Ch12 Indirect Mechanisms Of Synaptic Test Bank + Answers - From Neuron to Brain 6e | Test Bank Martin by A. Robert Martin. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 12: Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission
Test Bank
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 01
1. When comparing direct and indirect synaptic transmission, indirect synaptic transmission
Feedback: Subhead: Direct versus Indirect Transmission
Learning Objective: Explain how indirect synaptic transmission differs from direct synaptic transmission.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. mediates reflex arcs in the spinal cord.
b. is mediated by ligand-gated ion channels.
c. is required for high speed, integrated motor performance.
d. is mediated by metabotropic receptors that activate intracellular second-messenger pathways.
e. mediates skeletal muscle contraction.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 02
2. When comparing ionotropic and metabotropic receptors which of the following is true?
Feedback: Subhead: Direct versus Indirect Transmission
Learning Objective: Explain how metabotropic receptors differ from ionotropic receptors
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. Ionotropic receptors mediate their effects faster than metabotropic receptors.
b. Metabotropic receptors mediate their effects faster than ionotropic receptors.
c. A single ionotropic receptor can activate a variety of second messenger effects in the cell.
d. Metabotropic receptors can directly mediate the flux of ions across the cell membrane.
e. Metabotropic signaling within the cell is terminated when the ligand un-binds from the receptor
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 03
3. How many transmembrane domains do all G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors have?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure of G protein-couple receptors (GPCRs).
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering
a. Each subtype of G protein-coupled metabotropic receptor has a different number of transmembrane domains.
b. All G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors has 12 transmembrane domains
c. All G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors has 7 transmembrane domains
d. All G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors has 4 transmembrane domains
e. All G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors has 5 transmembrane domains
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 04
4. Each particular metabotropic receptor (e.g., a metabotropic glutamate receptor)
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Name five examples of GPCRs.
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying
a. exists one-to-one with a particular G protein complex in the cell.
b. couples to only one type of second messenger signaling system in the cytoplasm.
c. can only couple to one subtype of G protein (i.e., Gi).
d. can couple to a variety of G proteins that are more plentiful than receptors.
e. competes with other metabotropic receptors for the same G protein.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 05
5. When different transmitters or hormones act through different G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors,
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Name five examples of GPCRs.
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying
a. each receptor is always coupled to a different type of G protein.
b. multiple receptors can be coupled to the same type of G protein.
c. the G protein that is coupled to the receptor is determined by the transmitter or hormone that is the ligand for that receptor.
d. the second messenger cascade that is coupled to the receptor is determined by the transmitter or hormone that is the ligand for that receptor.
e. the second messenger cascade that is coupled to the receptor is always determined by the specific G protein type that is coupled to that receptor.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 06
6. The G proteins that coupled to metabotropic receptors are
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure of G proteins.
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering
a. small homomeric GTP binding proteins made up of only α-subunits.
b. heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins made up of α-, β-, and γ-subunits.
c. heterotrimeric cGMP binding proteins made up of α-, β-, and γ-subunits.
d. small homomeric GTP binding proteins made up of only β-subunits.
e. small homomeric GTP binding proteins made up of only γ-subunits.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 07
7. For G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors, GTP binds to the
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure of G proteins.
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering
a. cytoplasmic surface of the metabotropic receptor.
b. transmembrane domains of the metabotropic receptor.
c. β-subunitof the heterotrimer.
d. α-subunit of the heterotrimer.
e. the γ-subunit of the heterotrimer.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 08
8. How is G protein-mediated signaling terminated?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
a. Desensitization of the G protein-coupled receptor terminates the signaling previously initiated by active G proteins.
b. Hydrolysis of GDP to GTP by the endogenous GTPase activity of the α-subunit leads to reassociation of the αβγ-complex, terminating the response.
c. Exchange of GDP for GTP by the endogenous GTPase activity of the α-subunit leads to reassociation of the αβγ-complex, terminating the response.
d. Exchange of GTP for GDP by the endogenous GTPase activity of the α-subunit leads to reassociation of the αβγ-complex, terminating the response.
e. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP by the endogenous GTPase activity of the α-subunit leads to reassociation of the αβγ-complex, terminating the response.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 09
9. Which of the following tests would be effective at determining if a transmitter action was mediated by a G protein-coupled receptor?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
a. Adding extra GTP to the cell cytoplasm to activate G protein-coupled receptors.
