Ch12 Exam Prep Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Chapter 12 Test Bank

Celeste Bolin, PhD

Question 1.

Introduction

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

1. Stimulus (or object) identification is primarily accomplished by which cortical circuitry?

a)  the ventral stream from the occipital cortex to the frontal cortex

b)  the ventral stream from the visual cortex to the inferior temporal cortex

c)  the dorsal stream from the visual cortex to the posterior parietal cortex

d)  the dorsal stream from the occipital cortex to the motor cortex

e)  none of the above

Question 2.

Section 12.1

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

2. Sparse coding that neurons that sensory neurons employ to reduce the number of action potentials necessary for a sense organ to get information to the sensory processing areas of the brain. This is analogous to what technique used in digital processing?

a) high resolution data processing where each data point is treated with equal processing

b) data compression where multiple data points with the same value are treated as one or two points

c) data compression where multiple data points are just averaged to give one uniform value

d) all of the above

Question 3.

Section 12.1

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

3. Which of the following is the best explanation for the efficient sensory coding neurons employ?

a) analysis of sensory data focuses on unique features that focus on natural stimuli

b) analysis of sensory data focuses on all of the features coded in the data such as texture, color, and direction of movement

c) analysis of sensory data only focuses on the most unique features compared to back ground stimuli

d) analysis of sensory data happens as quickly as possible with the first stimuli being weighted more heavily than subsequent stimuli

Question 4.

Section 12.1

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Short Answer

4. What are the main differences between the grandmother coding scheme and the population coding scheme? Provide an argument as to which one seems more likely.

Question 5.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

5. Which of the following is a possible ordering of the projections from the retina to the higher ordered visual processing centers?

a) lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus →V1→middle temporal area→V4→inferior temporal cortex

b) lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus →V1→V2→V3→V4 →inferior temporal cortex

c) lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus →V1→V3→middle temporal area→posterior parietal cortex

d) lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus →V1→V4→inferior temporal cortex

e) all of the above

Question 6.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Short Answer

Multiple Choice

6. Which of the following is true of the visual cortical hierarchy?

a) visual information usually flows from the striate cortex to the extrastriate cortex

b) visual information cannot flow from the extrastriate cortex to the striate cortex

c) visual information is completely reciprocal along every available pathway in the visual cortical circuits

d) visual information from striate cortex always flows to the extrastriate cortex

Question 7.

Section 10.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

7. When you spot a bright light in the middle of a dark room on center/ off center (circle one) retinal ganglion cells are activated, however when that light suddenly disappears and on center/ off center (circle one) retinal ganglion cells are activated.

Question 8.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

8. In the figure presented above, what best describes the activity of off center retinal ganglion cells.

a) they are being excited by an inhibitory surround

b) they are being inhibited by an excitatory surround

c) they are being excited by an excitatory surround

d) they are be inhibited by an inhibitory surround

Question 9.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

9. Which of the following statement is not true of surround inhibition in the retina?

a) surround inhibition helps to localize visual stimuli, similar to how lateral inhibition in the somatosensory system localizes tactile stimulus

b) surround inhibition is conducted via horizontal cells which are excited by cone cells

c) surround inhibition is only necessary for on-center bipolar cells

d) surround inhibition is conducted via horizontal cells which are inhibited by cone cells

e) all of the above

Question 10.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Short Answer

10. Are you able to determine which of the above circles is brighter than the other? Explain in your own words what mechanism of your visual processing center enables or inhibits this visual discrimination.

Question 11.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

11. Refer to figure 12.7, what is the best explanation for the difference in LGN spatial receptive fields in a young ferret as compared to an adult?

a) the patterns of excitation in the LGN on and off center sides as well as surround inhibition do not change much during development

b) pruning of the neurons during development in the LGN makes the on and off center sites of excitation smaller and the surround inhibition larger

c) pruning of the neurons during development in the LGN makes the on and off center sites of excitation smaller and the surround inhibition smaller

d) pruning of the neurons during development in the LGN makes the on and off center sites of excitation smaller and the surround inhibition smaller

Question 12.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Fill in the blank

12. The majority of synaptic inputs to the lateral geniculate nucleus are from the ____________.

Question 13.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

13. Design an experiment using primates where you test if the descending inputs to the LGN contribute more to the on and off center target sites or the antagonistic surrounding inhibition sites.

Question 14.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE APPLICATION

Multiple Choice

14. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a simple cell?

a) they are located in the primary visual cortex

b) they respond prefer flashing or moving stimuli

c) they receive input from multiple lateral geniculate neurons

d) they respond to lines

e) they respond to spots

Question 15.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Matching

15. Match each cell with the stimulus it responds to: (a) on center cell, (b) off center cell, (c) simple cell, and (d) complex cell.

