Ch.13 Corrections And Multiculturalism Test Bank Docx 1e

CHAPTER 13:

CORRECTIONS AND MULTICULTURALISM

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The ______________ oversees federal parolees.

a. U.S. Parole and Release from Prison Division

b. Federal Bureau of Prisons

c. U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System

d. Federal Parole Commission

2. Incarceration exists primarily in two forms:

a. community and institutional

b. formal and informal

c. prison and jail

d. internal and external

3. __________ refers to an inmate’s adaptation to the prison culture.

a. Accommodation

b. Prisonization

c. Acculturation

d. Assumption

4. The ______________ involves the norms and values developed and stressed in prison. It encourages toughness, insensitivity, disdain, and manipulation of fellow inmates and prison staff.

a. inmate code

b. writ of certiorari

c. prisoner handbook

d. convict rag-tag

5. Research on racial differences among inmates suggests which of the following?

a. White inmates have less positive perceptions of prison officers than do

their minority counterparts

b. White inmates experience higher levels of fear and stress than black inmates

c. Blacks were more likely than Whites to believe they were treated “pretty

good” in prison

d. Whites were more likely than Blacks to believe that prison officers use too much force on inmates

6. __________ is a front-end strategy in which judicial bodies place conditions on offenders in lieu of incarceration. ____________ is a back-end strategy that is imposed following a period of incarceration.

a. Restitution; restorative justice

b. Probation; parole

c. Jail; prison

d. House arrest; electronic monitoring

7. Probation practices in the United States date back to 1841 when shoemaker _________ assisted minor offenders.

a. Devery Johnson

b. Doug Bettinger

c. John Augustus

d. Robert Peel

8. Probationer Steve signs a contract and moves to another part of town. Steve’s probation officer found out about Steve’s move and signing of a contract. While neither offense is criminal, both are violations of the conditions of Steve’s probation, and are thus considered ____________.

a. civil offenses

b. misdemeanors

c. public order offenses

d. technical violations

9. Conditional release can involve __________ release, for instance when a parole board grants an inmate parole, or inmates can receive _____________ in states that have abandoned traditional parole practices in favor of “good time” practices.

a. primary; secondary

b. mandatory; discretionary

c. discretionary; mandatory

d. formal; informal

10. Under ____________ sentencing practices, inmates are released via discretionary decisions after a period of incarceration.

a. intermediate

b. indeterminate

c. time-lapsed

d. split-sentence

11. ____________, which permits legislative action to reduce the severity of one’s punishment, waive the punishment associated with a crime, or exclude certain individuals from prosecution of a specific crime, comes in the form of pardons, amnesty, commutations, and reprieves.

a. Clemency

b. Disposition

c. Adjudication

d. Appropriation

12. ___________, a form of clemency, involves shortening or changing an inmate’s prison sentence, for instance, when one becomes terminally ill or death sentences are switched to sentences of life in prison.

a. Reprieves

b. Amnesty

c. Pardons

d. Commutations

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

1. During the 1990s the United States, Russia, and South Africa led all other nations in the rate of incarceration.

2. The Federal Bureau of Prisons runs all federal prisons and provides probation and parole services for federal offenders.

3. Projections suggest that 15% of all persons born in 2001 will go to prison should current rates of first incarceration remain unchanged.

4. Recent reports suggest that over 5.1 million persons are incarcerated in U.S. prisons and jails, with jails holding roughly two-thirds of the population.

5. Prison gangs are heavily influenced by race and ethnicity.

6. In 2004, the overall rate of confirmed AIDS cases among the prison population was eleven times the rate in the U.S. general population.

7. Hispanic inmates, followed by White inmates, are most likely to die of AIDS.

8. Transsexual inmates who haven’t had genital surgery are typically classified according to their birth sex, regardless of how long they’ve lived as the opposite sex.

9. Inmates report lower levels of homosexual activity in prison than are recognized in official counts.

10. Research on probation revocation practices found that young Black males received the harshest penalties, while Hispanics and Whites were generally treated the same.

11. Individuals released on conditions have “maxed out,” or served their entire sentence.

12. Those currently released on parole are being supervised by parole officers emphasizing surveillance over assistance even though both components are essential to parole.