b. The addition of cholera toxin to inhibit G protein-coupled receptors.
c. The addition of GDP-β-s enhances and greatly prolongs agonist-induced activation of G protein-mediated responses.
d. The addition of GTP-γ-s enhances and greatly prolongs agonist-induced activation of G protein-mediated responses.
e. The addition of pertussis toxin to activate G protein-coupled receptors.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 10
10. G proteins are activated when GDP is
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. phosphorylated to GTP while bound to the α-subunit.
b. dephosphorylated to GDP while bound to the α-subunit.
c. exchanged for the GTP that is bound to the α-subunit.
d. exchanged for the GDP that is bound to the α-subunit.
e. exchanged for the GDP that is bound to the βγ-subunit.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 11
11. The particular neurotransmitter present at a synapse
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
a. indicates the subtype of G protein that will be coupled the receptor.
b. does not indicate the subtype of G protein or second messenger that will be coupled to the receptor.
c. indicates the second messenger that will be coupled to the receptor.
d. indicates the ion channels that will be targeted by second messengers.
e. indicates if the effect on the synapse will be excitatory or inhibitory.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 12
12. Non-hydrolysable GTP analog is an analog of GTP that
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing
a. cannot bind to G proteins associated with metabotropic receptors.
b. is rapidly cleaved by GTPases to GDP.
c. cannot be cleaved by GTPases to GDP.
d. cannot be used in G protein-mediated signaling.
e. remains persistently bound in a heterotrimer.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 13
13. What would happen to G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling in a cell if you removed GTP from the cell cytoplasm?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing
a. This would enhance G protein-coupled metabotropic receptor signaling.
b. This would make G protein-coupled metabotropic receptor signaling irreversible.
c. This would not affect G protein-coupled metabotropic receptor signaling.
d. This would block G protein-coupled metabotropic receptor signaling.
e. This would cause G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors to switch to a different signaling pathway.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 14
14. What would happen to metabotropic signaling in a cell if you added cholera toxin?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying
a. This would irreversibly activate metabotropic signaling mediated by Gs.
b. This would irreversibly activate metabotropic signaling mediated by Gi and Go.
c. This would irreversibly inhibit metabotropic signaling mediated by Gs.
d. This would irreversibly inhibit metabotropic signaling mediated by Gi and Go.
e. This would have no effect on metabotropic signaling.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 15
15. What would happen to metabotropic signaling in a cell if you added GDP-β-s to the cell cytoplasm?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying
a. This would irreversibly activate all G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling.
b. This would irreversibly inhibit all G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling.
c. This would have no effect on G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling.
d. This would irreversibly activate G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling mediated by only Gi and Go.
e. This would irreversibly inhibit G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling mediated by only Gi and Go.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 16
16. What would happen to metabotropic signaling in a cell if you added GTP-γ-s to the cell cytoplasm?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying
a. This would irreversibly activate all G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling.
b. This would irreversibly inhibit all G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling.
c. This would have no effect on G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling.
d. This would irreversibly activate G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling mediated by only Gi and Go.
e. This would irreversibly inhibit G protein-coupled metabotropic signaling mediated by only Gi and Go.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 17
17. You are recording calcium channel currents using whole cell patch clamp methods from frog sympathetic ganglia neurons with GTP-γ-s included in the patch pipet. What would happen when you added norepinephrine to the solution bathing this neuron.
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 6. Creating
a. Norepinephrine would activate calcium currents for a shorter amount of time than normal.
b. Norepinephrine would switch its target and couple to potassium currents.
c. Norepinephrine would not affect calcium currents.
d. Norepinephrine would persistently activate calcium currents.
e. Norepinephrine would persistently inhibit calcium currents.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 18
18. Which of the following experiments provided experimental evidence that potassium channels in cardiac muscle cells were opened by the direct action of βγ-subunits of activated G proteins?
Feedback: Subhead: Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Receptor-Activated G Proteins: Direct Actions
Learning Objective: Explain how acetylcholine opens potassium channels.
