmate argues that Mona is depressed because her parents are going through a divorce. With whom do you agree? How can research inform this debate?

120) John's sister scores extremely high in depressive symptoms. He wants to know why, although they have lived very similar lives, she might be at an increased risk for depression during adolescence?

121) Robert and Todd have both recently been diagnosed with a serious chronic illness that will most likely present itself in late adulthood. Discuss how Robert and Todd, similarly aged peers who are exposed to the same stressor, may respond to hearing this news very differently. What are the "best" ways to cope with this news?