Ch.12 Anabolism The Use Of Energy In + Complete Test Bank

Prescott's Microbiology, 11e (Willey)

Chapter 12 Anabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis

1) Large structures (e.g., ribosomes) form spontaneously from their macromolecular components by a process known as ________-________.

2) Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize some anabolic and catabolic pathways so that these pathways can be operated ________.

3) Different proteins have different amino acid ________.

4) Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions are freely reversible; however, some key steps require separate enzymes for the reverse step in order to provide for independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways.

5) Nongrowing cells continuously degrade and resynthesize cellular molecules during a process known as cellular turnover.

6) The use of compartmentation for the simultaneous but independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways occurs generally in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes.

7) Anabolic and catabolic pathways use different cofactors for similar reactions.

8) In the synthesis of amino acids, the addition of the amino nitrogen usually occurs ________ the synthesis of the carbon skeletons.

A) before

B) after

C) during

9) Although most autotrophic microorganisms fix carbon dioxide using the Calvin-Benson cycle, this pathway is absent in archaea.

10) Photoautotrophs are the only organisms that can incorporate (fix) carbon dioxide into biomolecules.

11) Because peptidoglycan lies outside the plasma membrane, all steps in the complex synthesis process of this molecule takes place outside the cell.

12) Nitrogen fixation is used to form ATP, which is then used for energy reserves.

13) In the biosynthesis of nucleotides, pyrimidines are assembled starting with ribose-5-phosphate while ribose-5-phosphate is added after synthesis of the nitrogenous base for purines.

14) Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing carbon-carbon ________ bonds.

15) Bacteria can synthesize unsaturated fatty acids only under anaerobic conditions.

16) Which of the following is true about the synthesis of macromolecules from monomeric subunits?

A) It saves genetic storage capacity

B) It saves biosynthetic raw materials

C) It saves energy

D) All of the choices are correct.

17) Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called __________.

A) metabolism

B) anabolism

C) catabolism

D) amphibolism

18) Assemblies of macromolecules are referred to as ________ complexes.

A) ultramolecular

B) supramolecular

C) metamolecular

D) maximolecular

19) There are ________ common amino acids used to synthesize proteins.

A) 20

B) 61

C) 64

D) 25

20) Large numbers of small monomeric molecules join together to form large molecules that are known as ________.

A) multimers

B) polymolecules

C) macromolecules

D) maximolecules

21) Which of the following is a source of carbon skeletons that are used in the synthesis of amino acids?

A) Acetyl-CoA

B) TCA cycle intermediates

C) Glycolysis intermediates

D) All of the choices are correct.

22) Microorganisms assimilate large amounts of all of the following atoms into organic molecules, except ________ .

A) nitrogen

B) phosphorus

C) sodium

D) sulfur

23) The process of carbon dioxide fixation refers to ________.

A) release of carbon dioxide during catabolic reactions

B) reduction of carbon dioxide and incorporation into organic molecules that are assimilated

C) release of carbon dioxide during anabolic reactions

D) reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid

24) Which pathway(s) are used by eukaryotic microorganisms to fix carbon dioxide?

A) Calvin-Benson cycle

B) Reductive tricarboxylic pathway

C) Entner-Doudoroff

D) None of the choices are correct.

25) Which pathway(s) is used to fix carbon dioxide?

A) Glycolysis

B) Reductive tricarboxylic pathway

C) Entner-Doudoroff

D) Pentose phosphate pathway

26) Which of the following is NOT a phase of the Calvin-Benson cycle?

A) Carboxylation phase

B) Oxidation phase

C) Reduction phase

D) Regeneration phase

27) In order to form a single molecule of glucose, it takes ________ turns through the reactions of the Calvin-Benson cycle.

A) 3

B) 4

C) 6

D) 12

28) Photoautotrophs use light energy directly for ________.

A) the production of ATP and NADPH

B) the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose

C) both the production of ATP and NADPH and the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose

D) neither the production of ATP and NADPH nor the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose

29) The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires ________ molecule(s) of NADPH.

A) 6

B) 12

C) 18

D) 24

30) The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires ________ molecule(s) of ATP.

A) 6

B) 12

C) 18

D) 24

31) A series of enzymatic steps that fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrate is called the ________.

A) Pentose phosphate pathway

B) Embden-Meyerhoff pathway

C) Calvin-Benson cycle

D) Entner-Doudoroff pathway

32) The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors is called ________.

A) glycolysis

B) glutamine synthase

C) gluconeogenesis

D) None of the choices are correct.

33) In order to synthesize new peptidoglycan for bacterial cell walls, the existing walls must be partially digested by ________ to provide acceptor ends for the new synthesis.