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing
a. Cardiac potassium channels were opened in inside-out patch clamp recordings when pure recombinant α-subunit was applied to the intracellular side of the patch.
b. Cardiac potassium channels were opened in inside-out patch clamp recordings when pure recombinant βγ-subunit was applied to the intracellular side of the patch.
c. Removal of intracellular GTP prevents the activation of cardiac muscarinic receptors from opening of potassium channels.
d. The addition of intracellular Gpp(NH)p prolongs the opening of potassium channels after activation of cardiac muscarinic receptors.
e. Muscarinic receptor-mediated activation of potassium channels is blocked by pertussis toxin.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 19
19. What would happen in muscle cells dissociated from the atrium of the heart if you added acetylcholine in the presence of an inhibitor of RGS proteins?
Feedback: Subhead: Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Receptor-Activated G Proteins: Direct Actions
Learning Objective: Explain how acetylcholine opens potassium channels.
Bloom’s Level: 6. Creating
a. There would be a decrease in potassium channel activity.
b. There would be an increase in potassium channel activity that lasted shorter than normal.
c. There would be an increase in potassium channel activity that lasted longer than normal.
d. There would be no change in potassium channel activity.
e. There would be an increase in calcium channel activity that lasted longer than normal.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 20
20. What does it mean that inhibition of calcium channels by norepinephrine is “voltage-dependent”?
Feedback: Subhead: Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Receptor-Activated G Proteins: Direct Actions
Learning Objective: Explain how the release of norepinephrine inhibits the activity of calcium channels.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
a. The inhibition of calcium channels by norepinephrine only occurs if the resting membrane potential is depolarized.
b. Norepinephrine is inhibiting a voltage-gated ion channel.
c. Norepinephrine is activating a voltage-gated ion channel.
d. The inhibition of calcium channels by norepinephrine is enhanced by depolarization.
e. The inhibition of calcium channels by norepinephrine is reduced by depolarization.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 21
21. Feedback inhibition, or auto-inhibition, is defined as
Feedback: Subhead: Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Receptor-Activated G Proteins: Direct Actions
Learning Objective: Explain how the release of norepinephrine inhibits the activity of calcium channels.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. diffusion around sites of release to affect neighboring cells.
b. the use of a chemical signal that communicates from the presynaptic cell to the postsynaptic cell.
c. the use of a second messenger signal within the postsynaptic cell.
d. the use of a chemical signal that communicates from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic cell.
e. the use of a chemical signal that communicates from the presynaptic cell back onto the same presynaptic cell.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 22
22. Metabotropic receptors that couple to second messenger signaling
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second-Messenger Systems
Learning Objective: Name four enzymes that are involved in cytoplasmic second-messenger systems.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. all trigger the generation of cAMP in cells.
b. can activate one of many enzymes in cells.
c. have faster action than direct metabotropic signaling.
d. all inhibit ion channels within cells.
e. all trigger the cleavage of PIP2 to generate IP3 and DAG.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 23
23. What happens when PIP2 is cleaved by phospholipase A2?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second-Messenger Systems
Learning Objective: Name four enzymes that are involved in cytoplasmic second-messenger systems.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. This cleavage generates cAMP that acts as a second messenger.
b. This cleavage generates active protein kinase A that phosphorylates proteins.
c. This cleavage generates arachidonic acid that acts as a second messenger.
d. This cleavage generates 12-HPETE that acts as a second messenger.
e. This cleavage generates inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) that act as second messengers.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 24
24. In a cell with β-adrenergic receptors coupled to the cAMP second messenger system, what would happen to that signaling pathway if you blocked adenylate cyclase?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second-Messenger Systems
Learning Objective: Explain what happens in the heart when β-adrenergic receptors are activated by norepinephrine.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
a. This would make β-adrenergic receptor activation using the cAMP pathway irreversible.
b. This would have no effects on β-adrenergic receptor signaling using the cAMP pathway.
c. This would make β-adrenergic receptor activation using the cAMP pathway last longer.
d. This would prevent β-adrenergic receptor activation from causing any effects through the cAMP pathway.
e. This would mimic the signaling pathway, causing the same effect as activation of the β-adrenergic receptor.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 25
25. In a cell with β-adrenergic receptors coupled to the cAMP second messenger system, what would happen to that signaling pathway if you blocked phosphodiesterases?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second-Messenger Systems
Learning Objective: Explain what happens in the heart when β-adrenergic receptors are activated by norepinephrine.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
a. This would make β-adrenergic receptor activation of adenylate cylase irreversible.
b. This would make β-adrenergic receptor activation using the cAMP pathway last longer.
