Chapter 12: Socioemotional and Behavioral Problems During Adolescence

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Since the emergence of vaping, cigarette smoking has ______.

A. decreased

B. also increased

C. remained stable

D. diminished completely

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prevalence of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A gateway drug means that it ______.

A. is used in conjunction with other illicit substances

B. precedes the use of other illicit substances

C. is used after other illicit substances

D. allows more dopamine to be released

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prevalence of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which individual is demonstrating the use of a gateway drug?

A. Katie is experimenting with alcohol.

B. Louis wants to learn to expand his mind.

C. Tucker watches his mother for her drinking habits.

D. Tracy is learning about dopamine in the body.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Oliver has been hanging out with his friends most weekends. Some of them have been vaping lately. Oliver’s uncle smokes cigarettes and he has always hated the smell of them. He doesn’t seem to mind the vaping because it is either without scent or nicely scented. He decides to go ahead and try vaping with his friends. Oliver would be considered to be experimenting with ______.

A. conduct disorder

B. dopamine

C. a gateway drug

D. index offenses

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prevalence of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Which is considered an externalized problem as a negative consequence of substance use?

A. depression

B. anxiety

C. suicide ideation

D. delinquency

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Heavy consumption of alcohol is associated with ______.

A. reduced frontal cortex response

B. bioecological systems

C. increase in neurogenesis

D. secure attachment

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The strong dose–response relationship for alcohol states that the greater the consumption of alcohol predicts ______.

A. decreased status offenses

B. decreased brain volume

C. increased visuospatial ability

D. increased plasticity

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What is the impact of regular cannabis use on neurocognition?

A. Regular cannabis use is associated with neurocognitive increases such as attention and processing speed.

B. Regular cannabis use is associated with neurocognitive increases such as brain plasticity and neurogenesis.

C. Regular cannabis use is associated with neurocognitive deficits such as attention and processing speed.

D. Regular cannabis use is associated with neurocognitive deficits such as higher levels of hyperactivity and better decision-making.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. What impact can abstention from substances have on neurological function of the brain?

A. Abstention from substances has no effect on recovery of neurological function due to plasticity of the brain.

B. Abstention from substances will allow a complete recovery of neurological function due to plasticity of the brain.

C. Abstention from substances hampers recovery of neurological function due to plasticity of the brain.

D. Abstention from substances can have some recovery of neurological function due to the plasticity of the brain.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. John is slurring his words as he talks to his friends. He cannot process the information that is hitting his senses very well. When asked a question, John is having troublemaking a decision of how he should respond and what he should do. John and his friends have been drinking for a while now. This demonstrates ______.

A. reduced frontal cortex response

B. increased frontal cortex response

C. reduced neurogenesis

D. increased neurogenesis

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. Valerie and her friends have been drinking heavily all evening. They have been stumbling and laughing excessively. Valerie has no idea where she is or what she is saying. She tried to answer a question but could not. She is having issues processing any information at all right now. This demonstrates ______.

A. increased frontal cortex response

B. reduced frontal cortex response

C. increased gray matter volumes

D. reduced secure attachment

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Substance use disorders are likely ______.

A. storm and stress related

B. autonomous

C. epigenetic

D. due to temperament

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which individual demonstrates the most risk for alcohol dependence throughout their lifetime?

A. Kumar started drinking when he graduated high school.

B. Colleen tried drinking at a college party.

C. David began drinking in the eighth grade.

D. Jenna abstains from drinking until she is 21.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. What impact do parents play in reducing the risk of alcohol and substance abuse problems in adolescents?

A. Parents who do not have rules reduce the risk of alcohol and substance abuse problems in adolescents.

B. Parents who are uncommunicative and uninvolved reduce the risk of alcohol and substance abuse problems in adolescents.

C. Parents who are strict and harsh reduce the risk of alcohol and substance abuse problems in adolescents.

D. Parents who are warm, supportive, and involved reduce the risk of alcohol and substance abuse problems in adolescents.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Luis’ parents always ask him about his day when they sit down to family dinner. They want to make sure that they know Luis’ friends and where he is when he goes out. They discuss and support his decisions as he grows into an adult. Even when he makes mistakes, Luis feels that he is supported and loved by his parents. As far as substance and alcohol abuse, Luis’ parents relationship with him will ______.