A) lysozyme

B) autolysins

C) autozymogens

D) peptidoglycolysins

34) ________ is the carrier molecule required to transport peptidoglycan subunits to the location where they will be incorporated into the growing bacterial cell wall.

A) Bactoprenol

B) UDP glucose

C) Acyl carrier protein

D) Malonyl-CoA

35) ________ reactions are used to replace TCA cycle intermediates that have been used to provide carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis.

A) Amphibolic

B) Anaplerotic

C) Anabolic

D) Catabolic

36) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation can consume up to ________% of the ATP generated by the host plant.

A) 5

B) 20

C) 30

D) 50

37) The major reductive amination pathway for incorporation of nitrogen into amino acids initially involves the production of ________ from alpha-ketoglutarate.

A) tryptophan

B) cysteine

C) arginine

D) glutamate

38) Most microorganisms assimilate nitrogen as ________.

A) nitrite

B) hydrazine

C) nitrate

D) N2

39) The reduction of sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration is called ________ sulfate reduction.

A) assimilatory

B) dissimilatory

C) amodulatory

D) demodulatory

40) The reduction of sulfate for use in the production of compounds such as cysteine is called ________ sulfate reduction.

A) assimilatory

B) dissimilatory

C) amodulatory

D) demodulatory

41) Many microbes use pyruvate carboxylase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ________.

A) to synthesize amino acids

B) to synthesize glucose

C) to synthesize oxaloacetate

D) to synthesize acetyl-CoA

42) The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is called ________.

A) ammonification

B) nitrification

C) denitrification

D) nitrogen fixation

43) Nitrogen fixation depends on the enzyme nitrogenase, which is produced by some ________.

A) archaea

B) bacteria

C) eukaryotes

D) bacteria and archaea but not eukaryotes

E) fungi and bacteria

44) Phosphorous is usually assimilated by microorganisms as ________.

A) polyphosphate (volutin)

B) phosphene

C) elemental phosphate (Po)

D) phosphate

45) Which of the following cofactors is very important in the synthesis of purines?

A) Acetyl-CoA

B) Cytidine diphosphate

C) Folic acid

D) Glutathione

46) Assimilation of organic phosphates from the surroundings uses enzymes known as ________.

A) phosphorylases

B) phosphatases

C) phosphosynthetases

D) phosphoisomerases

47) Purines and pyrimidines are precursors for synthesis of ________.

A) fatty acids

B) nucleic acids

C) proteins

D) peptidoglycan

48) A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, which is attached to one or more phosphate groups is called a ________.

A) nucleotide

B) nucleoside

C) nitrogenous base

D) nucleic acid

49) A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, is called a ________.

A) nucleotide

B) nucleoside

C) nitrogenous base

D) nucleic acid

50) ________ are cyclic nitrogenous bases with two rings and pronounced aromatic properties.

A) Purines

B) Quinones

C) Amino acids

D) Fatty acids

51) Which of the following is not generally true about fatty acids produced by microorganisms?

A) Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids.

B) Fatty acids have long alkyl chains.

C) Gram-positive bacteria often make cyclopropane fatty acids.

D) All of the choices are correct.

52) Which of the following do(es) not contribute to the construction of membrane phospholipids?

A) Glycolysis

B) Fatty acid biosynthesis

C) Amino acid biosynthesis

D) Nucleotide biosynthesis

53) Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing ________ carbon-carbon double bond(s).

A) only one

B) exactly two

C) one or more

D) two or more

54) Which of the following is the best description of a precursor metabolite?

A) A carbon skeleton used as a starting substrate

B) A macromolecule consumed in the first steps of metabolism

C) An intermediate in the formation of cursor metabolites

D) An enzyme that is reduced in a metabolic reaction

55) An autotroph is likely to convert CO2 into reduced organic carbon in order to produce precursor metabolites.

56) Which of the following has the phases of the Calvin-Benson cycle in the correct order, starting with the entry of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate?

A) Carboxylation phase, reduction phase, regeneration phase

B) Regeneration phase, carboxylation phase, reduction phase

C) Reduction phase, carboxylation phase, regeneration phase

D) Carboxylation phase, regeneration phase, reduction phase

57) How many enzyme pathways are shared between gluconeogenesis and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway?

A) 3

B) 6

C) 8

D) 11

58) The use of pyruvate carboxylase to convert pyruvate into oxaloacetate is a step unique to gluconeogenesis compared to the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.

59) A ________ ________, such as uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG), is often attached to many sugars during synthesis.

60) In bacteria, synthesis of long chain polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, have glucose donated to the end of the growing chain by ________.