_____bright spots in their visual field

_____line-shaped stimuli from multiple locations in their visual field

_____dark spots in their visual field

_____line shaped stimuli from a particular location in their visual field

Question 16.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

16. Which of the following experimental questions and models would be appropriate for using intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI)?

a) using rats to identify patterns of LGN neuron activity in response to different intensities of light

b) using primates to map neural activity patterns in V1

c) using primates to map neural activity patterns in retinal ganglionic cells

d) imaging the damage to the neocortex in human patients that have suffered a stroke

e) all of the above

Question 17.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Fill in the blank

17. Orientation preference of straight-line stimuli across the primary visual cortex is arranged in a _______________ pattern.

Question 18.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

18. Which of the following of Hubel and Wiesel’s discoveries support the idea that when looking at an object, the V1 primarily code for the outline of an object?

a) simple and complex cells primarily respond to dark and bright lines in a particular orientation in space

b) orientation sensitivity varies across V1 in a detectable, systematic manner

c) direct input of retinal ganglionic cells to V1 is always in arrays of straight lines that overlap to form a contour

d) a and b

e) a-c.

Question 19.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

19. The rhythmic depolarization and hyperpolarization of a lamprey’s spinal column persists even in the presence of TTX. How does this support the central pattern generator hypothesis?

a) action potentials between neurons are eliminated

b) hyperpolarization is inhibited

c) depolarization is inhibited

d) NMDA receptors are irreversibly inhibited

e) all of the above

Question 20.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple choice

20. Which stimuli directionality would you expect to elicit the response of the above V1 neuron recording below?

a)

b)

c)

d)

Question 21.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple choice

21. Which of the following are not proposed models of direction sensitivity in the primary visual cortex?

a) stimulus from one region in space arrives in faster or slower than in another region of space

b) cortical neurons inhibit each other when they are on one side, but not the other of their receptive field

c) eye saccades only move in one direction and there for input from the LGN, via the retinal cells is directional

d) all of the above

Question 22.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

22. Write a hypothesis as to why you think the human visual system has evolved to be more responsive to moving stimuli than static images? How could you test this hypothesis?

Question 23.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple choice

23. Refer to figures 12.16 and 12.17, what is the take home message from these awake brain stimulation experiments of the middle temporal area (MT)?

a) because of aperture bias, monkeys can only perceive motion in the rightward direction

b) stimulation of the MT reverses the directionality of perceived motion

c) monkeys fail to perceive direction of movement when the stimulated MT neurons are oriented in the opposite direction

d) the perception of movement is only encoded in the MT and determination of movement direction is in higher-ordered cortical structures

e) all of the above

Question 24.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple choice

24. Which of the following is true of retinal color opponent cells?

a) opponent cells are important detectors of color contrast

b) if blue-yellow opponent cells are excited by S-cones, they are inhibited by M-cones

c) if blue-yellow opponent cells are excited by S-cones, they are inhibited by L-cones

d) if red-green color opponent cells are excited by M-cone activation, they are inhibited by L-cone activation

Question 25.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple choice

25. A double opponent cell will have (the) __________responses to L- and M-cones and (the)____________color preferences for their center and surround.

a) same, same

b) opposite, opposite

c) same, opposite

d) opposite, same

Question 26.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Fill in the blank

26. Compared to V1 simple cells, double opponent cells have a ___________degree of selectivity to the orientation of stimulus and are usually located in the __________ of orientation pinwheels.

Question 27.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple choice

27. Refer to figure 12.19, which of the following statements is true regarding the results of these imaging experiments?

a) color sensitivity is localized to the V1 and V2 regions of the cortex

b) color sensitive globs only fire when colors are at a specific luminosity

c) color sensitivity is localized to the V3 and V4 regions of the cortex

d) color sensitivity is scattered throughout the extrastriate cortex and independent of hue

e) none of the above

Question 28.

Section 10.5

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple choice

28. Which of the following is not a rationale for monkeys being more sensitive to the red end of the color spectrum?

a) young leaves that are part of the monkey’s diet are usually red in color

b) monkey’s have more red-sensitive cones in their retinas

c) many fruits that are part of the monkey’s diet have a red color to them

d) the presence or absence of red in the skin can denote mood and vitality for mating preferences

Question 29.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

29. Compare and contrast the neural activity in the visual cortex when looking at a black and white image as compared to a colored image.

Question 30.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

30. Explain the neuronal mechanisms and process that allow you to determine the direction of travel of traffic when you approach a stoplight.

Question 31.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

31. Why might an infant prefer to look at large rather than small finely detailed objects and also seem to have little to no preference for colored over black and white objects?