A. reduce his risk

B. increase his risk

C. reduce his abstention

D. have no effect on his alcohol intake

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Carter has watched his parents have many dinner parties over the years. He watches how all the adults act and how much they drink. His father tends to drink a lot before, during, and after dinner. He gets loud and obnoxious. His mother also drinks a lot. In fact, she tends to drink every evening throughout dinner. Carter’s parents have modeled behavior that will have what effect most likely for Carter?

A. acculturate alcohol

B. increase his risk of drinking

C. create a protective factor

D. increase identity exploration

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Which concept is defined as the rehashing and excessively discussing a problem, speculating about a problem, and focusing on the negative affect with a close friend?

A. acculturation

B. introspection

C. co-rumination

D. emotional regulation

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which is defined by being chronic and a marked loss of pleasure in all or almost all activities every day or most of the days in a 2-week period along with four other symptoms, such as feelings of worthlessness, over the same time period as determined in the DSM-V?

A. conduct disorder

B. post-traumatic stress disorder

C. anxiety

D. major depressive disorder

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which scenario indicates a symptom of major depressive disorder?

A. Colin has no interest in eating and is losing weight very fast.

B. Colin is looking inward to determine who he is.

C. Colin is using a fake ID to buy alcohol.

D. Colin is harming small animals to watch their reaction.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which statement is true of major depressive disorder?

A. Index offenses are symptoms of depression.

B. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day for at least 2 weeks is a symptom of depression.

C. Introspection to form identity over the course of a year is a symptom of depression.

D. Depression is caused by secure attachment to parents.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. What impact does normalizing depression symptoms as part of adolescence have on adolescents?

A. The normalization of depression symptoms allows adults to focus on the neurogenesis in the brain of adolescents.

B. The normalization of depression symptoms allows adults to increase synaptic connections for impulse control.

C. Parents, teachers, and other adults belief that depression symptoms are a part of adolescence is dangerous.

D. Parents, teachers, and other adults belief that depression symptoms are a part of adolescence reduces the number of depressed adolescents.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Connor always loved playing video games with his friends. They played remotely and together whenever they could. For the last month, Connor hasn’t been playing at all. He comes home from school and goes up to his room to sleep. In fact, his sleep has increased so much it seems that is all he does. He has been losing a lot of weight due to loss of appetite. He has been feeling worthless and cannot seem to concentrate when he is in school. Connor’s parents should have him evaluated for ______.

A. conduct disorder

B. post-traumatic disorder

C. anxiety

D. major depressive disorder

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. Aaliyah and her boyfriend broke up 2 months ago. This has seemed to put her into a tailspin. She and her friend, Abby, spent many days talking about the breakup and how awful it is for Aaliyah. Since the breakup, she has not been sleeping well or eating much. She feels guilt for everything that goes wrong even if she wasn’t involved at all. She no longer has any energy and is very lethargic. Aaliyah is showing symptoms of ______.

A. major depressive disorder

B. conduct disorder

C. post-traumatic stress disorder

D. anxiety

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Which is defined as death caused by self-directed injuries with the intent to die?

A. suicide ideation

B. suicide

C. suicide contagion

D. nonsuicidal self-injury

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Suicide

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Who is more likely to report suicide ideation?

A. both boys and girls

B. boys

C. girls

D. neither boys or girls

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Suicide

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Which statement is true of girls who attempt suicide?

A. Girls attempt suicide through aggressive means, such as a firearm due to their gender role.

B. Girls attempt suicide as a method of gaining attention.

C. Girls tend to choose methods that are quick and irreversible.

D. Girls tend to choose methods that are slow and passive from which they are more likely to be revived.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Suicide

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. What inference can be made about LGBT youth and suicide?

A. LGBT youth are at higher risk for suicide due to family conflict, peer rejection, and inner conflict about their sexuality.

B. LGBT youth have a lower risk for suicide due to family conflict, peer rejection, and inner conflict about their sexuality.