c. This would have no effects on β-adrenergic receptor signaling using the cAMP pathway.
d. This would prevent β-adrenergic receptor activation from causing any effects through the cAMP pathway.
e. This would mimic the signaling pathway, causing the same effect as activation of the β-adrenergic receptor.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 26
26. In a cell with β-adrenergic receptors coupled to the cAMP second messenger system, what would happen to that signaling pathway if you added forskolin?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second-Messenger Systems
Learning Objective: Explain what happens in the heart when β-adrenergic receptors are activated by norepinephrine.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
a. This would make β-adrenergic receptor activation using the cAMP pathway irreversible.
b. This would make β-adrenergic receptor activation of adenylate cylase last longer.
c. This would have no effects on β-adrenergic receptor signaling using the cAMP pathway.
d. This would mimic that activation of the PIP2 pathway.
e. This would mimic the signaling pathway, causing the same effect as activation of the β-adrenergic receptor.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 27
27. Which experimental approach could provide evidence that norepinephrine uses the cAMP second messenger system to modulate calcium channels?
Feedback: Subhead: G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second-Messenger Systems
Learning Objective: Explain what happens in the heart when β-adrenergic receptors are activated by norepinephrine.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
a. Apply a blocker of adenylate cylclase to determine if the modulation of calcium channels is also blocked.
b. Apply a blocker of phospholipase C to determine if the modulation of calcium channels is also blocked.
c. Apply a blocker of phospholipase A2 to determine if the modulation of calcium channels is also blocked.
d. Apply a blocker of protein kinase C to determine if the modulation of calcium channels is also blocked.
e. Apply a blocker of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to determine if the modulation of calcium channels is also blocked.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 28
28. An example of convergent signaling mediated by indirectly coupled receptors is…
Feedback: Subhead: Convergence and Divergence of Signals Generated by Indirectly Coupled Receptors
Learning Objective: Explain what accounts for the convergence and divergence of signals generated by metabotropic receptors.
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing
a. Phospholipase C cleaving PIP2 to generate both DAG and IP3.
b. GABA and Norepinephrine receptors both using G proteins to mediate signaling.
c. Muscarinic receptors in guinea pig sympathetic neurons that can affect five different potassium currents.
d. GABA receptor activation of both Gi and Go proteins that leads to the opening of potassium channels and the closing of calcium channels.
e. A rat superior cervical sympathetic neuron modulated by multiple transmitters acting through many different G protein-coupled pathways that influence several types of ion channels.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 29
29. Endocannabinoids are formed by
Feedback: Subhead: Retrograde Signaling via Endocannabinoids
Learning Objective: State what activates the synthesis and release of endocannabinoids.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. adenylate cyclase cleavage of membrane phospholipids.
b. phospholipase A2 cleavage of cAMP.
c. phospholipase C or D cleavage of cAMP.
d. adenylate cyclase cleavage of cAMP.
e. phospholipase C or D cleavage of membrane phospholipids.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 30
30. Which of the following neurotransmitters is not stored in synaptic vesicles?
Feedback: Subhead: Retrograde Signaling via Endocannabinoids
Learning Objective: Explain the concept of retrograde synaptic signaling.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. Glutamate
b. Acetylcholine
c. Endocannabinoids
d. Norepinephrine
e. Dopamine
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 31
31. Anterograde signaling is defined as
Feedback: Subhead: Retrograde Signaling via Endocannabinoids
Learning Objective: Explain the concept of retrograde synaptic signaling.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. diffusion around sites of release to affect neighboring cells.
b. the use of a chemical signal that communicates from the presynaptic cell to the postsynaptic cell.
c. the use of a second messenger signal within the postsynaptic cell.
d. the use of a chemical signal that communicates from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic cell.
e. the use of a chemical signal that communicates from the presynaptic cell back onto the same presynaptic cell.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 32
32. Nitric oxide
Feedback: Subhead: Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
Learning Objective: Explain what activates the synthesis and release of nitric oxide.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. is packaged into synaptic vesicles for release.
b. is moved across cell membranes by a transporter that uses ATP as the energy for transport.
c. is moved across cell membranes by a transporter that exchanges sodium ions for nitric oxide.
d. is moved across cell membranes by facilitated diffusion.