A) ADP-glucose

B) UTP-galactose

C) ATP-mannose

D) UDPG

61) The bacterial cell wall component, ________, is a long, polypeptide chain of NAM and NAG residues that provide the bacterial cell protection from lysis.

62) Bacterial peptidoglycan is not a good target for antibiotics because it is present in human cells as well, leading to host damage.

63) Which of the following molecules is NOT considered a porphyrin?

A) Peptidoglycan

B) Hemoglobin

C) Chlorophyll

D) Vitamin B12

64) Which statement regarding porphyrin synthesis pathways is CORRECT?

A) The succinyl-CoA/glycine porphyrin pathway is used by all bacteria, photosynthetic eukaryotes, and archaea.

B) The glutamate porphyrin pathway is used by all nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes and alpha-proteobacteria.

C) The porphyrin biosynthetic pathways are unified at the step of 5-aminolevulinic acid.

D) There is very little conservation of porphyrin synthesis pathways between eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea.

65) The cyclic nitrogenous base used in transcription, uracil, is a ________.

A) pyrimidine

B) purine

C) protein

D) porphyrin

66) A pyrimidine or purine base that has been joined with a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety is now termed a ________.

67) To convert a nucleoside into a nucleotide, what moiety must be added?

A) One or more phosphate groups

B) One or more double bonds

C) One or more purine bases

D) One or more pyrimidine bases

68) In the biosynthesis of glycerol, the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate produces what important precursor molecule?

A) Glycerol 3-phosphate

B) Coenzyme A

C) Phospholipids

D) Dihydrogen monoxide

69) In bacterial synthesis of polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, glucose is donated to the end of the growing chain by ADP-glucose. A similar reaction occurs in bacterial branching of phospholipids when phosphatidic acid is attached to a ________.

A) cytidine diphosphate carrier

B) fatty acyl-ATP

C) dihydroxyacetone phosphate

D) acetyl-CoA

70) Bacteria synthesize CDP-diacylglycerol in order to build ________, a major cell membrane phospholipid component.

A) phosphatidylethanolamine

B) peptidoglycan

C) lipopolysaccharide

D) lipid rafts

71) Lipopolysaccharide is comprised of three moieties (lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-antigen), which require ________ biosynthetic pathway(s).

A) one

B) two

C) three

D) six

72) The synthesis of ________, a component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes, is complex because it requires understanding both carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis pathways.

73) Because bacterial LPS is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, a specialized transporting system, ________, is required for membrane transport and insertion.

A) Lpt

B) cytidine diphosphate carrier protein

C) Tol

D) acyl-carrier protein

74) The β-jelly roll of the Lpt system functions to ________.

A) help hide lipid A from the hydrophilic periplasm during LPS transport to the membrane

B) help attach the O-antigen to core oligosaccharide moieties during synthesis of LPS

C) help translocate assembled LPS across the outer membrane of the bacterial cell

D) help anchor the newly positioned LPS on the bacterial cell surface

75) Eukaryotic cell membranes use many sterol molecules for construction, which contrasts with archaeal membranes that utilize ________.

76) Two intermediates of the sterol biosynthesis pathway, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, are used by archaea in the biosynthesis of ________.

A) isoprenoids

B) nucleotides

C) diacylglycerol

D) hormones

77) Purine bases, such as adenine and guanine, have ________ joined ring(s) for their structure, compared to pyrimidine bases, such as cytosine and thymine, that have ________ ring(s) in their structure.

A) two; one

B) one; two

C) two; three

D) three; one

78) Cells save energy and materials by using many of the same enzymes for both ________ and ________ .

A) anabolism; catabolism

B) metabolism; catabolism

C) ATP; NADPH

D) peptidoglycan; lipopolysaccharides

79) In order to synthesize deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides, the second carbon of the sugar must be ________.

A) reduced

B) oxidized

C) phosphorylated

D) assimilated

80) The reduction of the second carbon in the nucleoside sugar to produce deoxyribose from ribose, requires the protein ________ as a reducing agent.

A) thioredoxin

B) ATP

C) phosphatase

D) ribonuclease

81) Which statement reflects the correct order in the synthesis of triacylglycerol?

A) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → glycerol 3-phosphate → phosphatidic acid → diacylglycerol → triacylglycerol

B) Diacylglycerol → glycerol 3-phosphate → phosphatidic acid → dihydroxyacetone phosphate → triacylglycerol

C) Glycerol 3-phosphate → diacylglycerol → phosphatidic acid → dihydroxyacetone phosphate → triacylglycerol

D) Phosphatidic acid → glycerol 3-phosphate → dihydroxyacetone phosphate → diacylglycerol → triacylglycerol