C. LGBT youth have a lower risk for suicide due to their use of gateway drugs to externalize emotional problems.

D. LGBT youth are at higher risk of suicide due to the acceptance they feel from family and peers about their identity.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Suicide

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Kelsie and her partner recently broke up. She was devastated by the event. Since, she has shown a lot of signs of depression. She has also stopped paying any attention to how she looks and complains of constant headaches. When she does come into contact with her former partner, she remarks that “she won’t be a problem for him much longer.” Her friends are very concerned, but when they talk to her she just gives them each something that she treasured. Kelsie may be at risk for ______.

A. conduct disorder

B. suicide

C. suicide contagion

D. index offenses

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Suicide

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. Peter used to be a straight “A” student. He took a lot of pleasure from school and his friends. Lately, he has been getting “F’s” and commenting to his friends how nothing matters. He has been listless and very depressed. He has started to drink a lot of alcohol which is uncharacteristic of him. He has been pushing his friends away for several weeks. Suddenly, Peter comes to school very happy. Peter may be at risk for ______.

A. conduct disorder

B. post-traumatic stress disorder

C. suicide

D. introspection

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Suicide

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. Which is defined as behavior that is self-injurious designed to cause harm but not death?

A. conduct disorder

B. suicidal ideation

C. suicide contagion

D. nonsuicidal self-injury

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Who is more likely to report self-harming behaviors, such as cutting?

A. girls

B. boys

C. both girls and boys

D. LGBT youth

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Which individual is most at risk for self-harming behaviors?

A. John has been questioning his sexuality.

B. Katya has a lot of issues understanding and expressing her emotions.

C. Tucker has a strong sense of self-efficacy.

D. Elaine has authoritative parents.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. What impact does reinforcement have on self-harming behaviors?

A. Self-harming behaviors are a protective factor for suicide contagion reinforcing the experience.

B. Self-harming behaviors provide pain to the individual decreasing the probability that they will happen again.

C. Self-harming behaviors provide a reported relief from the anxiety experience and are therefore reinforced.

D. Self-harming behaviors are not reinforced by the effect that they cause.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Lauren has been victimized and bullied at school this year. There have been rumors spread about her in person and on social media. It has become so intense that many students yell names at her in the halls and push her into the lockers. Her family has not been much help as she and her parents do not really talk much. They seem to be too busy yelling at each other to even know that she is there. Lauren has been feeling a lot of anxiety due to all of this. One day, she pinches herself hard enough to leave a bruise and finds that it relieves some of the anxiety. Lauren is illustrating ______.

A. introspection

B. hyperactivity

C. conduct disorder

D. nonsuicidal self-injury

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Timothy’s parents have been in severe conflict for the past couple of years. It has gotten so bad that he just goes straight to his room trying to block out the conflict. Most of the time, they have no idea whether he is home or not. Due to this, he has lashed out at the few friends that he had at school. Now, they don’t talk to him either. He has been very depressed and distraught with his situation. He does not feel that there is anyone he can talk to about all these negative emotions that he has. One day while making himself something to eat, he picks up the knife and begins to slice into his finger. He finds that this does not hurt but instead relieves his emotions. Timothy is demonstrating ______.

A. nonsuicidal self-injury

B. suicide contagion

C. conduct disorder

D. post-traumatic stress disorder

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. Which offenses are defined as those that are illegal due to the age of the offender?

A. index

B. status

C. life-course

D. multisystemic

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Which offenses are defines as those that are illegal regardless of the age of the offender?

A. adolescence-limited

B. status

C. index

D. multisystemic

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Which disorder is defined as a persistent patterns of antisocial behavior that violates the rights of others and social norms and interfering with an individual’s ability to function in normal contexts?

A. post-traumatic stress disorder

B. major depressive disorder

C. anxiety

D. conduct disorder

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Which is considered to be a criterion for conduct disorder?

A. physical cruelty to animals

B. self-harm

C. suicide contagion

D. insecure attachment

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Tanner behaves in a very destructive way toward others. He often bullies his peers and initiates fights in school. He has started to break into houses just for the fun of it. He can be very manipulative when he wants, often talking people into giving things to him. He was able to talk Elise into going out on a date with him where he forced himself on her. Tanner is exhibiting some of the criteria for ______.