e. diffuses directly across cell membranes.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 33
33. Nitric oxide is a(n)
Feedback: Subhead: Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
Learning Objective: Name two roles that nitric oxide plays in human physiology.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. peptide transmitter.
b. amino acid transmitter.
c. gas transmitter.
d. small molecule transmitter.
e. enzyme.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 34
34. How is nitric oxide synthesized?
Feedback: Subhead: Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
Learning Objective: Name two roles that nitric oxide plays in human physiology.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. Nitric oxide is synthesized from heme oxygenase (HO) after activation by the calcium-calmodulin complex.
b. Nitric oxide is synthesized from heme oxygenase (HO) after activation by guanylate cyclase.
c. Nitric oxide is synthesized from guanylate cyclase after activation by the calcium-calmodulin complex.
d. Nitric oxide is synthesized from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) after activation by the calcium-calmodulin complex.
e. Nitric oxide is synthesized from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) after activation by guanylate cyclase.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 35
35. How does the transmitter nitric oxide mediate its actions in cells?
Feedback: Subhead: Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
Learning Objective: Name two roles that nitric oxide plays in human physiology.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. Nitric oxide diffuses across cell membranes and binds to an ionotropic receptor.
b. Nitric oxide diffuses across cell membranes and only stimulates guanylate cyclase to synthesize cGMP.
c. Nitric oxide diffuses across cell membranes and stimulates guanylate cyclase to synthesize cGMP or can s-nitrosylate proteins.
d. Nitric oxide diffuses across cell membranes and only s-nitrosylates proteins.
e. Nitric oxide diffuses across cell membranes and binds to a metabotropic receptor.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 36
36. How is nitric oxide (NO) terminated after release?
Feedback: Subhead: Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
Learning Objective: Explain why signaling via nitric oxide and carbon monoxide is referred to as paracrine signaling.
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing
a. NO is taken back up into cells by a transporter.
b. NO is degraded by a specific enzyme in the synaptic cleft.
c. NO is a reactive gas that is inactivated when it reacts with proteins or superoxides.
d. NO remains active until it diffuses away from the synapse.
e. NO action is not terminated.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 37
37. Why are the physiological effects of Nitric oxide (NO) affected by phosphodiesterase inhibitors?
Feedback: Subhead: Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
Learning Objective: Explain why signaling via nitric oxide and carbon monoxide is referred to as paracrine signaling.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
a. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors prevent re-uptake of NO into cells.
b. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors prolong the lifetime of cGMP.
c. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors prolong the lifetime of cAMP.
d. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors prevent the enzymatic breakdown if NO.
e. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors block the reaction of NO with proteins.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 38
38. What is the concentration of calcium in cell cytoplasm?
Feedback: Subhead: Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger
Learning Objective: List four different mechanisms for regulating cytoplasmic calcium concentration.
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering
a. 100 nM
b. 100 µM
c. 1 µM
d. 100 mM
e. 1 mM
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 39
39. What is a “calcium microdomain”?
Feedback: Subhead: Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger
Learning Objective: List four different mechanisms for regulating cytoplasmic calcium concentration.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
a. The calcium within the synaptic cleft after nerve terminal activity
b. The elevation of cytoplasmic calcium within the entire neuron after activity
c. A small localized volume of the cytoplasm within which calcium is elevated after entry across the plasma membrane or release from intracellular stores
d. The total amount of calcium within a cell at rest
e. The total amount of calcium outside of a cell at rest
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 40
40. Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are known to excite cells based on the flux of sodium ions into the cell cytoplasm when these channels are activated near resting membrane potential. However, how can the calcium flux through these receptors lead to an inhibitory influence?
Feedback: Subhead: Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger
Learning Objective: Discuss two ways in which a rise in intracellular calcium affects neuronal activity and function
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing
a. Calcium flux through nicotinic receptors can act back on the nicotinic receptor to inhibit it.
b. Calcium flux through nicotinic receptors directly depolarizes the cell.
c. Calcium flux through nicotinic receptors directly hyperpolarizes the cell.
d. Calcium flux through nicotinic receptors can activate a calcium-activated potassium channel whose potassium flux hyperpolarizes the cell.
e. Calcium flux through nicotinic receptors can activate a calcium-activated potassium channel whose potassium flux depolarizes the cell.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 41
41. Which protein is most commonly used by cells to bind cytoplasmic calcium and trigger biochemical events within the cell?