Question 32.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Ordering

32. Place in order the activity from a face-selective neuron in the temporal cortex of a monkey from low neural activity (1) to highest neural activity (5) for the visual stimuli listed below.

_____human face

_____cartoon of a human face

_____scrambled image

_____monkey face with no eyes

_____piece of fruit

Question 33.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple choice

33. Similar to experiments that verified the MT in the perception of movement, stimulation of neurons in the inferior temporal cortex _____________the bias of monkeys for perceiving face from non-face stimulus when image noise is ______________.

a) increased, high

b) decreased, high

c) increased, low

d) decreased, low

Question 34.

Section 12.2 and Box 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple choice

34. Oliver Sack’s famous essay The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat details an account of a patient with a very specific case of prosopagnosia. Assuming that there is no overt neuronal death, such a disorder might benefit the most from which treatment?

a) oral administration of GABA receptor agonists

b) deep brain stimulation of the extrastriate cortex

c) deep brain stimulation of the inferior portion of the temporal lobe

d) oral administration of glutamate receptor agonists

Question 35.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

35. Which statement is true regarding the distribution of face-sensitive and category-sensitive neurons in the brain?

a) face-and object-sensitive neurons are found in the neocortex but category-sensitive neurons are found in the hippocampus

b) face- and category-sensitive neurons are both found in the temporal cortex

c) face- and category-sensitive neurons are both found in the prefrontal cortex

d) face-sensitive and object-sensitive neurons are in highest density in the inferior temporal cortex, while category-sensitive neurons are primarily found in the prefrontal cortex

Question 36.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Fill in the blank

36. The largest density of face-selective neurons in the inferior temporal lobe is in the_________________.

Question 37.

Section 12.2

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Short Answer

37. Describe an experiment you could conduct in a monkey to determine if stimulation of the prefrontal cortex improved category-sensitive neurons from distinguishing similar stimuli.

Question 38.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

38. What is a major different between olfactory and visual or somatosensory projections?

a) the area of the cortex dedicated to olfaction is much larger than visual or somatosensory inputs

b) they are very specifically mapped from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex

c) they are non-topographic and highly divergent

d) pyramidal neurons of the olfactory cortex are more sensitive than that of the visual or somatosensory cortex

Question 39.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

39. The type of coding scheme utilized by the glomeruli of the olfactory system is ____________, and the olfactory cortex uses___________.

a) population cell, grandmother cell

b) grandmother cell, population cell

c) population cell, population cell

d) grandmother cell, grandmother cell

e) none of the above

Question 40.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

40. What best describes how specific neurons in the olfactory cortex become specific to certain odorants?

a) pruning during development of the olfactory cortex determines which stimuli certain neurons respond to

b) there is no specificity of olfactory neurons to certain stimuli

c) the olfactory cortex contains topographically mapped neurons for specific odorants

d) Hebbian LTP creates cell assemblies that wire together for certain stimuli

Question 41.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

41. Loss of smell, known as anosmia, might result from damage to either of which of the following anatomical locations?

a) gustatory cortex, olfactory bulb

b) olfactory bulb, piriform cortex

c) pre-frontal cortex, cerebellum

d) thalamus, lateral geniculate nucleus

e) none of the above

Question 42.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Short Answer

42. A 62-year old man suffers an ischemic stroke and after 2 months still insists he has absolutely no sense of smell. What can you conclude his pathology and do you think it is possible that his sense of smell could return, why or why not?

Question 43.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

43. The olfactory cortex is much smaller than the visual or somatosensory cortex in humans. Does this fact support that the neurons are not topographically organized, why or why not?

Question 44.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Fill in the blank

44. The most central or core areas of the auditory cortex are ________ organized.

Question 45.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

45. Which of the following is a true statement regarding the spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF) in auditory perception?

a) the STRF can be specifically measured and predicted for neurons in the auditory cortex

b) lower levels of the auditory cortex, such as the inferior colliculus, have less predictable STRFs

c) acoustic context does not affect the STRF

d) it is dependant on both the pitch as well as the timing of sounds

Answer : d) it is dependant on both the pitch as well as the timing of sounds

Question 46.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

46. Which of the following correctly outlines taste circuitry starting at the taste buds?

a) nucleus tractus solitarius →insular cortex→dorsal thalamus→orbifrontal cortex

b) insular cortex→dorsal thalamus→nucleus tractus solitarius →orbifrontal cortex

c) dorsal thalamus→insular cortex→nucleus tractus solitarius →orbifrontal cortex

d) nucleus tractus solitarius →dorsal thalamus→insular cortex→orbifrontal cortex

Question 47.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

47. Compare the spatial receptive field of a visual neuron to the spectrotemporal receptive field of an auditory neuron. Is one more specific than the other, why?