A. post-traumatic stress disorder

B. conduct disorder

C. suicide ideation

D. major depressive disorder

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Penny often bullies other students in school. She does so both physically and verbally. She enjoys initiating fights with both boys and girls. Her family dog is afraid of her as she has hit him several times as well. She is often truant from school and shoplifts from the local store. Penny is demonstrating criteria for ______.

A. major depressive disorder

B. anxiety

C. conduct disorder

D. suicide ideation

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. Omar started staying out all night when he was just 12-years-old. After that he began leaving school midday. He enjoys destroying things and frequently sets objects on fire. Just last week, he mugged a woman walking down the street and stole her purse. Omar is illustrating criteria for ______.

A. anxiety

B. suicide ideation

C. post-traumatic stress disorder

D. conduct disorder

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Which ethnic group of adolescents are the least likely to be arrested?

A. White American

B. Latinx American

C. Asian American

D. African American

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prevalence of Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Which scenario demonstrates adolescence-limited antisocial behavior?

A. Carter began vandalizing walls with spray paint and went on to begin robbing people into his twenties.

B. Ethan, a 20-year-old, shoplifts from his local convenience stores.

C. Eli began with status offenses and graduated to index offenses as he entered into adulthood.

D. Miguel vandalized a trash can in high school but never engaged in anything against the law after that.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Trajectory of Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. How is age related to life-course-persistent antisocial behavior?

A. Individuals who have contact with the criminal justice system before age 12 have a greater risk of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior.

B. Individuals who have no contact with the criminal justice system have a greater risk of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior.

C. Individuals who have contact after age 18 with the criminal justice system have a greater risk of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior.

D. Individuals who have contact with the criminal justice system before age 12 have a lesser risk of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Trajectory of Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Kevin has been in trouble ever since he can remember. First with his parents and then with the police starting at age 10 when he would run away and steal from local stores. He frequently vandalized people’s homes and his own school. Kevin is at a greater risk for ______.

A. status offenses

B. life-course-persistent antisocial behavior

C. adolescence-limited antisocial behavior

D. post-traumatic stress disorder

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Trajectory of Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. Which is common among those who participate in delinquent activity?

A. drive for introspection

B. authoritative parents

C. drive for sensation seeking

D. protective factors

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. What impact do biological factors have on life-course-persistent antisocial behavior?

A. Biological factors cause contextual factors such as family conflict which influences life-course-persistent antisocial behavior.

B. Biological factors such as impulse control are the sole cause of life-course antisocial behavior.

C. Life-course-persistent antisocial behavior is not associated with any biological factors.

D. Life-course persistent antisocial behavior is associated with factors such as self-regulation that have biological underpinnings.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. What impact does parenting type have on adolescent behavior?

A. Parenting that is warm and supportive can magnify defiant behavior in adolescents.

B. Parenting that is controlling and harsh in punishment can magnify defiant behavior in adolescents.

C. Parenting that is permissive reduces defiant behavior in adolescents.

D. Parenting that is uninvolved reduces defiant behavior in adolescents.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Kumar has always been driven to seek out dangerous activities. He enjoyed climbing to the tops of trees and jumping off them when he was very small. He would seek out more dangerous activities as he became older. Kumar lives with just his dad in a lower socioeconomic community. There isn’t much to do in his neighborhood so he gets into a lot of trouble. This trouble just increases his father’s rage and aggression towards him. Kumar has risk factors for ______.

A. life-course-persistent antisocial behavior

B. adolescence-limited antisocial behavior

C. suicide ideation

D. suicide contagion

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Hard

51. Which is the most successful intervention for delinquency that targets several bioecological systems?

A. positive youth development

B. multisystemic therapy

C. storm and stress

D. acculturation

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intervening in Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Which scenario is an intervention at the family level to buffer adolescents at risk for delinquency?

A. Kayla’s parents have received training in better ways to communicate with her.

B. Kayla is learning about her own emotions.

C. Kayla is resisting peer pressure.

D. Kayla’s school is improving teacher–student communication.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intervening in Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Miguel is involved in an approach that is widely successful buffering the risks for delinquent behavior among adolescents. He has been learning about how to regulate his own emotions while his parents have been getting help with their parenting skills. They are much more involved and monitoring his whereabouts a lot more lately. His school has engaged in job training and vocational programs while opening up a lot more communication to his parents. This illustrates which approach?