Feedback: Subhead: Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger
Learning Objective: Discuss two ways in which a rise in intracellular calcium affects neuronal activity and function
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying
a. Aequorin
b. Fura-2
c. Calmodulin
d. BAPTA
e. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 42
42. When we are excited or frightened, our heart rate increases. Explain how nervous system uses either direct or indirect transmission to mediate this type of response?
Feedback: Our sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, and as a result, our heart rate gradually increases over many seconds. This action does not require ultrafast transmission from the sympathetic nerves to the heart but instead requires a careful adjustment to the endogenous cardiac rhythm using a slow form of indirect modulatory transmission.
Subhead: Direct versus Indirect Transmission
Learning Objective: Discuss why some physiological functions are better served by indirect synaptic transmission than by direct synaptic transmission.
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 43
43. How many different types of G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors are present in the nervous system? Include five different examples of G protein-couple metabotropic receptors and how each can maintain transmitter specificity, but all be coupled to G proteins.
Feedback: There are over 100 different types of G protein-coupled receptors. These include receptors that are selectively activated by glutamate, acetylcholine, GABA, peptides, and light. Each different receptor type has a variable ligand binding domain (that allows specificity for a particular ligand) but a conserved sequence that couples to heterotrimeric G proteins.
Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Name five examples of GPCRs.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 44
44. Explain how G protein-coupled receptors become activated after binding neurotransmitter ligand?
Feedback: Activation of a G protein-coupled metabotropic receptor by agonist binding promotes the exchange of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) for guanosine diphosphate (GDP) on the α-subunit of the G protein. This action activates the α-subunit and the βγ-complex, causing them to dissociate from the receptor and from one another. The free activated α-GTP subunit and βγ-complex are now active and each can interact with target proteins.
Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 45
45. How is the lifetime of activated G proteins controlled?
Feedback: The lifetime of activated G protein subunits is modulated by proteins called GTPase-activating proteins, or GAPs, which influence the rate at which GTP, bound to the α-subunit, is hydrolyzed. One family of GAPs, the RGS proteins, plays an important role in determining the time course of transmitter action.
Subhead: G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
Learning Objective: Explain what happens when a G protein is activated by a transmitter receptor.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 46
46. What is the difference between direct and indirect actions of receptor activated G proteins on ion channels?
Feedback: The direct action occurs when a subunit of the activated G protein (usually the βγ-complex) interacts directly with an ion channel. The indirect action occurs when a subunit of the activated G protein (often the GTP-bound α-subunit) activates one or more enzymes to alter ion channel function indirectly through one or more second messengers.
Subhead: Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Receptor-Activated G Proteins: Direct Actions
Learning Objective: Name the two ways in which G proteins can affect ion channels.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 47
47. By what G protein-coupled signaling mechanism does stimulation of the vagus nerve slow the heartbeat?
Feedback: The vagus nerve releases acetylcholine, which binds to G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors. Once activated, these muscarinic receptors trigger the activation of G proteins, the βγ-subunits of which directly bind to and open potassium channels in heart muscle. The resulting outward potassium current hyperpolarizes the heart muscle, which slows the rate at which action potentials are generated.
Subhead: Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Receptor-Activated G Proteins: Direct Actions
Learning Objective: Explain how acetylcholine opens potassium channels.
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 48
48. When using the cell-attached patch clamp recording technique to record single potassium channel currents from cardiac muscle cells, explain why muscarinic receptor agonists applied to the bath outside of the patch are unable to activate these potassium channels?
Feedback: Muscarinic receptor-activated βγ-subunits are unable to traverse the pipette–membrane seal to influence channels trapped inside the patch. This is because βγ-subunits act in a membrane-delimited fashion and thus have a limited range (or distance) over which they can act.
Subhead: Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Receptor-Activated G Proteins: Direct Actions
Learning Objective: Explain how acetylcholine opens potassium channels.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 49
49. How is cAMP used as a second messenger in indirect actions of metabotropic receptors?
Feedback: Metabotropic receptors activate the α-subunit Gs, which then binds to and activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, which activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A or PKA). The catalytic subunits of PKA transfer a phosphate from ATP to the hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine residues in a variety of enzymes and channels, thereby modifying their activity.