Question 48.

Section 12.3

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

48. Why does it make sense from multiple different sensory systems (visual, somatosensory, olfactory, auditory) that babies prefer to use their mouth for object exploration?

Question 49.

Section 12.4

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

49. Sensory deprivation experiments have yielded all of the following insights into the development of our sensory systems, except.

a) when and with severity a sensitive period for a stimulus occurs during development is not uniform across all types of stimuli

b) deprivation of stimulus during the sensitive period of development always results in irreversible deficits

c) experience-dependent neural plasticity is most effectively accomplished during a sensitive period of development

d) a lack of early pattern vision can result in permanent visual deficits

Question 50.

Section 12.4

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

50. Refer to figure 12.31. If a kitten is reared in an environment where only vertical lines are in it’s visual field, the size of it’s cortical area mapped to a different orientation of line (horizontal or askew) will be__________.

a) decreased permanently

b) undetectable

c) unaffected

d) decreased unless repeatedly exposed to the different orientation

e) none of the above

Question 51.

Section 12.4

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

51. What might be the consequences of a child growing up without any exposure to music or the sound of musical instruments in their life and could these consequences be reversed in adult life?

Question 52.

Section 12.5

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Multiple Choice

52. Which of the statement below most accurately describes the binding problem of sensory perception?

a) we preferentially choose one sense over another when recognizing objects and therefore we are bound to a specific type of object

b) multiple senses are called into play when you confront a complex object that may have many identifying features (color, texture, motion, smell, sound) and it is necessary to put all of the input together for object recognition

c) multiple senses are called into play when you confront a complex object that may have many identifying features (color, texture, motion, smell, sound) and it is necessary to catagorize all of the input individually before we can recognize an object

d) some senses are inherently bound together like smell and taste and therefore treating them independently to analyze a stimulus that might have a taste but no odor is impossible

Question 53.

Section 12.5

Bloom’s Scale: Application/Analysis

Short Answer

53. Compare the binding through convergence model to the binding through temporal correlation hypotheses. Which model is more likely to be correct and what evidence supports this?

Question 54.

Section 12.5

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

54. Which of the statements is best supported by the data above of recorded individual action potentials from the two neurons?

a) the two neurons are located in different parts of the cortex

b) the two neurons are synchronous

c) the two neurons are asynchronous

d) the two neurons are located in close proximity

e) all of the above

Question 55.

Section 12.5

Bloom’s Scale: KNOWLEDGE/COMPREHENSION

Matching

55. Match the following agnosias with their symptoms: (a) apperceptive agnosia, (b) associative agnosia, (c) amusia, (d) pure word deafness, (e) nonverbal auditory agnosia, (f) prosopagnosia

_____inability to interpret nonverbal sounds

_____inability to see a collection of features as an object

_____inability to recognize the faces of people

_____inability to identify pieces of music

_____ability to perceive objects but inability to determine their meaning or utility

_____inability to interpret the sounds of words

Question 56.

Section 12.5

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

56. A 13 year old boy always describes different numbers with a corresponding color. What is the perception disorder he most likely has?

a) amusia

b) synethesia

c) prosopagnosia

d) auditory agnosia

e) associative agnosia

Question 57.

Section 12.5

Bloom’s Scale: APPLICATION/ANALYSIS

Multiple Choice

57. Which of the following changes in movement after severe damage to descending neurons of the spinal cord in the upper thoracic vertebrae would you expect?

a) during a period of spinal shock processes such as respiration, digestion, urination, and defecation are severely impaired or lost completely

b) upper and lower limbs go limp or are very weak and any returning movement is erradic and unpredictable

c) heightened sensitivity to non-voluntary movement to the limbs and skin sensitivity due to a loss of spinal reflex integration with the motor cortex and cerebellum

d) complete paralysis of the lower body with no movement, voluntary or involuntary

e) a-c

Question 58.

Section 12.5

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

58. A 7-year old girl is having some severe trouble in school with some basic exercises that will help her learn to read. The school counselor suggests she may have a form agnosia. What sorts of tests could you devise to determine what sort of agnosia she might have?

Question 59.

Multiple Sections

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

59. How might the distribution of neurons in the cortex of a nocturnal bat that uses acute hearing to localized prey differ from an eagle that uses primarily visual acuity to locate prey?

Question 60.

Multiple Sections

Bloom’s Scale: SYNTHESIS

Short Answer

60. Make an argument using at least three sensory systems as to whether grandmother cell coding or population cell coding is a more likely mechanism of coding for the complex stimuli a human experiences.