A. acculturation

B. storm and stress

C. multisystemic therapy

D. autonomous

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Intervening in Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. Which statement is true about risk factors?

A. Risk factors are individual and contextual variables that are associated with a higher likelihood of a positive outcome.

B. Risk factors are contextual variables that are associated with a higher likelihood of a positive outcome.

C. Risk factors are individual variables only that are associated with a higher likelihood of a negative outcome.

D. Risk factors are individual and contextual variables associated with a higher likelihood of a negative outcome.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resilience

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Which concept is defined as reducing adolescents from poor outcomes associated with adverse circumstances?

A. protective factors

B. risk factors

C. introspection

D. autonomy

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Resilience

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. What impact does the number of risk factors have on adolescents?

A. Risk factors are decremental, meaning the more they have, the easier the adjustment.

B. Risk factors are cumulative, meaning the more they have, the harder the adjustment.

C. Risk factors are individual, meaning the less they have, the harder the adjustment.

D. Risk factors are simultaneous, meaning the less they have, the more difficult the adjustment.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Which concept is defined as the ability to respond or perform positively to adversity, to achieve despite disadvantages, or to exceed expectations given poor circumstances?

A. rumination

B. temperament

C. resilience

D. neurogenesis

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. Characteristics of resilience are divided into three competencies for adolescents, including home, school and community, and ______.

A. explorative

B. multisystemic

C. bioecological

D. individual

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience, and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. In resilient adaptation, protective factors aid adolescents buffer the effects of ______.

A. risk factors

B. identity exploration

C. storm and stress

D. index offenses

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. Which individual is demonstrating an individual competency that is a characteristic of resiliency?

A. Susan has a difficult temperament.

B. Jada is involved in an afterschool program.

C. Layken has uninvolved parents.

D. Danielle has a strong sense of self-efficacy.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. What is the impact of school in an adolescent’s development of resiliency?

A. Disengagement in school is a protective factor that promotes adjustment and resiliency.

B. Active engagement at school is a protective factor that promotes adjustment and resiliency.

C. Disengagement in school aids in the development of adolescent resiliency.

D. Active engagement in school decreases an adolescent’s development of resiliency.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Medium

62. Charlotte and her family are very close. They support one another with whatever they try and do. Her parents both graduated from college and have good jobs. While they are supportive, they also make sure that Charlotte knows the rules and the limits of the household. Her parents also monitor her friends and her whereabouts. Which competency of resilience do these characteristics represent?

A. individual

B. community

C. family

D. school

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Hard

63. Isaac is a very easygoing person. He is generally nice to everyone and takes most things with ease. He knows what his abilities are and how to work hard to get what he wants. Even when he is angry, he controls his reactions so that he can process his emotions properly in a positive manner. He does not lash out at people or act impulsively. Isaac demonstrates ______.

A. individual characteristics of resiliency

B. community characteristics of resiliency

C. risk factors for resiliency

D. neurocognitive deficits for resiliency

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Hard

64. A town council has made several recommendations after ascertaining the well-being of their inhabitants, especially the adolescents. They are recommending that more mentoring programs be implemented to help adolescents and adults connect in a positive manner. They are also recommending that the school district start some programs to help with self-management skills. The council is also asking the state for more money for their school district so that they can fund more programs and hire highly qualified teachers. These recommendations represent ______.

A. individual characteristics for resiliency

B. community characteristics for resiliency

C. introspective characteristics for resiliency

D. autonomous characteristics for resiliency

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Hard

65. Jamal has been a part of a mentoring program in his community that encourages job shadowing with many different adults and careers. He has developed an interest in restaurant management after learning more about it with Mr. Hernandez. In fact, they have become quite close. Jamal has also been able to develop a much more positive outlook on his life and realize that he controls his own destiny. When he talks to his mother about his plans, she is supportive and encouraging. Jamal has strengthened his ______.

A. rumination

B. risk

C. resiliency

D. acculturation

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Hard

66. Which concept refers to an approach that seeks to discover and promote positive qualities to aid adolescents’ ability to adapt and interact in their contexts?

A. multisystemic

B. storm and stress

C. authoritarian

D. positive youth development

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Positive Youth Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Which individual is demonstrating an individual developmental asset of a positive youth development approach?