Subhead: G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second-Messenger Systems
Learning Objective: Discuss how the effects produced by second-messenger systems differ from those produced by direct interaction of G proteins with ion channels.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 50
50. Explain how norepinephrine causes an increase in the rate and force of contraction of the heart.
Feedback: β-adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle cells are activated by norepinephrine, which triggers the cAMP second messenger pathway. This pathway leads to the phosphorylation of calcium channels, which make them more likely to open with depolarization, increasing calcium current. This increased calcium current is responsible for the increased size of the action potential, and the resulting increased calcium influx then triggers an increase in the rate and force of contraction of the heart.
Subhead: G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second-Messenger Systems
Learning Objective: Explain what happens in the heart when β-adrenergic receptors are activated by norepinephrine.
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 51
51. Compare and contrast convergence vs. divergence of signals generated by indirectly coupled receptors?
Feedback: Convergence occurs when a large number of different G protein-coupled receptors all converge on the use of smaller number of G proteins. Divergence occurs when one type of G protein can, through various second messenger pathways, affect several different ion channels and other proteins in the cell.
Subhead: Convergence and Divergence of Signals Generated by Indirectly Coupled Receptors
Learning Objective: Explain what accounts for the convergence and divergence of signals generated by metabotropic receptors.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 52
52. List four factors that determine how a cell responds to transmitters.
Feedback: (1) the receptors present in a particular cell; (2) which transmitters or hormones the cell actually is exposed to; (3) the effectors that are present (enzymes that are downstream of activated G proteins); and (4) how the receptors, G proteins, and effectors are arranged in the cell membrane relative to target proteins (e.g. ion channels).
Subhead: Convergence and Divergence of Signals Generated by Indirectly Coupled Receptors
Learning Objective: List four factors that determine how a cell responds to transmitters.
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 53
53. How are endocannabinoids synthesized, released, and used to modulate synapses?
Feedback: Endocannabinoids are synthesized in postsynaptic cells following calcium-induced activation of phospholipases, or by metabotropic receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. These phospholipases cleave lipids to generate endocannabinoids which induce retrograde inhibition of transmitter release by diffusing from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic cell and binding to CB1 cannabinoid receptors to alter presynaptic nerve terminal function.
Subhead: Retrograde Signaling via Endocannabinoids
Learning Objective: State what activates the synthesis and release of endocannabinoids.
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 54
54. How is Nitric oxide generated as a result of acetylcholine acting on vascular smooth muscle cells?
Feedback: Nitric oxide (NO) generation is initiated by acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors on vascular endothelial cells, which leads to activation of phospholipase C (PLC). PLC cleaves PIP2 lipids to form DAG and IP3, and the IP3 causes release of calcium from intracellular stores. Elevated intracellular calcium binds to calmodulin and activates nitric oxide synthase (NOS), producing NO.
Subhead: Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
Learning Objective: Name two roles that nitric oxide plays in human physiology.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 55
55. Describe 4 mechanisms that cells use to regulating the cytoplasmic calcium concentration.
Feedback: Calcium enters cell through ligand-gated ion channel receptors including NMDA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic ACh receptors (especially those nicotinic receptors containing α7- or α9-subunits). Calcium can be released from intracellular stores, especially after activation of metabotropic receptors that couple to PLC, generating IP3, which acts on ionotropic IP3 receptors to release calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. Plasma membrane pumps can move calcium across the cell membrane, especially the sodium–calcium exchange pump (NCX) and the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA).
Subhead: Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger
Learning Objective: List four different mechanisms for regulating cytoplasmic calcium concentration.
Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 12 Question 56
56. Explain why synaptic interactions mediated by indirect mechanisms typically develop more slowly and last much longer than those mediated by direct mechanisms
Feedback: Direct mechanisms involved ligand-gated ion channels and only take milliseconds to initiate, and only last tens of milliseconds as the associated ion channels close quickly. On the other hand, indirect mechanisms are initiated by receptors that couple to second messenger systems within cells. These second messenger systems can take a minimum of hundreds of milliseconds, and more typically take seconds to minutes to occur. Indirect mechanisms of synaptic change can even last for hours to days depending on the enzymes involved and the lifetime of the changes they cause.
Subhead: Prolonged Time Course of Indirect Transmitter Action
Learning Objective: Explain why synaptic interactions mediated by indirect mechanisms typically develop more slowly and last much longer that those mediated by direct mechanisms.
Bloom’s Level: 6. Creating
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