A. Manuel is engaged in his school environment.

B. Kumar’s parents lack parental monitoring skills.

C. Elizabeth has a lot of community resources.

D. Hannah impulsively shoplifts after school.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Positive Youth Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

68. What impact has been seen with substance use in adolescents with a positive youth development approach?

A. Adolescent substance use has increased with positive youth development interventions.

B. Adolescent substance use has decreased with positive youth development interventions.

C. Positive youth development interventions have no association with adolescent substance use.

D. Positive youth development interventions have increased some use of substances while decreasing others.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Positive Youth Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. Nora’s school has implemented a new school program which will be embedded in every class. They want to focus on helping students to improve their achievement motivation, become engaged, and learn conflict resolution skills. They, further, want to include the parents and the community in this endeavor to increase parents’ involvement in school and bring in more community resources. This school is most likely using a(n) ______.

A. introspective approach

B. storm and stress approach

C. positive youth development approach

D. multisystemic therapy approach

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Positive Youth Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

70. Paul has been learning about more community resources and out-of-school programs in his community. There was an assembly held at school to get the students involved in their neighborhoods and to mentor younger children. In addition to this, the school is adding on to their health classes to teach students more about interpersonal competence and planning and decision-making competence. Paul’s school is most likely demonstrating a(n) ______.

A. identity exploration approach

B. autonomous approach

C. storm and stress approach

D. positive youth development approach

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Positive Youth Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. Marijuana is considered a gateway drug as it is typically one of the first addictive substances that adolescents try.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. No amount of experimentation with substance use is positively associated with psychosocial health, well-being, and adjustment.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Adolescents view negative consequences of substance use differently than adults do.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. An adolescent who abstains from alcohol until they are 21 has a greater chance of alcohol dependence than those adolescents who experiment during their teen years.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. While many adolescents feel sad, major depressive disorder shows symptoms for several months even years.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Boys report depressive symptoms at a rate of twice that of girls.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents and emerging adults.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Suicide

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. An example of self-harming behavior is burning.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. An example of one of the criteria for conduct disorder is being truant from school before the age of 13.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. In viewing ethnic differences in arrests, White youth are the least likely to be arrested.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. An adolescent who grows out of delinquency is engaging in life-course-persistent antisocial behavior.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Trajectory of Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. One home context risk factor for delinquency is poor parental monitoring.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Lower rates of mental health issues accompany greater exposure to risk factors for adolescents in adjustment.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. A personal characteristic, such as an easy temperament, benefits adolescents’ resiliency.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Schools who use a positive youth development approach have been associated with higher substance use and more risk-taking behaviors.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Positive Youth Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. How is limited amounts of experimentation with drugs and alcohol related to a positive outcome?

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prevalence of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What impact does negative consequences of substance use have on adolescents’ future use of substances?

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What is the impact of alcohol and substance abuse before the age of 15 for adolescents?

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What is the impact of co-rumination on depressive symptoms in adolescents?

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. How is natal sex related to suicide completion in adolescents?

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Suicide

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What is the impact of a suicide contagion on adolescents?

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Suicide

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What impact does child onset of conduct disorder have on criminal behavior later in life?

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What impact does authoritative parenting have on delinquency?

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Trajectory of Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. What impact do protective factors have on adaptation to adversity in adolescence?

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What are a few avenues to foster resilience in adolescents?

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adaptation

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain the differences in brain function for those adolescents who use alcohol moderately as opposed to their peers who do not use alcohol.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Discuss substance use in adolescence, including its prevalence, correlates, and risk and protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Correlates and Outcomes of Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Contrast the risk factors for depressive symptoms in adolescent girls as opposed to boys.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Summarize influences, correlates, and treatment of depression, suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What impact does the contextual factor of community have on adolescent delinquent behavior? Explain.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain multisystemic therapy (MST) as it relates to interventions for delinquent activity. Create a community program using MST that would work to be an intervention that would decrease delinquent activity.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Discuss the trajectory of delinquency and influences on delinquency in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Intervening in Delinquent Activity

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Create a positive youth development intervention that includes individual and contextual developmental assets.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Discuss the concept of resilience and the positive youth development approach to fostering adaptation in adolescence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Positive Youth Development

Difficulty Level: Hard